2022年浙江省湖州市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）

2022年浙江省湖州市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Ifthedoctorsdecidetooperateonapatientafterthediagnosis,theywillaskthepatientto______forpermission.

2.WhetherBeijing2008issuccessfulornotcanbeascertainedby______onBeijingafteritisover.

3.

Asubstantialfiberlinkdamagedbyatrainderailmentaffected______.

4.

Aspigeonsaretrainedtogetbackhome,theydonothavethepowerasothermigratorybirdshave.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

AccordingtothesurveysinScandinavia,therearemore______thanbulliesamongstudents.

6.

Insteadofshowing______,yourdressshouldconveythemesagethat

7.

Thelarge-scaleraidin2005indicatesthatthesocialorderisamessinHolland.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.

Tocurethesnoringproblems，surgerycanbeusedtoimprove______.

9.

Mostofthepeoplebelievethatsociallyinghelpstoavoid______.

10.LAEV'slocationneardowntownoffersitbothconvenienttransportationand______.

11.

Theresearchersarenowtryingtofigureout______.

A.whetherobservedantibodiescanblocktheinfectionofHIV

B.whetherthecombinationofvaccinesstimulatesnewmolecules

C.whetherthecombinationofvaccinescanworkwell

D.whetherthecombinationofvaccinescouldbetestedinnormalpeople

12.

MarkTwainactuallymeans______.

13.

ThepassageimpliesthatPatCauleygotochurchfor______.

14.

Someattractiveruralregionsnotfarfromthecitiesarewitnessingacertain______,asmoreandmorechildlessseniorsmovetowardscities.

15.TheMagicofMemory

—ByLaurenceCherry

Ourmemoriesareprobablyourmostcherishedpossessions.Morethananythingelseweown,theybelonguniquelytous,definingourpersonalitiesandourviewsoftheworld.Eachofuscansummonthousandsofmemoriesatwill:ourfirstdayatschool,afavoritefamilypet,asummerhouseweloved.Andyetthemarvelofmemorycontinuestobeatantalizing(挑逗性的)mystery.Nevertheless,withinthepastfewyearsgreatadvanceshavebeenmadeinunderstandingwhatmemoryis,howitworks,andhowitmaypossiblybeimproved."We'restandingatthebrinkofawholenewerainmemoryresearch,"saysDr.StevenFerris,apsychologistattheMillhauserGeriatric(老年医学的)Clinic."Forthefirsttime,there'sageneralfeelingthatwe'rereallyontherighttrack."

Foryears,theprevailingtheorywasthatrememberingwassomehowconnectedtoelectricalactivityinsidethebrain.Butwithinthepastdecade,it'sbecomeclearthatchemicalchangesmustalsobeinvolved,otherwiseourmemoriescouldneversurvivedeep-freeze,coma,anesthesia(麻醉)andothereventsthatradicallydisruptthebrain'selectricalactivity.Ingeniousresearchoverthepastfewyearshasdemonstratedthatbiochemicalchangesdoindeedaccompanylearningandremembering.Inonedramaticexperiment,mice,whousuallypreferthesafetyofdarkness,weretaughttofearthedarkandwerethenkilled.Extractsoftheirbrainswereinjectedintountrainedmice,andtheythenbegantoshunthedark.Otherexperimentershaveshownthattheamountsofcertainchemicals,suchasRNA(核糖核酸),radicallyincreasewithlearning,asdotheamountsofcertainneurotransmitters(神经传递素)—chemicalsreleasedbybraincellsthathelpconductnerveimpulsesfromonebraincelltoanother.Memory,then,isalsochemicalinnature,althoughexactlyinwhatwayremainsamystery.

Almostallmemoryresearchersnowagreethatourbrainsrecord—andonsomelevelremember—everythingthateverhappenstous.Manypeoplewho'venarrowlyescapedsuddendeath,suchassoldiersandmountainclimbers,havereportedthatinthefewsecondsthatseemedlefttothemastreamoflong-lostmemoriesflashedbeforethem.ThefirstexperimentalconfirmationthatthebraindoesrecordeveryexperienceinthisminutewaycamesomeyearsagofromDr.WilderPenfieldoftheMontrealNeurologicalInstitute.Hehopedtocureepileptics(癫痫病人)bystimulatingapartoftheirbrainscalledthetemporalcortex(脑的颞皮层)withamildelectriccurrent.Becausethebrainisimmunetopain,Penfieldwasabletooperatewithhispatientsfullyawake.Tohisastonishment,simplybytouchingthebrainsofsomepatientswiththetipofhiswire-thinelectrode(电极)hewasabletoevokeastonishinglypreciseandvividmemories."Iseeaguycomingthroughthefenceatthebaseballgame,"exclaimedonepatient,wheneverPenfieldtouchedtheupperpartofhislefttemporallobe(脑叶)."It'sthemiddleofthegame,andI'mbacktherewatchinghim)"Anotherwomanreportedbeingbackataconcertshehadonceattendedandcouldevenhumalongwiththeorchestrawheneverherbrainwasstimulated.

Investigatorsusinghypnosis(催眠术)havebeenasastonishedasPenfieldattheamazingcapacityofourmemories.Onceinatrance(昏睡),goodhypnoticsubjectscanreportdetailedrecollectionsofeventsthattookplacedays,months,evendecadesago—which,whencheckedagainstoldrecordsanddiaries,turnouttobeaccurate."Everything,absolutelyeverything,isremembered,"saysonehypnotist.

Evensenilepatients,whocanhardlyrememberrecenteventsatall,retaintheabilitytoremembernewexperiences,butonlyver

A.YB.NC.NG

16.

Withoutthethermalblanketingofthenaturalgreenhouseeffect,mostlivingorganismswoulddie.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

Thetermbirdbrainisusedtodescribe______people.

18.

Todayadoptionadvocatesthinkbirthcultureplaysanimportantroleinraisingchildrenfromadifferentrace.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Thetraditionalideathatcompetitivesportsbuildcharacterhasapparently______intoday'sU.S.

20.

______areusedbyseveralautomakerstoproducehybridsedans,SUVsandtrucks,whichhelpcutglobalwarmingpollution.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：M:CanwetraveltoNewYorktogether?

W:Certainly.I'llpickyouupat2:00andweshouldarriveinNewYorkby5:00ifthetrafficisn'ttooheavy.

Q:Whatmeansoftransportationarethemanandthewomanusing?

(13)

A.Airplane.B.Bus.C.Subway.D.Car.

22.听力原文：W:Whereshallwespendourholidaysthisyear,Tom?Goingawayorstayingathome?

M:We'redefinitelygoingabroad,dear.ButIdon'tthinkwe'llgoawayinMay.Idoubtifwe'llhaveenoughmoneysavedupbythen.

Q:Whycan'tthecouplegoabroadinMay?

(16)

A.TherewillbemuchraininMay.

B.Theywon'thavefreetimeinMay.

C.Theyhavesomefinancialproblems.

D.Theycan'thaveeverythinggotreadybythen.

23.(21)

A.Hethoughtshepreferredtostudyalone.

B.Hethoughtshehadmadearrangementstostudywith.

C.Hehadtoldherthathehaddonepoorlyonarecenttest.

D.Hedidn'tknowthatshewasenrolledinalinearalgebracourse.

24.(28)

A.Itdisturbedthelocalpeoplewithnoises.

B.Itcausedthedamageonthepavement.

C.Itstoppedpeopleandcarsmovingfreely.

D.Itpreventedpeoplefromwalkingeasily.

25.(22)

A.Makeposters.

B.Writeaspeech.

C.Answerquestions.

D.Studychemistry.

26.(26)

A.Theyhavemorebuyingpower.

B.Theyhaveenoughtimetoexercise.

C.Theytendtoenjoysportsmore.

D.Theyareveryhealthconscious.

27.(40)

28.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.

Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.

Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtomakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.

Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.

Questions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

30.Whyisitdifficulttodeterminepersonalgrowthasaprocess?

31.Whatdowelearnaboutpeoplewhoconsiderthemselvesasquickandcurious?

32.Whatisunavoidableduringtheprocessofourgrowthaccordingtothespeaker?

(27)

A.Itsdefinitioniscomplex.

B.Itisajourneythatneverends.

C.Therearetoomanylandmarks.

D.Thedistanceistoolongtomeasure.

29.

【B9】

30.【B8】

31.

【B4】

32.(29)

A.Itistherevolutionofthebrain'smemory.

B.Itisthechallengeforthebrain'scapacity.

C.Itistheactivatorofthebrain'sevolution.

D.Itistherevelationofthebrain'sgenius.

33.(17)

A.Hehastoomanydreams.

B.Heistoolazytogetoutofbed.

C.Hedoesn'thavemanygoodideas.

D.Hedoesn'tputhisideasinpractice.

34.

【B2】

35.听力原文：W:TheproblemisthatIdon'tgetpaiduntiltomorrow,butImustregisterforDr.Johnson'sclass.Couldyouholdaplaceformeuntiltomorrow?

M:I'msureyouknowthatwearenotpermittedtoreservespacesinaclasswithoutfullpaymentoranotefromtheprofessor.Youwillhavetowaitandtakeyourchances.

Q:Whatdidthemanmean?

(18)

A.Dr.Johnson'sclassisalreadyfull.

B.Thereservedspacesareforfacultyonly.

C.Hewillgivethestudentachanceaftershewaitsforawhile.

D.Noexceptionscanbemadewithregardtoregistrationpolicy.

36.听力原文：W:Iwonderifyouhavetimetogototheschooltomeetourdaughter.Shehasmissedthebus.

M:Idowishto,butIhaven'tgotmyreportreadyyet.Mybossneedsittomorrow.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(18)

A.Hewillgotoinsteadofhiswife.

B.Hewillgotowhenhefinisheshisreport.

C.Hewillaskhisbossforaleave.

D.Itwouldbebetterforherwifetogoto.

37.(32)

A.Saws,choppers,axes,tongs,hooks.

B.Axes,saws,choppers,tongs,hooks.

C.Choppers,axes,saws,hooks,tongs.

D.Axes,saws,choppers,hooks.

38.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.＄80.B.＄60.C.＄90.D.＄15.

39.

【B7】

40.听力原文：M:Hi,Hellen.Howareyoudoing?

W:Prettygood.Thanks.Haveyouhelpedmelookatmygraduateschoolapplication,andthestatementofpurposeIwrote?

M:Well,yeah.Basicallyit'sgood.Whatyoumightactuallydoistotakesomeofthedifferentpointshereandactuallybreakthemoutintoseparateparagraphs,likeyourpurposeforapplyingforgraduatestudy,specialty,andwhydoyouwanttodotheareayouspecify,whatyouwanttodowithyourdegreewhenyougetit.

W:OK,right.

M:Soyoumayexpandoneachpoint.Expandsomemoreonwhat'shappenedinyourlifeandwhatshowsyourmotivationandinterestinthisareageology.

W:OK,somakeitalittlemorepersonal?That'sOK?

M:That'sfine.Theylookforthatstuff.It'scriticalthatsomebodyseewhatyourpassionisandyourpersonalmotivationfordoingthis.Youmightgivealittlemoreexplanationaboutyouruniqueundergraduatebackground,likethemusicprogram,whatyougotfromthatandwhyyoudecidedtochange.Imeanitiskindofunusualtogofrommusictogeology.Right?

W:Yeah.Iwas,Iwasafraidofthat,youknow,maybethepersonaltypestuffwouldn'tbewhattheywant.But...

M:Youknow,Ithinkprobablyyourmusicbackgroundisthemostuniquethingthatyougetyourrecords.

W:Right.

M:Soyousee,yougettomakeyourselfstandoutfromacoupleofahundredofapplications.Doesthathelpany?

W:Yeah,itdoes.Itgivesmesomegoodideas.

M:Also,thinkaboutpresentation,Imeanthepresentationformats,yourgrammar,andallthatstufftheyarelookingatinyourmaterialsatthesametime.

W:Right.OK.

(20)

A.Thewomanaskedthemantohelpherapplyforajob.

B.TheWomanaskedthemantoreadhergraduateschoolapplication.

C.Thewomanaskedthemantohelpherwithherhomework.

D.Thewomanaskedthemantoprepareapresentationforher.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Lowself-esteempopsupregularlyinacademicreportsasanexplanationforallsortsofviolence,fromhatecrimesandstreetcrimestoterrorism.Butdespitethepopularityoftheexplanation,notmuchevidencebacksitup.InarecentissueofPsychologicalReview,threeresearchersexaminethisliteratureatlengthandconcludethatamuchstrongerlinkconnectshighself-esteemtoviolence."Itisdifficulttomaintainbeliefinthelowself-esteemviewafterseeingthatthemoreviolentgroupsaregenerallytheoneswithhigherself-esteem."writeRoyBaumeisterofCaseWesternReserveUniversityandLauraSmartandJosephBodenoftheUniversityofVirginia.

Theconventionalviewisthatpeoplewithoutself-esteemtrytogainitbyhurtingothers.Theresearchersfindthatviolenceismuchmoreoftentheworkofpeoplewithunrealisticallyhighself-esteemattackingotherswhochallengetheirself-image:Underthisumbrellacomebullies,rapists,racists,psychopathsandmembersofstreetgangsandorganizedcrime.

Thestudyconcludes:certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone'spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous.Thesocietalpursuitofhighself-esteemforeveryonemayliterallyend.updoingconsiderableharm."Asforprisonprogramsintendedtomakeviolentconvictsfeelbetteraboutthemselves,"perhapsitwouldbebettertotryinstillingmodestyandhumility."theresearcherswrote.

InaninterviewwiththeBostonGlobe,Baumeistersaidhebelievesthe"self-promotingestablishment"isstartingtocrumble."Whatwouldworkbetterforthecountryistoforgetaboutself-esteemandconcentrateonself-control."hesaid.Intheschools,thiswouldmeanturningawayfrompsychicboosterismandemphasizingself-esteemasaby-productofrealachievement,notasanendinitself.Theself-esteemmovement,stillentrenchedinschoolsofeducation,isdeeplyimplicatedinthedumbingdownofourschools,andinthedisguisedequalitybehindtheideathatitisaterriblepsychicblowifonestudentdoesanybetteroranyworsethananother.Let'shopeitisindeedcrumbling.

Theresearchersfindthattherearestrongerconnectionsbetween______.

A.lowself-esteemandviolence

B.lowself-controlandviolence

C.highself-imageandviolence

D.highself-controlandviolence

42.

【C4】

43.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

BecauseSouthAfricansaregenerallysobubbly(热情奔放的)andtalkative,silencesaysalot.Theyarepoliteaswellandifyouare(47)______them,they,unliketheAmericanstheyadmire,willsufferthroughinsilence.Whenthequestionsstop,considerittimetogo—you'velostyouraudience.SouthAfricansoftenusehandgesturesinconversationbutitis(48)______andseenasapersonalchallengetopointatsomeonewithyourindexfinger(食指)wagging(摇动).TheamountofhandmovementsaSouthAfrican(49)______whiletalkingisagoodindicatorofthedegreeof(50)______thatindividualhasforaparticulartopicorproposal.Itisalsoconsideredrudetotalkwithyour(51)______inyourpockets.

SouthAfricansusefacialexpressionstosignaltheirinterestorreactionstoaspeaker.Itisahighlydevelopedform.ofcommunicationandagoodindicatorofwhetherornotyouarehittingthemark.AtameetingSouthAfricanswill(52)______glancesatoneanotheroratthebosstojudgeareaction.(53)______somuchbusinessisdoneontrust,eyecontactis(54)______especiallyinthewhitecommunity.BlackAfricanbusinessmenseemlesshunguponthatandaremoreinto(55)______contact.Awarmhandshakefollowedbyanarm(56)______theshouldermeansyouhadasuccessfulmeeting.

WordBank:

A.impoliteI.Because

B.boringJ.essential

C.passionK.reputation

D.handsL.happens

E.physicalM.penetrate

F.aroundN.mental

G.generatesO.passive

H.steal

44.TheInternetwas______.

A.mainlyusedintheacademecirclebeforeitfoundwideapplication

B.reallyasetof"communicationprotocols"beforewidelyapplied

C.restrictedtodomesticusersbeforeitfoundwideapplication

D.controlledbyacentralauthoritybeforewidelyapplied

45.

______theoryisusedfrequentlytointerpretlight.

46.

【C10】

47.

【C9】

48.

WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia'selectronicwastehasbeen______.

A.dumpedintolocallandfills

B.exportedtoforeigncountries

C.collectedbynon-profitagencies

D.recycledbycomputermanufacturers

49.

DrDavies(para.4)impliesthat______.

A.cosmeticsurgery,thoughexpensive,isworthhaving

B.cosmeticsurgeryistooexpensive

C.forawomen,cosmeticsurgeryisthemostimportantthingtodo

D.cosmeticsurgeryisnotexpensiveatall

50.

IntheUnitedStatestoday______.

A.alcoholismhascausedamillionautomobileaccidentsayear

B.therearenomorethanamillionalcoholics

C.theproblemofalcoholismcoststhousandsofmillionsofdollarseveryyear

D.alcoholismisnotamajorsocialproblem

51.

Thepassageintendsto______.

A.advocatetheuseofprivatecars

B.bantheuseofprivatecarsinsomeplaces

C.encouragepeopletomakethestreetsmoreaccessibletochildren

D.buildmorestreetsforchildrentouse

52.

Themainideaofthepassageisthatyoushould______.

A.overcometheseriousdiseases

B.copewithstresswithcommonsense

C.learnhowtocopewithstressandliveinthebestway

D.havetheresponseofthebodytoanydemand

53.

WherewasiceusedaftertheCivilWar?

54.Itissuggestedthatparentsshouldnotlettheirchildrengotoaplacewithahistoryofcriminalactivity______.

55.WhyshouldtherooftopgardenbebuiltonthetopofCityHallotherthanonanyotherbuildings?

A.BecausetheCityHallislarge.

B.Becausethemayorhadurgedtheenvironmentaldepartmenttodoso.

C.Becauseitcanmakepeopleunderstandtheirimpactonenvironmentbetterthroughapublicbuilding.

D.BecausetheexpertsjustwanttomaketheCityHallaconvenientlaboratory.

56.Thewriter'sattitudetowardsscienceis______.

A.criticalB.approvingC.neutralD.regretful

57.Themostimportantstepindevelopinganeffectivecampaign,andthestepwhichmustcomebeforeallothers,istodefinetheobjectivesofthecampaignwithgreatestpossibleclarity.Doesthecompanywishtoattractnewinvestors?Doesitseektoacquireacompanyabroad?Isanewproducttobeintroduced?Arenewgovernmentregulationsthreateningthecompany'sprofitability?Onlyafterthefundamentalneedsofacorporationhavebeenestablishedcanthebasicobjectiveforacorporateprogrambeisolated;withoutsuchaclearlydefinedobjectivethecampaignwillhavelittleeffect.

Notethatwehavespokenof"anobjective,"notasetofobjectives.Onecannotcreateafavorableclimateamongthefinancialcommunity,emphasizeone'sconcernfortheenvironment,seektoattractnewemployeesbythecreationofaprogressiveimage,givedirectsupporttosalesstaff,andemphasizesocialresponsibility,allinasinglecampaign.Ascatteringofdiversemessageswillconfusethereaderandintheendhewillabsorbnothing.

Aftertheprimereasonforinvestmentinthecampaignhasbeendecidedupon,thesecondstepistocollectalltheinformationthatonewishestoconveytotheselectedaudiences.Sincethereisonlyobjectivefortilecarnpaign,oneassumestrialtileaudiencehasclearlybeenclearlyidentifiedduringtheselectionoftheobjective.

Thethirdstepinvolvestheselectionofthebestpossiblemediatobeusedinthecampaign.Itisalarminghowmanyadvertisingexpertsfirstcreatethecampaignandthenselectthemedia.Theprintmediaarequitedistinctfromsuchmediaasradioandtelevisionintheiradvertisingcapabilities.Evenwithintheprintmediatherearecriticaldifferencesinstyle.andapproachwhichmustbenotedbyanyonedesigninganadvertisementforprintinginanewspaperasopposedtoamagazine.Magazineadvertisinginturnisnotoneunifiedfield,fortherearemanydifferenttypesofmagazinesandjournalsdirectedtoentirelydifferentaudiences.

Thefourthandlaststepistofindasuitablecreativeapproach.Iftheobjectiveistodevelopareceptiveclimateamongthefinancialcommunity,forexample,itwouldbeamistaketoworkwithtoomuchillustrationandtoofewdetaileddata,toomanycleverwordsandtoofewfactsandfigures.Inacampaignaimedatfixingintheconsciousnessofthegeneralpublicanimageofthecompanyasaprogressiveandinnovativeleaderinitsfield,ontheotherhand,itmightbeappropriatetoemphasizedramaticillustrationsandnottakethechanceofboringtheaudiencewithfacts.

Accordingtotheauthor,themostimportantstepindevelopinganeffectivecampaignis______.

A.toselectthebestpossiblemedia

B.tocreateagoodenvironment

C.tocollectsomeinformation

D.todefinetheobjectives

58.

【C6】

59.

Theunderlinedphraseinthefirstparagraph"pillpoppers"mostprobablyrefersto______.

A.pillinventors

B.pilltakersandabusers

C.pillmanufacturers

D.pilldistributors

60.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thedesireforachievementsisoneoflife'sgreatmysteries.Socialscientistshavedevotedlifetimestostudyingthedrivesthatspurusoutofbedinthemorning,compelustoworkorstudyhardandsparkallmannerofhumanendeavor.Indeed,a1992textbookactuallydocuments32distincttheoriesofhumanmotivation.

Giventhisdiversityofthought,it'seasytoforgetthatforahalfcentury,Americansocietyhasbeendominatedbythepsychologicalschoolknownasbehaviorism,orSkinnerianpsychology.Althoughbehaviorismanditsfundamentalprincipleof"positivereinforcement"havelongsincelosttheirwayinacademiccircles,theSkinnerianlegacyremainspowerfulineveryrealmoftrashout.Doit,andyoucangotothemoviesFridaynight.Notinthemoodforwork?Keeppluggingaway,andyoumightgetabonus.Notinterestincalculus?StriveforanAintheclass,andyouwillmakethehonorroll.Thetheorymaybebankrupt,butincentivesandrewardsaresomuchapartofAmericanculturethatit'shardtoimaginelifewithoutthem.

Yetthat'sexactlywhatagrowinggroupofresearchersareadvocatingtoday.Asteadystreamofresearchhasfoundthatratherthanencouraginganddiminishingperformance,"oursocietyiscaughtinawhoppingparadox,''assertsAlfieKohn,authorofthenewbookpublishedbyRewards(HoughtonMifflin),whichsurveysrecentresearchontheeffectivenessofrewards."Wecomplainloudlyaboutdecliningproductivity,thecrisisofourschoolandthedistortedvaluesofourchildren.Buttheverystrategyweusetosolvethoseproblems--damagingrewardslikeincentiveplansandgradeandcandybarsinfrontofpeople--ispartlyresponsibleforthefixwe'rein."

It'satoughargumenttomakeinaculturethatcelebratesthespoilsofsuccess.Yetstudyafterstudyshowsthatpeopletendtoperform.worse,togiveupmoreeasilyandtoloseinterestmorequicklywhenarewardisin-volved.Childrenwhoaregiventreatsfordoingartwork,forexample,losetheirinitialloveofartwithinweeks.Teenagerswhoarepromisedarewardfortutoringyoungstersdon'tteachasenthusiasticallyastutorsofferednothing.Andchiefexecutiveofficerswhohavebeenawardedlongtermincentiveplanshaveoftensteeredtheircompaniestowardlowerreturns.

Accordingtobehaviorism,wecanpromotehumanactionsbymeansof______.

A.rewardsandincentives

B.humanmotivation

C.enthusiasm

D.success

四、5.ErrorCorrection(5题)61.

【S3】

62.

【S9】

63.

【S6】

64.

【S2】

65.【S2】

五、6.Translation(5题)66.______(很明显，退休是一个复杂的过渡时期),andtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.

67.Ifyouhadn'twatchedthatlatemovielastnight,_________________(你现在就不会在课堂上昏昏欲睡了).

68.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,______________________(恐怕早就失去了所有价值)bythetimetheywerefinished.

69.Ourcurrenteducationalsystemhasnotbeenableto__________(跟上当今世界经济和科技发展步伐).

70.Themayorsaidseveremeasureswouldbetaken___________________(说到饮用水的污染)．

参考答案

1.signaconsentformsignaconsentform.解析：由题干关键词operate和permission可将答案定位至第五个小标题DiagnosisandTreatment下第二段最后一句。Youthensignaconsentform.todocumentthisandpermithertooperateonyou，据此，空格内应填入signaconsentform。

2.theimpactithastheimpactithas解析：由题干中