专八听力的讲座-3大题型设置特点

..星期2Tuesday3大试题设制特点今日讲堂Mini-Lecture部分的答题卷听完录音后才提供,一般作为AnswerSheetTwo发放。答题纸上的考题设置在归纳过的听力原文之中,考题文章长度在200词左右。该题型的目的是考查考生对讲座内容的理解。一、提纲式命题讲座的试题部分大多采用提纲的形式,把原文中的要点进行归纳和罗列,把干扰信息排除在外。提纲的特点是：首段进行概括；中间可以直接看到文章从几个方面进行说明,而且层次分明；用语非常简洁精练,基本上多用短语而不是句子；提纲中的文字与原文的文字不完全重合,多数进行总结概括或同义转换。[例1]〔07-6[试题]Ⅲ.ArtasareflectionofreligiousbeliefsA.Europe:…B.MiddleEast:…C.AfricaandthePacificIslandsPurpose:toseekthehelpof<6>____toprotectcrops,animalsandpeople[听力原文]ButthegoaloftraditionalartinAfricaandPacificIslands[分析]从提纲可以看出在提及欧洲以及中东的艺术之后,又提到非洲和太平洋群岛地区传统艺术的目的。原文中讲到让众神进入人们的生活<thegoaloftraditionalart…isgodstoenterpeople’slives>,随后对该点进行说明：每个部落或村落都有一些特殊仪式,在这些仪式上,人们穿着特殊服装载歌载舞以感化众神,确保庄稼、动物和人类健康、壮大。因此归纳得出答案为Gods。二、考点以名词为主分析历年的真题,我们会发现这一部分考点涉及的词性以名词为主,10个题中名词最少也在5个以上。这主要是因为讲座的主要设题点为1讲座主题或结构性的句子中出现的关键名词；2某一事物总体特征描述时的关键词；3分述各个特点或各个方面细节时出现的实词。[例2]〔20XX题号答案设题点三、考查两大能力1．归纳概括能力一篇长达900多字的文章浓缩为200字左右的提纲,对其中的要点进行填空,可见,讲座试题已经超出单纯考查听力理解能力的层面,首要考查的是归纳概括能力。对于考生而言,这种试题有一定的难度,因为需要在理解原文的基础上进行概括总结。[例3]〔09-1[试题]I.Contentofanexperimentalreport,e.g.

—studysubject/area

—studypurpose

—<1>_______[听力原文]Thenwhatisanexperimentalreport?Allthereportis,really,isaplaceinwhichyoutellthestoryofyourstudy,likewhatyoudid,whyyoudidit,whatyoufoundoutintheprocessandsoon.[分析]讲座在提出Whatisanexperimentalreport?之后,回答到实验报告应包含：whatyoudid,whyyoudidit及whatyoufoundout三个方面,即研究的主题、研究的目的以及研究结果。根据提纲中前面两条的格式,应将whatyoufoundout概括成名词词组的形式studyresults/findings。2．细节捕捉能力文章长,信息量大是讲座材料的特征。可见对考生细节捕捉能力的考查也是本题型的主要目的。此类试题的答案一般可以直接从原文中得出,多数捕捉到原词即为答案,少数需要对捕捉到的细节进行一下转述。[例4]〔10-6[试题]2.othercultures—placinghanduponheart:<6>—pointingatnose:secret[听力原文]Inothercultures,placingyourhanduponyourheartistoindicatethatyouaretellingthetruth.Pointingyourfingeratyournosemeansit’sasecret.That’swhywesaythatgesturesareculturebound.[分析]作者在介绍其他文化中一些动作所代表的含义时提到将手放在心上表示youaretellingthetruth,故本空可直接填入truth。[例5]〔10-5[试题]B.gesture

Gesturesarerelatedtoculture.

1.Britishculture—shruggingshoulders:<5>

—scratchinghead:puzzlement[听力原文]Here,afewexamplesmayshowyouhowpowerfulgesturescanbe.InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof"Idon’tcare",or"Idon’tknow"…Whilescratchingyourheadmayindicatethatyouareataloss.[分析]介绍了面部表情之后,作者随后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第二类：姿势。举例时作者提到InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof"Idon’tcare",or"Idon’tknow",本空应该填入名词〔短语,因此将Idon’tcare转述为lackofinterest或indifference。今日练习Mini-Lecture1HowtoKeepFoodFreshLongerI.TheimportanceofkeepingfoodfreshA.Foodwethrowawaydoublesthatof20yearsago.B.Atypicalfamilyoffourspending$364aweekII.WaystoprolongthetimebeforefoodsspoilA.Methodstokeepherbsfresh1.Thebestwayistostorethem<2>_____.2.Sealtheminziplockbagsafter<3>_____andputthemintherefrigerator.B.Methodstokeepflour,riceandpasta1.Theyusuallylastlong.2.Withthebayleavestoprotectthem,most<4>_____willlastforseveralmonths.C.Somesuggestionsonpreservingcheese1.Thekeytokeepcheesemoistinthefreezeristoputsomebutteronit.2.Thismethodworksbeston<5>_____.D.Waystomaintainthefreshnessofsalt1.Themostimportantthingtokeepsaltisto<6>_____andpreventitfromclumpingtogether.2.Some<7>_____willstopthesaltfromhardening.E.Tipsabouthoney<8>_____inhoneykeepsitfromgoingbad.Whenhoneycrystallize,donotthrowitfor<9>_____willmakeitclearagain.F.Waystotestthefreshnessofeggs1.Fresheggssinkinwaterwhilespoiledonesfloat.2.Spoiledeggshave_____<10>whentheshelliscrackedopen.<1>_______<2>______<3>______<4>______<5>______<6>______<7>______<8>______<9>______<10>______Mini-Lecture2EnglishBusinessLetterFormatI.Demandsofstationery—thefirstpageiswithaletterhead—otherpagesareof<1>andcolor—onethingapersonallettershould<2>:UsingletterheadII.Mattersneedingattentionastotyping—identicaltypefaceandsize—correctgrammarandspelling—neatarrangement—useof<3>topromotetheappearanceoftheletterIII.SectionsofatraditionalbusinessletterA.Returnaddress—justifyingeachline—normallyputtingitatthetop—excluding<4>B.Dateoftheletter—whitespacebetweenthereturnaddressandthedateis<5>nowadaysC.Insideaddress—consistingofreceiver’snameandhis/heraddressD.Waysto<6>theintendedrecipientE.Mainpart—bothindentedparagraphsandblockparagraphsare<7>—fullysquaredparagraphsshouldbecautiously<8>F.ClosingG.Typedwriter’sname—signatureisabovethetypednamewhilejobtitleisbelowitIV.Supplementaryrequirements—putting"cc"atthebottomwhen<9>arenecessary—puttingtheinitialsoftheprofessionaltypist—notingenclosures—resistingtemplateswhichareusually<10>—refusing"OfficeBob"<1>_______<2>______<3>______<4>______<5>______<6>______<7>______<8>______<9>______<10>______答疑解惑Mini-Lecture1[听力原文]Goodmorning,everyone!Aswecansee,everydaypeoplethrowoutlotsoffoodbecauseit'sgonebad.Itisreallyahugewaste.Sointoday’slecture,wewilldiscussseveralwaystoprolongthetimebeforefoodsspoil.

AccordingtoMoneymagazine,theaveragehouseholdtossesout,onaverage,14percentofthefoodtheybuy.That'snearlydoublewhatwethrewout20yearsago.Ifthetypicalfamilyoffourspends$182aweek,that's$25lostperweekandapproximately$1,325peryear.

Nowlet’sbeginourdiscussionaboutwaysyoukeepthatfoodinyourfrigandmoneyinyourpocket.Intoday’slecture,wemainlyfocusonseveralmostcommonkindsoffood.Firstly,I’dliketointroducemethodstokeepherbsfresh.Youknowherbstendtobeexpensive,andyouusuallyhavetobuymorethanyouneedforonedish,soyouwanttomakethemlastaslongaspossible.Thebestwaytokeepherbsfreshistostoretheminwholebunches.Firstwashthem,thensealtheminziplockbagsandplacetheminthefreezer.Storingthemthiswayshouldkeepthematpeakfreshnessforuptoamonth.That'smorethandoublethetimetheywouldlastinthefridge.Andwhenyouarereadytousethem,you'llfindtheyareactuallyeasiertochopfrozen―andthey'lldefrostinahurryonceyoutossthemintoahotpan.

Secondly,wewilltalkaboutflour,riceandpastawhicharen'tfoodsyoutypicallyhavetoworryaboutgoingbadanytimesoon.Flourkeepsfor6-12monthsandpastauptotwoyears.Butthesefoodsaresusceptibletolittlebugscalledweevils.Tohelpwardofftheweevilstryslippingabayleafintoyourstoragecontainer.Thescentofthebayleavewillhelprepelthebugs.Otheritemsbayleaveswillprotectarebarley,cornmealandoatmeal.Mostcerealproductswillbejustfineformonthswiththebayleavestoprotectthem.Alsoconsiderscatteringafewleavesonyourpantryshelvestorepelmoths,roachesandmice.

ThethirdcategoryIwanttodiscussischeese.Youprobablyneverthoughtaboutputtingbutteronyourcheese,butthat'sthekeytokeepingitmoistwhenstoringitintherefrigerator.Simplyspreadbutterormargarineonthecutsidesandyouhelpsealinthemoisture.Thistrickworksbestonhardcheesessealedinwax.Next,wearegoingtoseewaystokeepveggiesfresh.Thereasontheseveggieswiltisduetowaterloss.Thebestwaytore-crispthemisbyputtingtheminicewater.Youcanletthemsoakintheicewaterforuptoahalfhour.Theicewaterpenetratestheircellsandhelpsrestorethecrunch.Somefoodiesalsosuggestthattossinginafewslicesofrawpotatowiththewiltedveggieshelpsspeedthingsupthere-crisping.

Thefifthclasswhichisanindispensableandvitalelementtohumanhealthissalt.Thekeyhereistokeepthesaltdryandkeepitfromclumpingtogether.Anybodythatlivesdownsouthwherethehumidityisparticularlyhighprobablyhashadtheirsaltshakerscloggedup.Ifyouputalittlebitofdryriceintheshakeritwillstopthesaltfromhardening.Thericeworkslikeasponge,absorbingcondensationthatcancauseclumps.

Thenthenextfoodwearetalkingissomethingthatcanbestockedup.Onestapleyoucanstockuponwhenit'sonsaleisbutter.Ifyoushopinwarehousestores,suchasCostco,don'tbeafraidtobuyitinbulk.Butterwillkeepinyourfreezerforuptosixmonths.Justbesuretostoreitinanairtightcontaineroryouruntheriskofittakingontheflavorofotheritemsinyourfreezer.

ThenexttipIwillgivegoesforbothcottagecheeseandsourcream—neitherhaveaverylongshelflife,sohereisawaytomakethemlastlonger.Simplyplacethecottagecheeseorsourcreamcontainerinthefridgeupsidedown.Whatdoesthatdo?Byinvertingthetubitcreatesavacuumeffectthatstiflesthegrowthofbacteriathatcancausethefoodtospoil.

Beforewemovetothenextvariety,hereisaquestion:Whatistheonlyfoodthatdoesn'tspoil?Theanswer:honey.Thesugarinhoneyisitselfapreservative.Honeyisalsoacidic,whichhelpstokeepbacteriaout.Whileitdoesn'tgobad,allhoneywillcrystallizeatsomepoint.Butdon'ttossitout.Thecrystalsarejustsugarandwithalittlegentlewarmingyoucanmakethehoneyclearagain.Trymicrowavingitonmediumheatfor30secondsatatime.

Nowlet’scometothelastcategory.Ifyouareeverunsureofthefreshnessofyoureggs—maybeyoudon'tquitetrustthedateonthecarton—there'sasimplewaytotestthefreshness.Fillupacontainerwithwaterandplacetheeggsinit.Fresheggswillsink;badorspoiledeggswillfloat.AccordingtotheUSDAwebsite,aneggcanfloatinwaterwhenitsaircellhasenlargedsufficientlytokeepitbuoyant.Thismeanstheeggisold,butitmaybeperfectlysafetouse.Cracktheeggintoabowlandexamineitforanoff-odororunusualappearancebeforedecidingtouseordiscardit.Aspoiledeggwillhaveanunpleasantodorwhenyoubreakopentheshell,eitherwhenraworcooked.OK,tosumup,intoday’slecture,wetalkaboutthewaystokeepseveralvarietiesoffoodfresh.Idohopethetipsgiveninthelecturewillbeofsomehelpinyourdailylife.Thankyouforyourattention![答案解析]1.$2750[解析]讲座的开始首先简单地提到了每天人们都扔掉大量变质的食物的情况,讲座中提到一个每周消费$185的四口之家每年会因为丢弃的食物浪费掉$1325。故可以推断消费$370的四口之家一年要浪费的是消费$185家庭的两倍,即$2750。2.inwholebunches[解析]本题所在处考查对草药的保存。由讲座中的Thebestwaytokeepherbsfreshistostoretheminwholebunches可知答案为inwholebunches。3.washingtheherbs/washingthem[解析]本题设题处依然是草药的保存方法。讲座中条理清晰地讲了草药的保存方法,首先要washthem,然后装入密封袋内,之后放入冰箱。故可知装入密封袋前先要清洗草药,答案为washingtheherbs或washingthem。4.cerealproducts[解析]本题所在处考查对米面类食物的保存。由讲座中的Mostcerealproductswillbejustfineformonthswiththebayleavestoprotectthem可判断答案为cerealproducts。5.hardcheese[解析]本题所在处针对奶酪的保鲜设题。讲座中提到在奶酪的切面涂上黄油对奶酪保鲜作用很大。后来又提到Thistrickworksbestonhardcheesessealedinwax,由此可将答案简化为hardcheese。6.keepitdry[解析]本题针对盐的保鲜设题。由讲座中的Thekeyhereistokeepthesaltdry,可知食盐保存的关键在于保持盐的干燥,故答案为keepitdry。7.dryrice[解析]本题设题点依然是盐的保存。由讲座中的Ifyouputalittlebitofdryriceintheshakeritwillstopthesaltfromhardening可知干燥的大米可以防止食盐变硬,故答案为dryrice。8.Thesugar[解析]本题针对有关蜂蜜的一些知识设题。讲座中提到蜂蜜是唯一不会变质的食物,接着讲到蜂蜜不会变坏的原因,讲座提到蜂蜜中的糖本身就是防腐剂〔apreservative,可见使蜂蜜不会变质的就是其中的糖,故可推断答案为thesugar。9.alittlewarming[解析]本题考查点依然是蜂蜜的保鲜知识。讲座中提到蜂蜜有时会结晶,但是千万不要将结晶的蜂蜜扔掉。接着提到了对付结晶的方法,由讲座中的withalittlegentlewarmingyoucanmakethehoneyclearagain可知只需稍微加热,蜂蜜就会重新变清,故答案可简化为alittlewarming。10.anunpleasantodor[解析]本题所在处针对鸡蛋的保存设题。根据常识我们知道坏掉的鸡蛋打开后会有难闻的怪味,且由讲座中Aspoiledeggwillhaveanunpleasantodorwhenyoubreakopentheshell,可确定答案为anunpleasantodor。Mini-Lecture2[听力原文]Goodmorning,everyone.IbelievethatsomeofEnglishmajorswannaworkforforeigntradecompaniesaftergraduation.SotodayIwillfocusonEnglishbusinessletterformatwhichareveryuseful.Whenabusinessthathasletterheadstationerywritesabusinessletter,thefirstpageoftheletterusespaperwiththeprintedletterheadand[1]succeedingpages,ifany,usematchingqualityandcolorsheetswithouttheletterhead.Abusinesswithverygoodqualityprintingmightgeneratetheletterheadgraphicwithanimageembeddedinawordprocessordocument.[2]Anindividualnormallywon'tuseletterheadstationeryandwon'tattempttofakeit.Anattemptatletterheadthatproducesatackyresultorthatconveyspompousnessproduceseffectsthatyouwanttoavoid.Inabusinessletter,everythingthatyou"type"shouldbeinthesametypefaceandinthesamefontsize.Youshoulduse"formalEnglish"andyoushouldverycarefullycheckyourgrammarandspelling.Youshouldarrangethingsneatly.[3]Youshouldconsidertheappearanceoftheletter"atarm'slength"aswellascloseup—usewhitespacetoproduceanattractivesheet.Inaconventionalbusinessletteryoushouldseetheseparts,inordertoptobottom.Thefirstpartisreturnaddress.Thisitemisthepostaladdressoftheauthoroftheletter.Eachlineofitisleftjustified—eitheratatabstopthatputstheinformationtowardtherightsideofthepageorattheleftmargin.Normallythereturnaddressisatthetopofthepage,butyoucanmoveitdownalittletoimproveover-allappearance.[4]Donotputemailaddresseshere—ifyouneedtoconveyanemailaddress,doitinthebodyoftheletter.Thesecondpartisthedateoftheletter.Itisalignedwiththereturnaddress.[5]Formerlytherewasneverwhitespacebetweenthereturnaddressandthedate,butsomecurrentstylesallowblanklines.Thethirditem,insideaddress,duplicateswhatgoesontheenvelope.Ithastheformalnameoftheintendedrecipientoftheletterandthatperson'spostaladdress.Eachlineoftheinsideaddressisleftjustifiedattheleftmargin.Noemailaddressesappearhere.Youcanputblanklinesbetweenthedateandtheinsideaddresstofillthepagebetterandtoimprovethe"arm'slength"appearance.

[6]Nextcomesthesalutation.Thisitemformallyaddressestherecipient.Iftheaddresseeisnotafriend,youshouldwrite"DearMr.Brown"or"DearMrs.Smith"or"DearMs.Jones"or"DearDr.Greene"orthelike.Alettertoacloseassociatemightsay"DearMike"or"DearSally".

Thereisatleastonelineofwhitespacebetweentheinsideaddressandthesalutation.Youcanputalittlemoretoimprovetheover-allappearance.

Thefifthpartisthecoreoftheletter—thebody.Thebodyissinglespaced.Ordinarilythebodycontainsmorethanoneparagraph.Avoidbothextremelyshortandverylongparagraphs.

[7]Youcanuseeitherindentedparagraphsinwhichthefirstlineisindentedmorethantherestorblockparagraphsinwhichalllinesbeginattheleftmargin.Withblockparagraphsyoumustleaveextrawhitespacebetweenparagraphs—oneblanklineorone"emptyparagraph"isoftenused,butyoucanalsouseWord'sextraspacebeforeorafterparagraphoption;theextraspaceshouldprobablynotexceedthesizeofanemptyparagraph.Withindentedparagraphs,extraspacebetweenparagraphsiscommon,butoptional.Indentedparagraphsshouldbeavoidedifthereturnaddresswasalignedattheleftmargin.

Specialeffectslikebulletedlistsandparagraphswhoseleftandrightedgesarebothindentedshouldbeusedverysparingly—avoidthemasmuchasyoucan.[8]Likewise,considerwhetherhavingyourparagraphsfullyjustified,i.e.bothleftandrightedgessquaredoff,willmaketheletterlooktoomuchlikeaformletterorpieceofjunkmail.Whatcomessixthistheclosing.Thisitemissomethinglike"Yourstruly,"or"Sincerely".Itisnormallyverticallyalignedwiththereturnaddress.

Nextitemistypednameofletterauthor,whichisalignedwiththereturnaddress,date,andclosing.Leaveenoughwhitespaceaboveitforasignature.Ifyouhaveajobtitleandthisletterisbeingwrittenaspartofthatjob,itiscommontotypethejobtitledirectlybelowthetypedname.Anindividualwritingaletternormallydoesn'tincludeajob-titleline.

[9]Finally,ifyouaresupplyingcopiestopeopleotherthantheaddressee,itiscommontoputa"cc"listatthebottomleftofthelastpage—"cc"originallystoodfor"carboncopy"to.Whentheletterispreparedbyaprofessionaltypist,itiscommonfortheinitialsofthetypisttobesuppliedatherbottom.Ifthereareenclosures,thatfactisoftennotedtheretoo.Anindividualwritingaletterusuallyomitstheseitems.Furthermore,yourinstructormayhavetoldyounottouseatemplate.Dowhatyourinstructortoldyou.[10]ManyofMS-Word'stemplatesappeartohavebeencreatedmoretoshowoffweirdorfancyeffectsthatWordcandothantoproduceawell-doneproductusefultotheordinaryuser.SomeofWord'stemplatesencourageyoutoproduceatackydocument—resistthetemptation.Ifyou'reusingWord97,ourfriend"OfficeBob"maypopupwhenyoutypetheletter'ssalutation.Ifyourinstructortoldyounottousetemplates,decline"OfficeBob’sofferof"help."OK,today’slectureisover.NextlecturewillbeheldonMonday.Seeyouthen.[答案解析]1.matching/similarquality[解析]本讲座围绕英语商务信函的格式展开,内容分为信纸要求、书写要求、信函内容、以及附属要求四部分。本题所在处涉及信纸要求的第二点,即第一页之后的部分用质量和颜色与第一页相配的信纸,因此答案为matching/similarquality。2.avoid[解析]本题所在处涉及信纸要求的最后一点,即个人一般不会用letterheadstationery<带笺头的信纸>,因为私人信件用这种信纸会给人俗气<producesatackyresult>、故意炫耀的印象<conveyspompousness>,因而应避免,即avoid。3.whitespace[解析]本题所在处涉及书写要求的最后一点,即留出空白以使信件更引人注目<usewhitespacetoproduceanattractivesheet>,所以答案为whitespace。4.emailaddress[解析]本题所在处涉及信函内容的第一点：returnaddress回信地址。在这一点最后,演讲者提到,Donotputemailaddresseshere—ifyouneedtoconveyanemailaddress,doitinthebodyoftheletter,因此回信地址应不包括emailaddress。注意exclude是对讲座中否定表达的同义转述。5.allowed/allowable[解析]本题所在处涉及信函内容的第二点：dateoftheletter写信日期。讲座中提到,Formerlytherewasneverwhitespacebetweenthereturnaddressandthedate,butsomecurrentstylesallowblanklines,即原来回信地址和写信日期之间没有空白,但现在可以留空白。因此空白是allowed/allowable。6.address[解析]本题所在处涉及信函内容的第四点：salutation称呼,即waystoaddresstherecipient称呼收信者的方式,因此答案为address。7.acceptable[解析]本题所在处涉及信函内容的主体部分。在这一部分,演讲者提到,可以使用eitherindentedparagraphs<首行缩进格式>…orblockparagraphs<齐头格式>。因此两种格式都是可取的,即acceptable。8.avoided[解析]同上题,本题同样涉及信函内容的主体部分。讲座中提到,considerwhetherhavingyourparagraphsfullyjustified,i.e.bothleftandrightedgessquaredoff,willmaketheletterlooktoomuchlikeaformletterorpieceofjunkmail,即左右全部对齐呈方块形的段落给人以正式函件或垃圾邮件的印象,因此应尽量避免,答案为avoided。9.extracopies[解析]本题所在处涉及讲座的最后一部分,即附属要求部分的第一点。讲座中提到,ifyouaresupplyingcopiestopeopleotherthantheaddressee,itiscommontoputa"cc"listatthebottomleftofthelastpage,即商业信件的末尾标注"cc"时,表示"抄送给…",即除了收信人之外,该信函还需要抄送他人。因此推断题干中应填extracopies。10.weirdandfancy[解析]在信函的附属要求部分,演讲者还提到,许多文字处理系统的模板常常只是为了showoffweirdorfancyeffects<卖弄一些古怪而花哨的效果>,因此本题答案为weirdandfancy。题里淘金重点句式Mini-Lecture11.Andwhenyouarereadytousethem,you'llfindtheyareactuallyeasiertochopfrozen―andthey'lldefrostinahurryonceyoutossthemintoahotpan.你要用它们的时候就会发现冷冻的〔草药更好切——把它们放入加热的平底锅,草药很快就会解冻。2.Simplyspreadbutterormargarineonthecutsidesandyouhelpsealinthemoisture.只需在〔奶酪的切面涂上黄油或者人造黄油,就可以锁住〔奶酪的水分。3.Somefoodiesalsosuggestthattossinginafewslicesofrawpotatowiththewiltedveggieshelpsspeedthingsupthere-crisping.一些美食家还建议,在枯萎的蔬菜里加入一些生的土豆片可以加速蔬菜回鲜的过程。4.Anybod