定语从句 笔记整理

定语从句笔记整理定语从句笔记整理/NUMPAGES20定语从句笔记整理定语从句笔记整理定语从句授课人：Prof.WoodenPart1定语从句定义及概述什么是定语从句？(1)定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。(3)关系词：分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中担当一定成分。Eg.Iwillneverforgetthegirl（先行词）that（关系词）Imetyesterdayinthestreet（定语从句）.※定语从句两个必须★先行词在从句中必须作一个成分；★先行词所作的成分必须空缺。Part2关系代词引导的定语从句项目关系词关系词先行词所指关系词在从句中的作用关系代词that人/物主语、宾语、表语which物/事主语、宾语、表语who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人/物定语as人/物/事情主语、宾语、表语1.关系代词that的用法用法：既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。1)Thisisthefactorythatproducescars.(作主语,指物)2)Thegirlthatspoketomejustnowismyclassmate.(作主语,指人)3)Thefilm(that)wesawyesterdayisinteresting.(作宾语，指物)※关系代词that的特权和禁区1.特权：行使特权的条件：（1）限定性定语从句（即从句前无逗号）；（2）介词没有提前。2.禁区：有两种情况下，关系代词不会用that,指物时用which；指人时用who/whom。（1）非限定性定于从句（即从句前有逗号）；（2）介词提前时。2.关系代词which的用法用法：指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。1)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.(作主语)2)Thecar(which)myunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.(作宾语)※只用that不用which的情况：(1)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。ThefirstbookthatIboughtwasabouthowtolearnEnglish.(3)先行词是all,much,little,none,few等不定代词或由some,any,every,no等词构成的复合代词时）IdidallthatIcoulddoatthattime.Therewaslittlethatthedoctorcoulddoforthepatient.(4)当先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时。Theonlythingthathecandoistosaysorrytoher.(5)先行词既有人又有物。Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?(6)主句已有疑问词who/which时。Whichisthebookthatyoulike?Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。Heisnolongerthemanthathewastenyearsago.※只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况：(1)当关系代词前有介词时。Adesertisagreatplaininwhichnothingwillgrow.(2)引导非限制性定语从句时。Thestudentswaslateforclass7timesaweek,whichmadeherteachermad.(3)一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个宜用which。(4)当先行词本身是that时。ThatwhichIhadknownaboutmadethemsurprised.3.关系代词who的用法用法：指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。1)Iknowthemanwhospoketoyoujustnow.(作主语)2)Sheisnotthegirlwhoshewas.(作表语)4.关系代词whom的用法用法：指人，who的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用who或that代替。1)Hereistheman(whom)youarelookingfor.2)Thewoman(whom)yousawjustnowisourEnglishteacher.※关系代词who和whom的选择Mr.Smithistheverymanwho/whomyouarelookingfor.Ihaveafriendwholikeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Isthatthemanwithwhomyouarrivedyesterday?5.关系代词whose的用法用法：可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。1)Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.(指人)2)Theroomwhosewindowsfacetheeastismine.(指物）※关系代词whose的选择Themanwhosewalletwasstolencalledforthepoliceforhelp.TheboywhosefatherisateacherhasbeenadmittedtoOxfordUniversity.Thehousewhosewindowsaremostlybrokenbelongstomyuncle.Thetreewhosebranchesarebasicallybaredatesbackto200yearsago.6.关系代词as的用法用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在thesame…as…,such…as…,as…as…等句型中,as不能省略。1)SuchteachersasknowTomthinkhimbright.(指人，作主语)2)I’llbuythesamedictionaryasyouhave.(指物，作宾语)※关系代词as的选择(1)当先行词中有so,such等修饰语时；如：ThisissogoodabookasIcanhardlytearmyselfawayfrom.Neverpromisesuchthingsasyoucan’tachieve.Thisissogoodamovie__as__weallwishtosee.Thisissogoodamovie__it__weallwishtoseeit.(2)当定语从句置于句首时；如：Asisknowntoall,theearthtravelsaroundthesunonceeveryyear.Aswehadexpected,thestudentswhohadcheatedintheexamswerepunished.(3)当先行词中有thesame修饰时，有时用that也有时用as来引导定语从句。二者意思稍有不同。如：ThisisthesameshirtasIworeyesterday.(这件衬衣和我昨天穿的那件一样。意思是说并不是同一件。)ThisisthesameshirtthatIworeyesterday.(这是我昨天穿的那件衣服。同一件衣服。)ThestudentsinNewYorkareusingthesametextbooksasweareusing.※关系代词的省略有两个条件：(1)限定性定语从句；(2)作宾语或表语。E.g.Women_______drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose________don’t.（2006北京高考）A.who;不填 B.不填;who C.who;who D.不填;不填Part3关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词先行词所指在句中所作成分When时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语※特别提醒：when,where既能引导限定性定语从句，也能引导非限定性定语从句，而why通常引导限定性定语从句。如：Thatisthedaywhenhegotmarried.Thatisthetimewhenallofuslivedtogetherasafamily.ThatisthefactorywhereIusedtowork.Thatisthehospitalwheremysonwasborntenyearsago.Thatisthereasonwhyhewasfired.(1)表示时间的先行词除了time之外，还有：day,morning,afternoon,evening,night,week,month,year等；(2)表示地点的先行词除了place之外，还可以是desk,table,spot,room,house,school,street,town,country等。(3)表示原因的先行词一般只有reason一个。1.关系副词使用的几种变化1)关系副词通常也可以用“that+介词后置”代替或省略；2_在正式文体中，也可以使用“介词+which”的结构。ThatistheriverwhereIusedtoswim.(关系副词)ThatistheriverthatIusedtoswimin.(that+介词后置)ThatistheriverIusedtoswimin.(省略)ThatistheriverinwhichIusedtoswim.(介词+which)2.介词+which结构中的介词选择问题1)介词与先行词之间的搭配关系；Istillrememberthetimewhen(atwhich)Ifirstbecameahighschoolstudent.Thereareseveralareasinthecitywhere(inwhich)youcanbuyclothesinfashion.2)介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系。Isawthestampofwhichmyfatherwasveryproud.Hereissomemoneywithwhichyoucanbuysomebooks.Therewasnobodyinthefamilytowhomhecouldturnforhelp.(固定短语turntosb.向某人求助)TheplayinwhichIplayedanimportantrolewasagreatsuccess.(toplayaroleintheplay就不是固定短语。)2.抽象的先行词带来的关系副词的选择问题It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituation___theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.whereIhavereachedapointinmylife______Iamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.A.which B.whereC.how D.whyLife

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D.whereShe’llneverforgetherstaythere____shefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefore.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whenPart4限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句1.非限定性定语从句的由来TomistheonlystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoHarvardinmyclass.汤姆是我们班唯一一个已经被哈佛大学录取的学生。Theprincipal,whowasseatedonmyright,deliveredanexcitingspeech.校长发表了一个令人振奋的演讲，当时他就坐在我右边。2.限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义区别Theoldmanhastwosonswhoserveinthearmy.老人有两个当兵的儿子。Theoldmanhastwosons,whoserveinthearmy.老人有两个儿子，都当兵。※非限定性定语从句有时可以像一个并列句，例如：Hehasawalkafterdinnereveryevening,whichisgoodforhishealth.=Hehasawalkafterdinnereveryevening,andthisisgoodforhishealth.Helikesreadingbooks,whichIamdelightedtohear.=HelikesreadingbooksandIamdelightedtohearthat.※非限定性定语从句还可以从意义上像一个状语从句，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。例如：Thenewengineer,whohasreadtheinstructions,failedintheproject.※归纳总结

限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句意义起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的成分起补充说明作用，省去后不影响主句的意思形式与先行词间无逗号常用逗号与主句分开翻译常译成前置定语常译成并列的分句4.非限定性定语从句的引导词的问题一般来说，除了关系代词that和关系副词why，其他定语从句的引导词均可以引导非限定性定语从句。例如：Hisspeech,whichinspiredeveryone,waswellreceived.Astudent,whowasadmittedtoanordinaryuniversity,wasgreatlydisappointed.Thecinema,whoseroofwasdamagedinthestorm,willbebroughtdown.TheywillflytoNewYorknextFriday,wheretheyhaveplannedtostayforafewweeks.Youcancomenextweekend,whenthebookswillbereadyforyou.5.as、which引导的非限定性定语从句as和which在引导非限定性定语从句时的相同点和区别：1)相同点：as和which都可以指代整个句子的内容。Themeetingwasputoff，which/aswasexactlywhatwewanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。2)不同点：as引导的从句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主从句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如……”；而which引导的从句只能位于主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点……”，相当于andthis或andthat。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。Aseveryoneknows，allthatglittersisnotgold.=Allthatglitters，aseveryoneknows，isnotgold.=Allthatglittersisnotgold，aseveryoneknows.众所周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。Part5定语从句使用的注意事项1.分析成分的能力和意识(1)如果空白后面紧跟着动词的，明显缺少的是主语。Mr.GoodmanhastobeawayonbusinessonFeb.8th,________happenstobehiswife’sbirthday.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.onwhich(2)及物动词后必然有宾语，即如果及物动词后面没有宾语，先行词就是作动词的宾语。TheScienceMuseum,______wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon’stouristattractions.【2008江苏高考】A.which B.what C.that D.where(3)不及物动词后没有宾语，在不缺少主语的情况下，先行词则通常作状语等成分。Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?Right,justtheone______youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what(4)介词后面通常要跟宾语，如果介词后面没有宾语，则先行词通常作这个介词的宾语。Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?Yes，there’sonepoint________wemustinsistonA．whyB．whereC．howD．/2.并列连词的陷阱Tomhastwobrothers,bothofwhomlovesports.Tomhastwobrothersandbothofthemlovesports.(简单的并列连词：and,but,so,or,yet)3.way意为“方式，方法”，作先行词时的关系词的选择问题1)用“介词+which”引导定语从句；例如：Idon’tlikethewa