决胜四级-阅读

决胜四级--阅读（2）1Ifthesalinity给盐量）ofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Nevertheless,someofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation-conversionofliquidwatertowatervapour.Inthismanner,thesalinityisincreased,sincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextreme,ofcourse,whitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind;this,bytheway,ishowmuchofthetablesaltweuseisactuallyobtained.Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation降水）,suchasrain,bywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdiluted（冲淡）sothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubstractionofthewaterbyevaporation,ordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarly,incoastalregionswhereriversdilutethesea,salinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas.Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcourse,whenthisicemelts,itwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwaterIntheWeddellSea,ofAmerica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwaterThisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.Allofthefollowingareprocessesthatdecreasesalinityexcept.A.runoffB.evaporationC.meltingD.precipitationThesalinityoftheoceanicwaterisgenerallyhigherin.A.tropicalareasB.coastalregionsC.turbulentareasD.rainyregions3.TheWeddellSeaismentionedinthepassageto.A.giveanexampleofcoldwatersalinityB.pointoutthelocationofdeepwatersC.compareAntarcticwaterswithArcticwatersD.indicatethatthisbodyofwaterhassalinityvariationsWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE,accordingtothepassage?A.VariousfactorscombinetocausevariationsinthesalinityofwaterB.Asaresultoftheformationofoceanicewatersalinitydecreases.C.Thesalinityofthewaternearthebottomoftheoceansisrelativelyhigh.D.Incoastalareastheoceanisdilutedbyrivers.Themajorpointsdiscussedinthepassageis.A.thesubtractionofwaterB.theconversionofliquidwatertowatervapourC.thesalinityofoceanwaterD.theeffectofprecipitationonthesalinityofoceanwater2ThecathasprobablybeenassociatedwithMansinceitwasfirstgivenaplacebyhisfireinreturnforkeepingthecavedwellingfreeofratsandmice.TherelationshipbetweenthecatandManhasnotbeenconstant,however.Man’sattitudehasrangedthroughindifferenceandneglecttotheextremesofpersecution^害）andworship.TheEgyptianshadgreatfaithinthepowerofalivingcattoprotectthemfrombothnaturalandsupernaturalevils.Theymadesmallornamentsandcharmsrepresentingcatsandthevariouscatdeities神f生）.Thesedecoratedtheirhomesandwereburiedwiththemtoensurethatthesoulofthedeadpersonwasprotectedonit'sperilousjourneythroughthehostilespiritworld.PiousEgyptiansalwaysmummifiedtheircatsandhadthemburiedwithalmostasmuchreverence（尊严）asiftheywerehumanbeings.Attheendofthelastcentury,acatcemeterywasdiscoverednearthesiteoftheancientcityofBubastis.Hereliterallyhundredsofthousandsoflittlecatmummieswerefoundrangedneatlyonshelves.Somewerestolen,somedestroyed,andantiquedealerssoldmanytotourists.Thousandswereleft.TheancientJewsbelievedthatwhenareligiouspersonwhohadreachedahighdegreeofsanctitydied,hissoulenteredthebodyofacatandremainedthereuntilthecatitselfdiedanaturaldeath.OnlythencoulditenterParadise.ExactlythesamebeliefexistedinBurmaandThailanduntilcomparativelyrecently,andbeautifulsacredcatswerekeptingreatluxuryinthetemples.WhenamemberoftheroyalhouseofSiamdied,hisfavoritecatwasburiedalivewithhimbutasmallopeningwasalwaysleftforitsescape.Whenthecatemerged,thepriestsknewthattheprince’ssoulhadsafelyentereditsfeline（似猫的）host,andthecatwasceremoniallysenttotheTemple.AtthecrowningoftheyoungKingofSiamin1926,awhitecatwascarriedbyacourtofficialintheprocessiontotheThroneRoom.TheoldKing’ssoulwasrestinginthiscat,andhisfaithfulformercourtiersknewthathewouldwanttobepresentatthecrowningofhissuccessor.Man'sattitudetowardscatshasbeen.A.constantlyhostilethroughouttheagesB.friendlyC.throughmanychanges0.negligentfromtimeimmemorialTheword“perilous”inthelastsentenceofParagraph2mostprobablymeans.A.dangerousB.longC.boringD.pleasantAncientEgyptiansburiedcatlikeornamentswiththemforthereasonthat.A.theyhadblindworshipofcatsB.theyhadnaturalinclinationtopersecutecatsC.theyhopedtobeunderthecat’sprotectionagainstallevilsD.catsweretheirpetsTheancientJewsheldthebeliefthat.A.goodcatscouldenterparadiseaftertheydiedanaturaldeathB.agoodmadssoulwasprotectedbyacatC.aholyperson^ssoulenteredacat’sbodyafterhisdeathD.manhadtobelievereligion10.Atthe1926CoronationofSiamawhitecatwas.A.escortedtotheTempleB.believedtobethespiritualguardianoftheoldkingC.presentedtothenewkingD.buriedalivewiththeoldkingOnefamoussurgeonalwaysmadeitaruletospendatleast15minutesongeneralreadingbeforehewenttosleepeachnight.Whetherhewenttobedat10p.m.or2.30a.m.madenodifference.Evenifyoucannotkeeptothiskindofdiscipline,itisagoodideatomakesureyoualwayshaveageneralinterestbookinyourpocket.Don’tforgetitshouldbeabookwhichentertainsyouandtheEnglishmustnotbetoodifficultforyou.Nearlyall“speedreading”coursehavea“pacing”element—sometimingdevicewhichletsthestudentsknowhowmanywordsaminuteheisreading.Youcandothissimplybylookingatyourwatch5or10minutesandnotingdownthepagenumberyouhavereached.Checktheaveragenumberofwordsperpagefortheparticularbookyouarereading.Paceyourselfeverythreeorfourdays,alwayswiththesamekindofeasy,generalinterestbook.Youshouldsoonnoticeyourhabitualw.p.m.ratecreepingup.Obviouslythereislittlepointinincreasingyourw.p.m.rateifyoudonotunderstandwhatyouarereading.Whenyouareconciouslytryingtoincreaseyourreadingspeed,stopaftereverychapterifyouarereadinganoveloreverysectionorgroupoftenortwelvepagesifitisatextbookandaskyourselfafewquestionsaboutwhatyouhavebeenreading.Ifyoufindyouhavelostthethreadofthestory,oryoucan’trememberclearlythedetailsofwhatwassaid,rereadthesectionorchapterTrythisfromtimetotime.Takefourorfivepagesofthegeneralinterestbookyouhappentobereadingatthetime.Readthemasfastasyoupossiblycan.Don’tbotheraboutwhetheryouunderstandornot.Nowgobackandreadthematwhatyoufeeltobeyour“normal”w.p.m.rate,therateatwhichyoucancomfortablyunderstand.Aftera“lightningspeed”readthroughprobablyaround600w.p.m.,youwillusuallyfindthatyour“normal”speedhasincreaedperhapsbyasmuchas50—100w.p.m.Thisisthetechniqueathletesusewhentheyhabituallyrunfurtherintrainingthantheywillhavetoonthedayofthebigrace..Thefamoussurgeonmentionedinthefirstparagraphexemplifiesthepeoplewho.makeitaruletoreadat10p.m.or2:30a.m.everydayareinthehabitofdoingregularreadingeverydaynomatterhowbusytheyarealwayshaveaninterestingbookintheirpocketshabituallygotobedlate.Apacingdeviceofareadingcourseisaimedatenablingthestudentsto.assesstheirreadingspeedspeeduptheirreadingchecktheircomprehensiondothemostefficientreading13.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?Youcanneverignoreyourcomprehensionwhenyoutrytoincreaseyourreadingspeed.ThepurposeoflightningspeedexerciseistohelpyouwintheEnglishcontest.Topaceyourself,youshouldusebookswithmoreorlessthesamedegreesofdifficulty.ItisalwaysagoodideatocarryinyourpocketaneasyandinterestingEnglishbook.14.Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlyto.emphasizetheimportanceofreadingclassifydifferentkindsofreadingmaterialsgivesuggestionsforreadingpracticesetapaceinreading15.Allofthefollowingpointsarehintsforreadingpracticegivenbytheauthorexcept.checkingyourprogressthroughpacingsettingasidetimeeachdayforgeneralreadingdoinglightningspeedexerciseD.recallingthethreadofthestoryalreadyread4Theearlyscientificstudyofchemistry,knownasalchemy,grewupinthefirstfewcenturiesA.D.atAlexandriainEgypt.Theretwoimportantthingscametogether:onewasthepracticalknowledgeoftheEgyptianworkersinmetals,potteryanddyes;theotherwasthelearningoftheearlierGreekphilosophers,suchasHippocratesandAristotle.AtthesametimealchemywasmuchinfluencedbyideasfromtheEastaboutmagicandastrology（占星术）一foretellingthefuturefromthestars.Greekphilosophersregardeddebateaboutthenatureofmatterassuperiortoexperiment,andsomeheldthatallmatterwasmadeupofthesamefour“elements”—earth,fire,airandwater.Manypeoplethereforethoughtthatiftheseelementscouldberearranged,onesubstancecouldbechangedintoanother.Forinstance,abasemetalcouldperhapsbeturnedintogold.Thechiefaimofthealchemistswastofindawayofdoingthis.AlchemycameunderArabinfluencewhenthearmiesofIslamconqueredEgyptduringtheseventhcentury.TheArabscarrieditsstudyintoWesternEuropewhentheyadvanecintoSpain.ThegreatestArabalchemistwasJabiribnHayyan,possiblythesamepersonasGeber,authoroftwoimportantbooksonalchemyknownfromtheLatintranslationsofthethirteenthcentury.Jabirclaimedthatmercury（水银）andsulphur（硫磺）were“elements”likethefourGreekones.Hesaidthatallmetalswerecomposedofmercuryandsulphurindifferentproportions.Tochangeabasemetalintogoldrequiredtheproportionstobechangedbytheactionofamysterioussubstancewhichcametobecalled“thephilosopher’sstone”.Alchemistssearchedinvainforthissubstanceforseveralhundredyears.AlchemywasstudiedwidelyinEuropeduringthetwelfthandfollowingcenturies,andattractedtheattentionofmanylearnedmen.Thoughtheyweredoomedtofailintheirattemptstomakegold,theirworkledtothegrowthofagreatdealofnewchemicalknowledgeandofmethodsofmakingexperiments.Bythefirsthalfofthesixteenthcentury,theaimofthealchemistshadchangedfromthemakingofgoldtothemakingofmedicines.Inparticulartheysoughtafancifulsubstancecalled“theelixir（长生不老药）oflife”,apowerfulmedicinewhichwastocureallills,andwhichsomepeoplethoughtwouldturnouttobethesamesubstanceas“thephilosopher’sstone”.Thisphaseofchemistrylastedtillabout1700.16.Thepracticalbasisofseveralmodernchemicalindustrieswasdevelopedfrom.AsianastrologersB.GreekphilosophersC.AlexandriansD.theancientEgyptiansItwastheArabconquerorswho.A.studiedalchemyintheseventhcenturyintroducedalchemytoWesternEuropespreadalchemytoEgyptcarriedoutalchemicalexperimentsinSpain18.ThegreatestArabalchemistJabiribnHayyan.A.translatedtwoimportantbooksonalchemyfromLatininthe13thcenturyB.extendedtheGreektheoriesaboutthe“elements” C.wasoftheopinionthatallmetalsweremadeupofthesamefour“elements”D.gavethename“thephilosopher'sstone“toamysterioussubstance19.Fromthetwelfthtotheeighteenthcentury.alchemywaswidelyusedinpeople'sdailylifealchemywasstagnantalchemistsweresomewhatmisledmanylearnedmenfoundacluetothemysteryofalchemytcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.after1700chemistrychangeditsaimandmethodsB.ancientGreekphilosophersconsideredalchemicalexperimentstobeofgreatimportance“thephilosopher'sstone”isamysterioussubstancewhichcanchangeabasemetalintogoldAlexandriawasthebirthplaceofmagicandearlyscienceofchemistryAstrology答案部分1短文大意本文讨论的是海水的含盐量。本文主要讲述了引起海水含盐量变化的三个基本过程，一是用蒸发的方法去除水分，二是与蒸发法相反的方法一一降水，三是海冰的形成和融化。.答案B。【参考译文】除了蒸发，下面所有的过程都使含盐量减少。【试题分析】本题要求了解阐述文章主旨的事实和细节。【详细解答】什么因素不使含盐量下降呢?这要求我们留意文中对含盐量高低变化起作用的因素的细节描述。文中第二段末句总结了影响含盐量的因素:蒸发(evaporation)使含盐量增加，降水(precipitation)和河水流入(2门。££)使含盐量降低，后文中提到融冰(melting)也使含盐量降低。因此，这一题很明显应选B项。.答案A。【参考译文】热带地区的海水含盐是一般要高些。【试题分析】本题要求我们了解相关的细节。【详细解答】文中第三段具体描述了含盐量高低不同的几个地区，其中热带地区含盐量高而沿海岸地区含盐量低。因此这一题显然应选A“热带地区”.答案A。【参考译文】本文中提到Weddell海是为了举例说明冷水含盐量。【试题分析】本题要求我们了解相关的细节。【详细解答】文中提到Weddell海是在叙述了第三种改变含盐量的过程之后，这一种改变主要与冰的形成与融化有关。海水结成冰后含盐量升高冰融化后含盐量又变低。随后，文中以Weddell海为例，说明海水结冰后，冰冷的海水含盐量增高。所以，这一题显然应该选A项。.答案B。【参考译文】根据本文，下面哪一句不真实？【试题分析】本题考查对文章的主旨以及相关细节。【详细解答】选不正确的一项也要求我们对全文有充分的理解，并能记住有关细节，这样才能判断对错。A项：”不同的因素结合在一起改变了水的含盐量。”文中的确提到了各种不同的因素，如蒸发等去除水分的方法和如降水等增加水分的方法一起使世界各地水的含盐量有所不同。所以A项正确。B项“海水结冰的结果是使水的含盐量下降了。”而文中却提到海水结冰后，冰下的水含盐量增高。因此B项是不正确的，应选B项。C项：“靠近海洋底部的水的含盐量相对高一些。”文中第五段提到海水结冰后，冰下的水浓度高，所以下沉到海洋更深的部分。因此可以推出海洋靠近底部的海水的含盐量相对高一些。C项是正确的。不选C。D项：”在沿海岸的地区，海洋被河水冲淡了。”这在文中第二段中有明确的表述。文中写到“增长的水会冲淡海洋。这可能发生在雨林地区或海洋地区，在沿海地区河水冲进海洋。”也就是说在沿海岸地区，海洋被河水冲淡了。所以D是正确的,不应选D。.答案C。【参考译文】本文讲述的要点是海水的含盐量。【试题分析】本题主要考查考生对全文的理解和中心的概括。【详细解答】此文主要围绕海水的含盐量进行叙述，列举了三种不同情况下含盐量的增减。因此最合适的答案为C。而A”水分的去除或减少”用“水由液态转为固态”，和D“降水对海水含盐量的影响，”都只是文中叙述的一个方面，而不是主要观点。2短文大意本文讨论的是猫与人的关系。人与猫的关系很可能自从人类住在洞穴的时候防老鼠的时期开始。古埃及人对活猫的力量深信不疑，认为猫可以使他们免遭自然与超自然的邪恶的侵害，所以他们总是像尊重人一样把猫制成木乃伊把它们埋葬，古代犹太人和缅甸人和泰国人也同样尊敬猫，他们认为一个高度圣洁的信教的人死后，他的灵魂进入猫的体内，直到猫自己自然死亡，只有这时它才进入天堂。.答案C。【参考译文】人类对猫的态度经历了很多变化。【试题分析】本题要求对相关段落进行综合归纳。【详细解答】这一题要求我们理解range一词的含义。第一段的最后一句话明确写出人对猫的态度的变化包括了从不关心，忽略到残害和崇拜两个极端等等。也就是说人对猫的态度有多种变化。所以答案是C项。.答案A。【参考译文】第二段最后一句的“perilous”这个词的意思最有可能是“dangerous”。【试题分析】本题为语义测试题。【详细解答】这一题可从上下文中推断出词义。第二段的最后一句基本上是说猫形装饰物同死人一起埋葬能保证死人的灵魂在通过有敌意的精灵世界的路程中得以保护。那么这一旅程是怎样的呢?不仅要通过有敌意的精灵世界而且还需要保护。可想而知，一定不会是愉快的。透过隐含的意思，我们可以猜到是危险的。所以应选A项。.答案C。【参考译文】古埃及人把像猫的饰物随葬因为他们希望在猫的保护下免遭一切邪恶的侵害。【试题分析】本题要求掌握相关的细节。【详细解答】在对第二段整体理解后，可很明确地了解到古埃及人对猫的崇拜以及为何要将猫形饰物共葬的原因。正如第二段第一句话所说埃及人深信猫有保护他们免遭自然与超自然的邪恶的侵害的力量。所以不难看出答案为C项。.答案C。【参考译文】古代犹太人相信一个圣洁的教徒死后，他的灵魂会进入猫的体内。【试题分析】本题要求对相关细节进行一定的推理。【详细解答】提到古犹太人我们很自然会回到第四段找相关细节。文中提到的古犹太人相信当一个虔诚的教徒死后，他的灵魂会进入猫的体内，并直至这只猫自然死亡后，灵魂才会进入天堂。由此我们可以确定答案应为C项。而A项“好猫的灵魂会在自然死亡之后进入天堂。”但文中提到了进入天堂的灵魂是虔诚的教徒的灵魂并非猫的。所以A不正确。B项认为一个好人的灵魂被猫所保护,这显然与原文不符。D项认为人必须信教。而在文中只提到了信教的人的灵魂最终会进入天堂,确未提到人必须信教。而且这篇文章的重点在猫而非信教，所以D也不正确。.答案B。【参考译文】1926年泰国国王加冕时一只白猫被认为是老国王的灵魂监护人。【试题分析】本题要求对相关细节进行一定的引申。【详细解答】在最后一段的最后两句话中提到了1926年泰国国王加冕时一只白猫被一个法院官员送往觐见室，因为老国王的灵魂栖于这只猫的体内，所以他的前任官员认为他想要亲自见证自己的后代加冕,所以这道题的最佳答案应为B项。而A项认为“猫被护送往神庙”，但很明显猫被送往了觐见室。所以A是错的。C项认为猫被呈交给了新国王，根据原文，猫是出场观看加冕仪式的。所以C项不对。D项认为猫是被活埋在老国王的墓中。这显然与原文不符。3短文大意本文讨论的是阅读练习。作者对阅读练习提出了一些建议。几乎所有“速度阅读”课程都有记时，让学生知道自己一分钟读了多少单词。如果你不理解所阅读的内容，那么很显然提高阅读速度就没有什么意义。.答案B。【参考译文】第一段中提到的著名外科医生是举例说明那些人不论有多忙都习惯坚持每天阅读。【试题分析】本题要求注意细节中的隐含意思。【详细解答】首段提到的医生每天睡觉前都要阅读至少15分钟。此处文中强调这种阅读已经成为医生的规律了，不论上床的时间是晚上10点，或者是凌晨2点半，他照读不误，由此我们可以看出，此处的医生代表着那种不论有多忙都仍坚持每天阅读习惯的人，所以应选B。.答案A。【参考译文】阅读课程的测速方法的目的是让学生能够评估自己的阅读速度。【试题分析】本题要求了解相关的细节。【详细解答】文中提到测速方法(pacingdevice)时候写道，这种方法让学生们知道他每分钟阅读多少个词。所以很明显这一题应选择A”估计他们的阅读速度。”。.答案B。【参考译文】根据文中的说法下面哪一项不正确？【试题分析】本题主要考查对全文的整体理解并结合有关细节来作选择。【详细解答】A项认为“当你试着提高阅读速度的时候，不应忽略理解力。”这在文中第三段首句中就明确提到了，不理解所读内容而一味提高阅读速度毫无意义。所以A符合原文意思，不应选A°B项认为“以闪电般速度练习的目的在于帮助你赢得英语竞赛。”文中最后一段提到通过“闪电速度”练习阅读以后，你会发现你的正常速度已经提高了，即此项练习的目的在于帮助你提高正常阅读速度。所以B项和原文不符，应选B项。C项认为“为测量你的速度，你应该读难度大体相同的书。”文中第二段提到通常读同一种难度的有趣的书,C和原文相符，所以不选择C°D项认为“在你的口袋里面总是装一本简单易懂而且有趣的英文书是一个好主意。”这在第一段的第二句话中明确提到了。所以D和原文相符，不应选择D。.答案C。【参考译文】作者写本文的主要目的是给出几种练习阅读的建议。【试题分析】本题考查考生对全文中心的概括能力。【详细解答】全文着重说明的是提高阅读速度的方法，所以C项“给出几种练习阅读的建议”最贴切，应选择C。.答案Do【参考译文】除了“回忆已经阅读文章的线索”，下面所有的观点都是作者对阅读练习的建议。【试题分析】本题要求掌握说明文章主旨的事实和细节。【详细解答】作者在此文中对阅读有很多建议，那么哪一项不是作者的建议呢？A项”通过测速来检查你的进步。”很明显作者着重强调过测速的方法，所以A项是建议，不应选择AoB项”每天留出时间来阅读。”这也是作者明确提到的，不应选BoC项”进行闪电式阅读练习。”在文中，最后一段作者也建议了这一方法，不应选CoD项“回忆已经阅读文章的线索。”在文中作者建议如果