英语词汇学教程复习大纲

Chapter4WordFormationinEnglish掌握主要构词法Derivation/Affixation派生法/词缀法Conversion转化法Compounding/Composition复合法Compounding复合法P61DenefinitionofCompounding定义aword-formingprocessofjoiningtwoormoreoldwordstoformanewunitCharacteristicsofCompounds特点(features)1.OrthographicCriterion写法上a.Solid固定式：ButterflyLaymanb.Hyphenated连字符模式：Never-endingc.Open开放式：primetime黄金时间rapetape繁文缛节2.Phonogically(发音上),thereisalwaysasingleprimarystressinEnglishwords,sothatcompoundsareoftenrecognizedbystresspattern(重音)andlackofjuncture(连音),ifawordisacompound,itsstresswouldbeonthefirstpartofthecompound.‘Greenhouse3.Syntactically(句法方面),compoundsaresinglelexicalunitsandhavespecificfeatures.SomecompoundsseemtouseungrammaticaloratleastunusualwordorderinEnglish.4.Semantically(语义上),compoundstendtohavespecialmeanings.Themeaningsofthewordsinterrelateinsuchwaythatthenewmeaningmaybedifferentfromthemeaningofthewordsinisolation(单独分离，隔绝孤立).Conversion转化法P67DenefinitionofConversion定义（注意掌握哪些词是经转化而来的）Achangeinwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffixisknownasconversion.主要是n.v.adj.之间的转化，词型没变，但词性改变，也称为Zeroderivation零派生法(没有词缀的派生法)掌握表格重音的变化P68Blending拼缀法（注意掌握类型）P68DenefinitionofBlending定义Blendingreferstotheprocessofcombiningpartsoftwowordstoformathirdwordwhichcontainssomeofthemeaningofeachpart.6commontypesofBlending6种类型1.Thefirsttypeofblendsisafullwordfollowedbyasplinter(某一个词的部分)a.Thewholeofthefirstwordandtheendofthesecondword.(完整的词加上后面的词的一部分)b.Blendscanalsobeginwithasplinter,followedbyafullword.一个词的前半部分加上另外一个词eg.a.fact+action=faction(写实小说，派系之争)huck+broadcaster=huckster(叫卖的小贩)b.medical+care=medicare(医疗保险)technology+nerd(呆子)=technonerd电脑迷2.Thesecondtypeofblendsconsistsoftwosplinters.a.Insomecases,thebeginningofonewordisfollowedbytheendofanotherword.词首+词尾b.Inothercases,bothsplintersarethebeginningsofwords.词首+词首work+citizen=netizen网络公民information+commercial=informercial电视直销节目 b.teleprinter+exchange=telex电传打字机situation+comedy=sitcom情境喜剧3.Thethirdtypeofblendsconsistsofcompleteoverlap(重叠部分),inwhichapartoftheblendbelongstobothwords.eg.sex+exploitation=sexploitation色情利用，性泛滥pal(伙伴)+alimony=palimony同居生活费，分居赡养费4.Thefourthtypeofblendsinvolvestheembedding(插入，嵌入)ofonewordinanother.eg.entrepreneur(企业家，主办人)+porn=entreporneurchuckle(咯咯笑)+snort(鼻息声)=chortle(得意地笑)MoreexamplesofblendingareshowninthefollowingP69掌握并判断Shortenings缩短法P70Clipping截短法（注意掌握类型，定义）DenefinitionofClipping定义Itistheprocessbywhichawordofusuallythreeormoresyllablesisshortenedwithoutachangeinmeaningorfunction.只是把词截短，但是词性和词义不变eg.omnibus–bustaximetercabriole–taxiTypesofClipping类型1.Front/Foreclipping:theclippinghappensatthebeginningoftheword.截掉前面aeroplane-planetelephone-phone2.Back/Hindclipping:thedeletionmayoccourattheendoftheword.把后截掉delicatessen(熟食店)-delilaboratory-lab3.FrontandBackclipping:clippingmayaffectbothendsofthesourcewiththemiddlepartretained.中间保留，头尾去掉Influenza(流行性感冒)-fludetective(侦探)-tec4.Midclipping:theshorteningaffectsthemiddleofthesourceform中间去掉procurator(代理人)–proctordepartment(部门)–deptassistant–asstfossilization(化石作用)–fossilation5.Compound/Phraseclipping:clippingmayextendtophrasesandwordgroupspopularmusic–poppermanentwave(烫发)–permpublichouse(客栈)–pubnarcoticsagent–narc(缉毒刑警)finalexaminations–finalstaximeter(车费指示器)cab(出租车,驾驶室)–taxico-operativestore–co-op合作商店6.Phoneticclipping:itreferstotheclippingoftheunaccented(不发重音的)letterorsyllableinaword.非重读的或者音节截掉Threetypes:phoneticforeclipping,phoneticmidclipping,andphonetichindclipping.eg.because–causecannot–can’tafraid–’fraidover–o’erInitalisms首字母缩略法（注意掌握两种类型，区别）DenefinitionofInitialisms定义Initialismsaretheresultsofputtingtogethertheinitialletters(首字母),oroccasionallythefirsttwoletters(开头的两个字母),oftheotherorthographic(拼写正确的)wordsinaphraseandusingthemaswords.Typesofinitialisms类型1.Alphabetisms按字母排序缩短后按字母来读Wheninitialismsarepronouncedwiththenamesofthelettersinthem,theyarecalledalphabetisms.2.Acronyms首字母缩拼词按单词发音Whentheyarepronouncedlikeindividualwords,theyareacronyms.eg.UN(UnitedNations)FBI(FederalBureauofInvestigation)ID(identification)IOC(InternationalOlympicCommittee)TOEFL(TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage)OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)APEC(Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation)Thereareevenitemswithtwospellingsandtworeadings,alphabetismsmaybemixedwithacronymsandthetwosystemsofpronounciationarecombined.VP(fromVice-President)ispronouncedlikeveep.Backformation逆构法P73（达到能够辨认出单词是由这种方式形成的程度）DenefinitionofInitialisms定义Backformationisthemakingofanewwordfromanolderwordwhichismistakenlyassumedtobeitsderivative.返回去，人误以为是从哪个词派生出来的originalword–newword:air-conditioner(空调)–air-condition(装空调，空调调节)beggar(乞丐)–begdonation–donatespring-cleaning(大扫除)–spring-clean(V.)editor(编辑)–editemotion–emote(Vi.激动地表达情感)destruction(破坏)–destruct(n.v.a.破坏的)inspector(巡视员，监察员)–inspectpeddler(小贩)–peddle(叫卖)sky-diving(空中跳伞)–sky-diveswindler(骗子)–swindlelaser(激光)–laseburglar(窃贼)–burgle(偷窃)Chapter5SenseRelations语义关系WordMeaning语义SevenTypesofMeaning7种语义P211.ConceptualMeaning=denotative/cognitiemeaning概念意义Conceptualmeaning,whichissometimescalleddenotativeorcognitivemeaning,referstomeaningsaspresentedinadictionary.从字典中可以找得到的，核心的，稳定的意义。2.ConnotaticveMeaning内涵意义Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevalueofanexpressionbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Connotativemeaningisindeterminateandopen-ended.Itreferstotheassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeanings.概念意义以外的，并由概念意义引起的Itvariousaccordingtoculture,historicalperiodandtheexperienceoftheindividual.受文化，社会历史，甚至个人经历影响。eg.Woman:tender,diligent,sonsitive,vulnerable,etc.3.SocialMeanings社会意义=stylisticmeanings文体意义，跟他使用的社会关系有关Itreferstothemeaningconveyedbythewordwhenitisusedindifferentsocialcontextsorcircumstancesforparticularpurpose.Itismarkedasformalandinformalstyle,spokenandwrittenstyle,etc.eg.daddy,maleparent,father概念意义都一样，但是其社会意义不一样(不同场合)4.AffectiveMeanings情感意义Thetermaffectivemeaningcanbeusedtocovertheattitudinal(态度的)andemotionalfactorsexpressedinaword.Itcanbeappreciative(褒义)andderogative(贬义)eg.Slim(苗条的)–Skinny(瘦骨嶙峋的)determined(坚定的)–pigheaded(顽固的)5.ReflectedMeanings联想意义Reflectedmeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense,itgivesrisetotaboo(禁忌的)wordsandeuphemisms(委婉语).eg.die–passaway/gotothewest/beinAbraham’sbosom(胸怀)/climbthegoldenstaircase(梯子)/gotoabetterplaceold–seniorcitizen/elderly/advancedinage/the-longer-lived/seasoned-man老人院–youngtown/nursinghomes(疗养院)/homeforadults(成人之家)老年时代–goldenyears/thirdage6.CollocativeMeanings搭配意义Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountof(由于)themeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccureinitsenvironment.在句子中搭配所产生的意义eg.Prettyoftenco-occurwithwoman,flower,garden,color,village,etc.Whilehandsomewithman,car,vessel(船),bvercoat,airliner(班机),typewriter(打字机),etc.7.ThematicMeaning主题意义Thematicmeaningismainlyamatterofchoicebetweenalternativegrammaticalconstructions.Thefinalcategory(种类)ofmeaningisthematicmeaning,orwhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizes(组织)themessage,intermsof(以……的方式)ordering(语序),focus(焦点),andemphasis(强调).Thefollowingtwosentencescarrydifferentthematicmeaning,althoughinconceptualmeaningtheyseemtobethesameeg.MrsbessieSmithdonatedthefristprize.ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrsBessieSmith.IlikeDanishCheesebest/DanishCheeseIlikebest/It’sDanishCheesethatIlikebest.Synonymy同义/同义词研究P79Thetermsynonymyreferstotherelationshipofsamenessofmeaningthatmayholdbetweenwords.SynonymyisawidespreadrelationinthevocabularyofEnglish.eg.royal/regal(皇家的，庄严的),handsome/pretty,pavement/sidewalk(人行道).Twotypesofsynonymy(注意掌握两种类型)Synonymyisoftwotypes:strictsynonymyandloosesynonymy(部分同义关系).Strictsynonymyreferstothesituationinwhichtwosynonymouswordscanbeinterchangeableinalltheirpossiblecontextsofuse.Loosesynonymyreferstoasituationinwhichtwosynonymouswordsshareparticalsensesimilarity.DifferenceAmongSynonymys同义词的区别注意掌握Mostsemanticallysimilarlexicalitemsdifferbysomedimension(方面)ordegreeofmeaninganduse.1.synonymypairsmaydifferindifferentgeographicalvarietiesofEnglish.(不同地理位置引起的)BritishEnglish–AmericanEnglish:biscuit-cracker饼干flat-apartment公寓lift-elevator电梯tube-subway2.differentinmeaningsomesynonymysaredifferentintheintensity(程度)ofmeaning.程度，持续时间，方式不同tosurprise–toastonish–toamaze–toastound(使大惊)toflash–toblazetoshudder(战栗)–toshiver(颤抖)tostroll(散步)-tostride(大步走)-totrot(小步跑)-topace(一步步走)-toswagger(昂首阔步)tostagger(虚弱无力地走)-tostumble(踉踉跄跄地走)3.synonymypairsmaydifferinthestyleorformality(formalstyleofwriting)ofthecontextinwhichawordmaybeused.与社会意义相对eg.girlie(口语),lass(方言),skirt(俚语)Synonymyscanbedistinguishedintermsofformal,neutral,informal,orintermsofcolloquial,slang,dialect,wrotten(书面体),learned(学术体),poetic,terminological(术语体),archaic(古词).4.synonymypairsmaydifferinconnotations(内涵).Twowordsmayrefertothesameentity,buttheymayhavedifferentassociative(联想的)oremotive(情感的)meanings.这个词给人的联想，与情感意义相对应Thewordsfamousandnotoriouslargelyoverlapintheirdenotation.Bothmean‘knowntoalotofpeople’,butnotoriousconnotes‘knowntoalotofpeopleforsomethingbad’.5.symonympairsmaydifferintheuseofregisters(语域，语言的使用范围/领域).Thefunctionalvarietyoflanguage.[在不同使用场合可能产生变体(新闻广播，演说语言，广告语言，课堂用语，办公用于，家常谈话，与幼童谈话，与外国人谈话，口头自述，不同行业等)语言不同场合划分地更详细]eg.Salt–everydaylanguagesodiumcbloride–technicalterm6.synonympairsmaydifferinetymology(语源).Loansaremoreacademicandsophisticated(复杂的).7.synonymypairsmaydifferincollocation(搭配).与搭配意义相对应Oneofthesynonymypaircanoccurwithcertainwords,whiletheotherofthepaircanoccurwithsomeotherwords.同义词的搭配能力是不同的，nativelanguage√mothertongue×motherlanguage√nativetongue×Atonymy反义/反义词研究P82Atonymyreferstotherelatioshipofoppositenessofmeaningbetweenwords.掌握三种反义关系所体现的关系1.GradableAntonyms相对反义词ContrayAntonymy不是非此即彼的关系gradableantonymysrepresentamore/lessrelation(程度的区别)andcanbeviewedastermsattheend-pointsofacontinuum(连续体).可能是连续体中的某两个等级，并不是绝对的关系，所以可以使用比较级。hot(warmtepidcool)coldrich/poorfast/slowfrequently/rarelywide/narrowetc.2.ComplementaryAntonymys互补反义词Cotradictory/Non-gradableAntonymys非此即彼的关系Complementaryantonymysareinaneither/orrelationofoppositeness.boy/girlsingle/marriedabsent/present3.ConverseAntonymy换位反义词/关系对立词Recoprocal/RelationalAtonymys相对依赖的关系，一方存在以另一方为前提ConverseAntonymysrepresenttwo-waycontraststhatareinterdependent,inwhichonememberpresupposestheother.eg.husband/wifeparent/childup/downabove/belowemployer/employeeHyponymy下义关系P85是指词的属于关系，其中的一类，注意掌握课文中出现的术语Hyponymyreferstotherelationshipbetweengeneralandspecificlexicalitems.Themoregeneraltermiscalledthe“superordinateorhypernym”(上义词).Thespecificitemiscalledthe“subordinateorhyponym”(下义词).Severallexemeswillbeco-hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateterm.eg.dog,lion,andmousearehyponymsofanimal.Animalisthesuperordianteofdog,lion,andmouse.Meronymy整体–部分关系P86是同样是属于关系，但是属于一部分，并不指一类Meronymyisthepart-wholerelationinanypairofitems.掌握术语Body–(arm–leg–trunk–head)Co-meronymsshoulderupperarmelbowlowerarmwristhandCollocation搭配P86掌握定义及其分类DenefinitionofCollocation定义Collocationisthemeaningrelationsthatawordcontractswithotherwordsoccuringinthesamesentenceortext.P.S.:(co-occur,contractwitheachother彼此建立某种关系)Collocationdifferfomfreecombinations.Incollocations,thecomponents(构成要素)arenotfreelyinterchangeable.Collocationsareofseveraltypes.Thoserelatingtosyntax(句法)aregrammaticalcollocations,andthoserelatingtoexpressionarelexical(语词的)collocations.Typesofcollocations分类1.GrammaticalCollocationsGrammaticalcollocationreferstoanykindofsyntactic(按照句法的)elementthatmustaccompanyaparticularword(usuallyverb,noun,oradjectiveinEnglish).Forexample,aparticularverb,nounoradjectivemustbefollowedbtycertainprepositions(介词).2.LexicalCollocations词与词有固定的搭配，某一个词的出现意味着另一个词的必然出现，之间是词汇的搭配关系Lexicalcollocationsconsistofgroupsofworkswithacertainmeaningthatoftenoccurtogether.DifferencebetweenChinese&EnglishCollocations1.differencnceinmeaningofcollocations意义差异atsixesandsevens乱七八糟fareerasion逃票blacktea红茶ricesoup稀饭borrowedprosperity虚假的繁荣airthequit晒被子bluefilm色情电影2.thedifferenceoftheuseofwordsincollocations搭配差异natualenvironment自然环境culturalcircumstances文化环境comfortablesurroundings舒适环境personalhygiene个人卫生publichealth公共卫生environmentsanitation环境卫生lawawareness法律意识competitivesporot竞争意识religiousconsciousness宗教意识3.differenceoftranslationofcollocations翻译差异1).直译hotline热线coldwar冷战darkhorse黑马2).直译加意译deliciousfood美味food/fonddream美梦beautifulweather晴朗的天气economicaltraveler驴友3).音译加直译antitankgun反坦克炮OlympicGames奥林匹克运动会Chapter6Idioms,MultiwordVerbsandProverbs习语，短语动词和谚语Idioms习语P91注意掌握定义来源DenefinitionofIdioms定义Anidiomcanbedefinedasagroupofwordswithameaningofitsownthatisdifferentfromthemeaningsofeachseparatewordsputtogether.eg.Don’tbeaatadeadhorse.不要白费力气redherring(青鱼)转移话题/注意力的东西Therearemanydifferentsourcesofidioms.来源1.manyenglishidiomscomefromtheevery-daylifeoftheEnglish-speakingpeople.eg.tobebornwithasilverspooninone’smouth.出生于富贵家庭tohitthenailonthehead一针见血2.therearemanywhichhavetodowithfoodandcooking(烹饪).eg.toeathumble(粗陋的,谦逊的)pie道歉outofthefrying-panintothefire情况越来越糟3.agriculturallifehasbroughtabouttogotoseed衰败,toputone’shandtotheplough(犁)开始工作4.nautical(海洋)lifeandmilitarylifearethesourceofwhenone’sshipcomesome凯旋归来，成功的时候tobeinthesameboatassomeone处于同样的境地tobeindeepwaters处于麻烦困境中tosailunderfalsecolors欺骗tocrossswordswithsomeone与某人争论tofightapitchedbattle进行激战5.manyidiomsarerelatedtopartsifthebody,animals,andcolors.eg.toturntheothercheek不还手theappleofone’sstyle掌上明珠FeaturesofIdioms特点Idiomsaredistinguishedby:1.Semanticunity从语义上讲，整体性Idiomisasinglelinguisticunit.It’smeaningisnot-literal(照字面的),differentfromthemeaningofitscomponents.eg.beatgeneration迷惘的一代fellundertheweather不舒服，生病onthecarpet受训斥2.Semanticopacity不透明性(formostidioms)了解Accordingtothedegreeofopacity,idiomscanbedividedintofourclasses:1).Transparent透明的:longtimenosee好久不见2).Semi-transparent半透明:awatchedpotneverboils急水难开(从整体理解)3).Opaque不透明:kickthebucket断气4).Semi-idiom半成语:afatsalary高新(有一半可以从字面理解)3.Structuralstabilityandpeculiarity(formostidioms)结构稳定性独特性1).Generally,thepartsofidiomsarefixedandcannotbereplaced.Otherwise,themeaningwillbedifferent.stareoneintheface明显在眼前lookonintheface勇敢地面对2).However,onlyafewidiomscanhavesomereplacementsinsomepartsdrawsb’s/sth’steeth:here“teeth”canbereplacedby“fangs(尖牙)”,but“draw”cannotbereplaced.4.Lastingidiomaticity(习语性,习用性)Mostidiomsarestillusedwidelytoday.Billandcoo说情话cutoffone’snosetospiteone’sface为了泄愤反而害己playone’scardsclosetoone’schest保守秘密MultiwordVerbs短语动词P95注意掌握短语动词和动词短语的区别Multiwordverbsareunitsinwhichthemainverboccurswithoneortwoparticles(小品词includingadverbsandprepositionseg.v.+ad.v.+prep.v.+ad.+prep.).However,notallcombinationsofaverbandaparticlearephraseidioms.MultiwordVerbsVS.VerbPhrases区别短语动词(属习语)和一般动词短语Similarity:v.+adv./prep./adv.+prep.Difference:1.Inthemultiwordverbs,theverbandtheparticleareintergrated(整合的)asaninseparableunitbothinformandmeaning.Themeaningsofmultiwordverbsarenon-literal,differentfromthemeaningoftheelementsinthem.eg.Heputhisbookeonthedesk.(wordphrase)Heputonhiscapandwentout.(multiwordverb)2.Themultiwordverbscanbeusedinthepassivevoice(被动语态).eg.Johncalleduptheman./Themanwascalledup.(multiwordverb是作为一个整体)3.Inthemultiwordverbsofv.+adv.,theadv.canbeeitherbeforeoraftertheobject,butiftheobjectisapronoun,theadv.mustbeaftertheobject.eg.Theycalleduptheman./Theycalledthemanup.Ican’tmakeoutwhathemeans./Ican’tmakeitout.4.Inthemultiwordverbsofv.+prep.orv.+adv.+prep.,theprep.mustbebeforetheobject.注意宾语的位置eg.Theycalledontheman./Irefertoitfrequently./Youmuststandupforyourfriend.Proverbs谚语P97不作要求，但记住P98表格部分Proverbsareshortwell-knownstatementsthatgivespracticaladviceaboutlife.Chapter7EnglishDictionariesContenentofDictionarySpeeling,Pronounciation,Definition,Usage,Gramma,UsagenotesandLanguagenotes,Etymological(词源学的)information,Supplementarymatter.DefinitionofDictionaryP103注意掌握定义，形式，定义呈现的顺序Theheartofadictionarye