企业文化和外部环境英文

OrganizationalCultureandEnvironment:

TheConstraints©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.

Allrightsreserved.TheManager:OmnipotentorSymbolic?OmnipotentViewofManagementManagersaredirectlyresponsibleforanorganization’ssuccessorfailure.Thequalityoftheorganizationisdeterminedbythequalityofitsmanagers.Managersareheldaccountable

foranorganization’sperformance

yetitisdifficulttoattribute

goodorpoorperformance

directlytotheirinfluence

ontheorganization.2©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*TheManager:OmnipotentorSymbolic?SymbolicViewofManagementMuchofanorganization’ssuccessorfailureisduetoexternalforcesoutsideofmanagers’control.Theabilityofmanagerstoaffectoutcomesisinfluencedandconstrainedbyexternalfactors.Theeconomy,customers,governmentalpolicies,competitors,industryconditions,

technology,andtheactionsof

previousmanagersManagerssymbolizecontroland

influencethroughtheiraction.3©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*Exhibit3–1 ParametersofManagerialDiscretion4©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*企业外部环境5©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*IntroductionandReviewOrganizationsareopensystemsOrganizationsaffectandareaffectedbytheexternalenvironmentTheexternalenvironmenthastwocomponentsMacro-EnvironmentCompetitiveEnvironment美国人、法国人、犹太人6©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*TheMacroenvironmentThemostgeneralelementsintheexternalenvironmentthatpotentiallycaninfluencestrategicdecisionsTopexecutivesmustconsiderexternalfactorsbeforetakinganyaction7©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*HowtheEnvironmentAffectsManagersEnvironmentalUncertaintyTheextenttowhichmanagershaveknowledgeofandareabletopredictchangetheirorganization’sexternalenvironmentisaffectedby:Complexityoftheenvironment:thenumberofcomponentsinanorganization’sexternalenvironment.Degreeofchangeinenvironmentalcomponents:howdynamicorstabletheexternalenvironmentis.8©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*Exhibit3–11 EnvironmentalUncertaintyMatrix9©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*DefiningtheExternalEnvironmentExternalEnvironmentThosefactorsandforcesoutsidetheorganizationthataffecttheorganization’sperformance.ComponentsoftheExternalEnvironmentSpecificenvironment:externalforcesthathaveadirectandimmediateimpactontheorganization.Generalenvironment:broadeconomic,socio-cultural,political/legal,demographic,technological,andglobalconditionsthatmayaffecttheorganization.10©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*Exhibit3–9 TheExternalEnvironment11©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*ComponentsoftheMacroenvironmentLawsandPoliticsEconomyTechnologyDemographicsSocialValues12©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*TheCompetitiveEnvironmentAsmallerenvironmentthatincludesthespecificorganizationswithwhichtheorganizationinteractsIncludes:rivalryamongcurrentcompetitorsthreatofnewentrantsthreatofsubstitutespowerofsupplierspowerofcustomers13©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*EnvironmentalAnalysisManagersmustunderstandhowtheenvironmentaffectstheirorganizationItisdifficulttopredicthowcertaineventswillaffectboththeenvironmentandtheorganizationwhichcreatesuncertainty14©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*EnvironmentalScanningSearchingandsortingthroughinformationabouttheenvironmentCommonlyaskedquestionsWhoareourcurrentcompetitorsAretherefewormanyentrybarrierstoourindustry?Whatsubstitutesexistforourproductorservice?Isthecompanytoodependentonpowerfulsuppliers?Isthecompanytoodependentonpowerfulcustomers?15©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*EnvironmentalScanning16©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*EnvironmentalScanningUsingenvironmentalscanninghelpsmanagersdevelopcompetitiveintelligence(informationthathelpsmanagersdeterminehowtocompetebetter)OthertoolsforenvironmentalscanningScenariodevelopmentForecastingBenchmarking17©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*RespondingtotheEnvironmentManagersmustrespondeffectivelytotheirenvironmentResponseoptionscanbegroupedintothreecategoriesAdaptingtotheenvironmentInfluencingtheenvironmentSelectanewenvironment陈阿土的故事18©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.*AdaptingtotheEnvironmentCopingwithenvironmentalcomplexityOrganizationstendtoadaptbydecentralizingdecisionmakingCreatebuffersorutilizesmoothingtechniquesCopingwithdynamismintheenvironmentOrganizationstendtoestablishmoreflexiblestructuresCreateflexibleworkprocesses

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