英语语言学期末考试重点

最新英语言学期末考重点islanguage?oflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性totheoflinguisticsignsto(sounds②（层）:③(创造性）:Languageproductiveinthatitconstructionandinterpretationsignalsby④移性)3.Functions①(信息功能:giveinformation②(人功能):toestablishsocialstatusina，sex，，accentstatus)③Performative施为功)languageisdo，(name，，，sorry，declare)④(情感功能)expressandofthe⑤(寒暄交流⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):languagefor(lyrics，⑦Metalingualfunction元语言功能)talkaboutWhatislinguistics?definedstudyoflanguage.&Synchronic&Langue&parole(写/述性)describelinguisticthelanguageactually(modernPrescriptive规性—layfor“correctandstandard”behaviorin“”)study(共时)—language(modernDiachronic(历时)—ofalanguageittime(historicaloflanguageoveratime)第四章．（法Syntaxstudyofrulesdifferent句就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则．FourApproachesThetraditionalapproach传语言观(、不范Concord一致关系和支配关)Thestructuralapproach结构语言观Theapproach、Thefunctional功能语言观．Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencessequenceofwordssoitgreat/

studyof，suchasclassificationofwordsintermsofspeech，theidentificationintermsofsubjectpredicate，etc.speechpartsof，，pronouns，adverbs，interjections.．The范inapproacheswordclassesfunctionsinits范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能，，Morespecificallyitdefininggeneralunits:thecategoriesofnoun名词的范，，genderandcountabilitythecategoriesof词的范:，aspect，．Numberiscategoryofnounand名词和不可数名termsofinand单和复数Numberintheinflectionsofismostlyacategorynounpronoun.InEnglishtheonthewholenatural，bybiologicalgenderofthecreature.Caseusedintheanalysisoftoidentifythesyntacticbetweenwordsinsentence.词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间句法关系In，threecasesof主，受，and与格twoofandgenitive所有格InEnglishtherealizedinthreeinflection(b)followingapreposition(c)word时态:theabsolutelocationofeventoractionontime.ItmarkedbyinflectionofAsa，thereareonlytensesrecognizedpastSincedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionofthe，toa“tense，eventhoughinmanycanfuture.10.体（成体）andImperfective进行体）andProgressive(inEnglish)11.语态therelationshipandPassive被语态and主语态12.①(一致系)refersagreementwords，verbofa②Government(支配系)agrammaticalrelationshiporIntraditional，governmenthastypicallyusedtototherelationshipandnounsorand13StructuralApproach，由提14.SyntacticRelations：Positional位关系、of替关系、Relationsof同关系15.Immediate直接成)firststepin(向心结构isaconstructionthatcontains:a，whichin/

onemoreoptionalelementshead.17.theme(主位referstotheknowninformationwhichnewtoreader述位totheinformationisTheiswhatistotransmittedreaderorlistenerThelinguistsofPragueschoolbelievedbeanalyzedfunctionalsideaswellside.subject，predicate，rheme(functionalside)第五章Whatisisstudyoftheof，phrasesandsentences.语学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科．Geoffrey利种意义类型①meaning概意义②Connotative涵意义③meaning社意义④Affective感意义联意义（②——⑥）⑤反意⑥Collocative搭意义⑦主意义.(概意is“denotative外延义itconcernedwiththewordthingitrefers概意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系meaningisgiveninthedictionary.4.Associative(联想义istotalofalltheAssociativeisthewhichwordorimplies.(主意is”它是由词序和词语重音决定的TheReferential（称理论①TheReferential②TheSemanticTriangle③Referencetheory指理论meaningwhichtheofathingitrefers指论是把词语意义它所指称的事物联系起来的理论Thesemantic语三角indirectbetweenwordathingitreferstoitbyconcept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系它们是以概念为中介的(涵义apropertiesname.10.Reference(指称symboliclinguistichaswiththe11Theofexpressionisthethoughtitexpressesitstheitrepresentswordhassensebutwordhasa/

12.Sense涵义关系①（义关系）②Antonymy反义关系）（GradableConverse）③（上下义关系）13.ButTheydifferinstyleconnotationsGradableantonymy等反义关系、互补反义关系)、反向反义关系isanapproachstudyofwhichanalyseswordintoa16.Meaning17.Sense①Synonymity同义a.Heaallnevermarriedallboy.Sentencesandbinsynonymoustruthofsentencetruthsentence②(矛盾a.ElizabethIIisQueenIIisSentencesandbinofcontradiction:sentencetheofsentence.③Entailment(蕴涵a.HeablondemarriedaEntailmentreferstoameaninginclusion.Ifxentails，meaningofxisiny.④Presupposition(前提设Itwhataspeakerorwriterassumesreceiverofalreadyknows.⑤(矛⑥Semanticanomaly(语反)18.integrated﹡组合性原)：﹡semantics﹡Theirbasicthataoftwoadictionaryofprojection﹡Thedictionaryprovidesgrammaticalclassificationinformationof﹡（逻辑义）﹡A命whatbyawhenthatisutteredtoa﹡Itisbasicmeaningasentence﹡Averyimportantpropositionisita第八章isPragmaticsisthestudylanguageincontext/use//

：semanticsarebothlinguisticstudyofmeaningDifferenceSemanticmoreconstant，sideofmeaningthemore，therelated；Pragmatic=meaningsemantics3.ThreeAct、TheConversational、Post-Gricean4.SpeechActTheory(言行理)：ConstativesAtheoryoftheillocutionaryactperformsactiscalledperformative行事话语)6.A(事话语)assertssomethingthattrueor7Characteristics：、、、8.Calculability(推导性:meansim