汉英翻译教程期末考试温习要点

.直译法英译按原文的字面翻译,其比喻意义同原文一样生动,译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语.如:竭泽而渔todrainapondtocatchallthefish(相当于killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs)2)打草惊蛇tostirupthegrassandalertthesnake(相当于wakeasleepingdog)3)易如反掌tobeaseasyasturningoverone'shand(相当于aseasyasfallingoffalog)4)玩火自焚togetburntbythefirekindledbyoneself(相当于fryinone’sowngrease)5)掌上明珠apearlinthepalm(相当于theappleofone’seye)6)对牛抚琴toplaythelutetoacow (相当于castpearlsbeforeswine)7)缄舌闭口tokeepone’smouthclosedlikeabottle(相当于keepastilltongueinone’shead)8)雪中送炭tosendcharcoalinsnowyweather(相当于helpalamedogoverastile)9)画蛇添足todrawasnakeandaddfeettoit (相当于paintthelily)很多汉语成语不必然有超级对等的英语成语,但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者取得正确无误的形象意义.如:声东击西toshoutintheeastandstrikeinthewest刻骨铭心tobeengravedonone’sheartandbones3）井底之蛙tobelikeafrogatthebottomofawell4）调虎离山tolurethetigerfromthemountain5）口蜜腹剑tobehoney-mouthedanddagger-hearted2.意译法如：手忙脚乱inafranticrush 立竿见影getinstantresults它虽难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简练明快的反映出成语的喻义。1）粗枝大叶:withbigbranchesandlargeleavestobecrudeandcareless2）无孔不入totakeadvantageofeveryweaknesstogetintoeveryhole3）扬眉吐气toraisetheeyebrowsandletoutabreathtofeelproudandelated）灯红酒绿withredlightsandgreenwinedissipatedandluxurious5）大张旗鼓tomakeagreatarrayofflagsanddrumsonalargeandspectacularscale6）海阔天空（totalk）atrandomwithavastseaandaboundlesssky7）摇摇欲坠（ofasituation）beingunstablethewindandrainarerocking有一部份汉语成语带着必然的中国文化背景,有的成语在字面上就含中国古代的人名,地名,有的出自寓言或历史的典故.对这部份成语,字面翻译是无法为外国读者所接受的.如加上解释性文字,就失去了成语精练的特点.咱们最好的办法就是绕开其文化背景,直接译出其真正的内含义义.1）毛遂自荐tovolunteerone’sservice2）叶公好龙professedloveofwhatonereallyfears3)南柯一^梦afonddreamorillusoryjoy四面楚歌tobebesiegedonallsides锱铢必较tohaggleovereverypenny6)罄竹难书(ofcrime)toonumeroustomention初出茅庐atthebeginningofone’scareer倾国倾城tobeexceedinglybeautiful悬梁刺股tobeextremelyhard-workinginone’sstudy东施效颦crudeimitationwithludicrouseffect3.套译法。指套用译语中某个与汉语成语喻义相近的成语来进行翻译的方式。可分为：两个成语的字面意义和包含义义大体一致。如：赴汤蹈火gothroughfireandwater七颠八倒atsixesandsevens滴水穿石constantdrippingwearsawaythestone没精打采inlowspirits杂乱无章outoforder英雄所见略同Greatmindsthinkalike.两个成语的比喻形象有所不同，但比喻意义大体一致。如：小题大做makeamountainoutofamolehill洗心革面turnoveranewleaf过河拆桥kickdowntheladder乳臭未干bewetbehindtheears，格格不入belikesquarepegsinroundholes大发雷霆blowone,stop胡作非为throwone,sweightabout物以类聚Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.一文不名withoutapennytoone'sname弱不由风asweakaswater山穷水尽attheendofone'srope扬眉吐气toholdone'sheadhigh3）汉语成语本来是翻译的产物，因此可直接以英语成语回译之。如：君子协定agentleman,sagreement滚石不生苔Arollingstonegathersnomoss.吠犬不咬人Abarkingdogneverbites.火中取栗pullthechestnutsoutofthefire.加注法。它是在译文中添加读者理解成语所需的文化信息和背景知识，其特点在于既能保留成语的比喻形象和文化包含，又能确保译文容易为译语读者所理解接受。.增译法。指在译文中直接增补理解成语所需的相关信息。总而言之翻译汉语成语时为了保留原文形象能直译则尽可能直译即按字面翻译；不能直译时咱们也不能因词害义可以翻译其实际意义；如能在英文中找到意义完全对等的成语咱们也可采用这种套译法。一般来讲正规文体中汉语成语多采用形象的逐字翻译；非正规文体中多采用简练的大意翻译。.6.2四字格的翻译策略四字格又称四字结构，是汉语的一种独特的辞汇现象。它是由四个汉字组成的词语。其词语内部的组合关系也相对稳定。四字格包括汉语中所有四个字组成的词语结构，也就包括了四字成语。虽然成语也有三字成语和多字成语，但大多数成语是四字结构，因此四字格和成语的翻译方式有很多一路的地方。但值得注意的是，有很多四字结构或前后两部份意义重复，或前后两部份只具有整体意义。翻译时只需译出一个意义或整体意义，以避免译文累赘。如生动活泼lively辉煌灿烂brilliant植树造林afforestation繁荣强盛prosperous丰功伟绩greatachievements风调雨顺goodweatherforthecrops声嘶力竭oshoutoneselfhoarse心灰意懒tofeeldisheartened鸡皮疙瘩goose-flesh海枯石烂asoldasthehills总之，四字格的翻译是灵活多样的，既要照顾形式，也没必要拘泥于形式。但也不能完全不顾形式造成滥译和误译，必需以语义相符、功能相似为客观标准，尽可能使译文自然、贴切，可读性强。如以下四字格及供参考译文：质地优良tobeexcellentinquality/withsuperiorquality品种齐全incompleterangeofarticles选料考究choicematerial做工精细fineworkmanship色泽鲜明bright-colored货到付款paymentagainstarrival名牌产品namebrandproduct驰誉中外tobepopularbothathomeandabroad久负盛名withalongstandingreputation名垂青史willberememberedthroughouttheage名垂青史togodowninhistory众所周知obewidelyknown冒充产品fakegoods伪劣产品low-qualitygoods欢迎订购orderwelcome投资热点investmenthotspot敬请光临You'reinvitedtocome.工业园区industrialPark经济特区specialeconomiczone土地租赁landlease国有资产stateassets无形资产intangibleassets物价指数price-riseindex开拓进取toworkhardwithapioneeringspirit德才兼备withbothprofessionalabilityandpoliticalintegrity公平竞争faircompetition国家机关stateagency惩处腐败tocombatcorruption暂行条例interimregulations合法权益lawfulrightandinterest长治久安tomaintainlong-termstability谚语的翻译（-）直译方式，把原文的内容，形式和精神都输入到译文中去，尽力减少翻译中的损失。1）明枪易躲，暗箭难防Itiseasytododgeaspearintheopen,buthardtoguardagainstanarrowshotfromhiding.2）城门失火，殃及池鱼afireoncitywallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat.3）路谣知马力旧久见人心.Asalongroadtestsahorse,sstrength,soalongtaskprovesaperson'sheart4）初生牛犊不怕虎.New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers.5)落井下石Hitamanwhenheisdown.6)天下乌鸦一般黑Allcrowsareequallyblack.7)秀才不出门，全知天下事。Withoutsteppingoutsidehisgate,thescholarknowsallthewideworld’saffairs.意译世人拾柴火焰高Manyhandsmakelightwork.此地无银三百两.a.Aguiltypersongiveshimselfawaybyconspicuouslyprotestinghisinnocence.b.no300taelsofsilverburiedhere.君子一言，驷马难追Awordspokenispastrecalling生灵涂炭plungethepeopleintomiseryandsuffering套译：一方面可使译文加倍通顺；另一方面更易为译文读者理解和接受.1)三思而后行.Lookbeforeyouleap.(直译:thinkthriceandthendoit.)爱屋及乌Loveme,lovemydog.3)心有余而力不足Thespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweak.4)猫哭老鼠toshedcrocodiletears.5)笨鸟先飞Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.新官上任三把火Anewbroomsweepsclean.7)人靠衣裳马靠鞍Atailormakestheman.8)一朝被蛇咬十年怕井绳Aburntchilddreadsthefire.大伯笑呵呵地对我说:“咱们北方人都喜欢睡炕,你也将就点吧.俗语说:“入乡随俗嘛.Unclesaidtomesmilingly,“wenorthernersliketosleeponourkangs.You’llhavetoputupwithit.Astheproverbgoes,DoastheRomansdo.”“谋事在人，成事在天”，咱们谋到了，靠菩萨的保佑，有些机缘，也未可知。（《红楼梦》第六回）Manproposes,Goddisposes.Workoutaplan,trusttoBuddha,andsomethingmaycomeoutofitforallyouknow.3.6.3惯用语的翻译（一）.惯用语的直译1）连根拔tearupbytheroots2）走后门getinbythebackdoor3）走下坡路godownhill4）一窝蜂likeaswarmofbees5）及时雨timelyrain6）九牛二虎之力thestrengthofninebullsandtwotigers7）病急乱投医turntoanydoctoronecanfindwhencriticallyill.（二）部份直译的惯用语.（除直译外,需加译）.例:1）卷铺盖packupandquit2）饱眼福feastone’seyesonsth.3）咬耳朵whisperinsb’sear4）扇阴风,点磷火fanthewindsofevilandspreadthefiresofturmoil（三）惯用语的意译.1）外行人amanoutsidethegatetalayman2）小广播asmallbroadcaststationtspreadingofhearsayinformation风凉话coldwordstirresponsibleandsarcasticremarks扣帽子putacaponsb.tputalabelonsb.5）寻短见lookforashortviewtcommitsuicide或takeone,sownlife有些习惯用语有很浓的中国文化色彩,有的含有中国历史典故或古代人名,有的涉及中国地名或宗教,若依照字面直译,会让英美读者感到十分费解.如:赔了夫人又折