企宏电工FBC-812极高精度智慧型动力收放控制器说明1

Chapter7;ElectronicStructure

ofAtomsElectromagneticRadiationFlameTest/EmissionSpectraQuantizedEnergyLevelsBohrModel/RydbergEquationPrincipalEnergyLevels,nFirstIonizationEnergy2nd,3rd,4th,etcIonizationEnergy第一页，共四十九页。Chapter7;ElectronicStructure

ofAtomsSublevels(s,p,d,f)PhotoelectronSpectroscopyElectronConfigurationValenceElectrons/CoreGood/BadPointofAtomModelQuantumTheoryDualNatureoftheElectronHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple第二页，共四十九页。Chapter7;Electronic

StructureofAtoms

QuantumNumbers(n,l,ml,ms)OribtalDiagramsParamagnetismandDiamagnetism第三页，共四十九页。ElectronicStructureModelExperimentalEvidenceLineSpectraIonizationEnergiesPhotoelectronSpectrumIntensity/detailofLineSpectraWhatitmeansElectronsinquanitized‘n’#electronsineach‘n’#electronsineach‘n’andeachsublevelIndicates‘n’havesublevelsassociatedwiththem第四页，共四十九页。ElectronicStructuren#ofSublevel#e-inn(2n2)SublevelNames#e-ineachsublevel112ss-2228s,ps-2,p-63318s,p,ds-2,p-6,d-104432s,p,d,fs-2,p-6,d-10,f-14第五页，共四十九页。第六页，共四十九页。Orderoforbitals(filling)inmulti-electronatom1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s7.7第七页，共四十九页。第八页，共四十九页。WhatistheelectronconfigurationofMg?Mg12electrons1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s1s22s22p63s22+2+6+2=12electrons7.7Abbreviatedas[Ne]3s2[Ne]1s22s22p6WhatistheelectronconfigurationofCl?Cl17electrons1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s1s22s22p63s23p52+2+6+2+5=17electrons第九页，共四十九页。ElectronConfigurationsofCationsandAnionsNa[Ne]3s1Na+[Ne]Ca[Ar]4s2Ca2+[Ar]Al[Ne]3s23p1Al3+[Ne]Atomsloseelectronssothatcationhasanoble-gasouterelectronconfiguration.H1s1H-1s2or[He]F1s22s22p5F-1s22s22p6or[Ne]O1s22s22p4O2-1s22s22p6or[Ne]N1s22s22p3N3-1s22s22p6or[Ne]Atomsgainelectronssothatanionhasanoble-gasouterelectronconfiguration.OfRepresentativeElements8.2第十页，共四十九页。Na+:[Ne]Al3+:[Ne]F-:1s22s22p6or[Ne]O2-:1s22s22p6or[Ne]N3-:1s22s22p6or[Ne]Na+,Al3+,F-,O2-,andN3-areallisoelectronicwithNeWhatneutralatomisisoelectronicwithH-?H-:1s2sameelectronconfigurationasHe8.2第十一页，共四十九页。ElectronConfigurationsofTransitionMetalsCompletelyfilledorhalf-completelyfilledd-orbitalshaveaspecialstabilitySome“irregularities”areseenintheelectronconfigurationsoftransitionandinner-transitionmetals.第十二页，共四十九页。ElectronConfigurationsofCationsofTransitionMetals8.2Whenacationisformedfromanatomofatransitionmetal,electronsarealwaysremovedfirstfromthensorbitalandthenfromthe(n–1)dorbitals.Fe:[Ar]4s23d6Fe2+:[Ar]4s03d6or[Ar]3d6Fe3+:[Ar]4s03d5or[Ar]3d5Mn:[Ar]4s23d5Mn2+:[Ar]4s03d5or[Ar]3d5Orderoffilling;3s<3p<4s<3dButwhenremovingelectronstoform+ionsfortransitionmetalsOrderofremovingelectrons;4s<3d<3p<3s第十三页，共四十九页。ElectronicStructureGoodPointsElectronsinQuantizedEnergyLevelsMaximum#electronsineachnis2n2Sublevels(s,p,d,f)and#electronstheyholdBadPointsElectronsareplacedinorbitsaboutnucleusOnlyexplainsemissionspectraofH2DoesnotaddressallinteractionsTreatselectronasparticle第十四页，共四十九页。H+1Be+4TherearelessinteractionstotakeintoaccountinHthanotherelementsInteractionsAttractionbetween+nucleusandnegativeelectronsInteractionsAttractionbetween+nucleusandnegativeelectronsRepulsionbetweenelectronsinsameenergylevel.Shieldingeffectoffilledprincipalenergylevels.第十五页，共四十九页。QuantumTheory–RevisedElectronicStructureModelDualNatureoftheElectronHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple第十六页，共四十九页。DualNatureofElectronPreviousConcept; ASubstanceisEitherMatterorEnergyMatter;DefiniteMassandPosition MadeofParticlesEnergy;MasslessandDelocalized PositionnotSpecificed Wave-like第十七页，共四十九页。DualNatureofElectronElectronisboth“particle-like”and“wave-like”atthesametime.Previousmodelonlyconsidered“particle-like”natureoftheelectron第十八页，共四十九页。第十九页，共四十九页。第二十页，共四十九页。第二十一页，共四十九页。第二十二页，共四十九页。HeisenbergUncertaintyPrincipleActofmeasuringthepositionandenergyofelectronchangesthepositionofelectronBetteronevariableisknown(energy);thelesswelltheothervariableisknown(position)第二十三页，共四十九页。OrbitalsReplaceOrbitsOrbits-BothelectronpositionandenergyknownwithcertaintyOrbitals–Regionsofspacewhereanelectronsofagivenenergywillmostlikelybefound第二十四页，共四十九页。QuantumTheory

OrbitalsReplaceOrbitsOrbitsOrbitals第二十五页，共四十九页。SchrodingerWaveEquation(Y)Describessize/shape/orientationoforbitals7.5WaveEquationisbasedon…DualNatureofElectron(Electronbothparticleandwave-likeatthesametime.)HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple(Orbitalsdescribearegioninspaceanelectronwillmostlikelybe.)第二十六页，共四十九页。WaveEquation(Y)WaveEquationdescribethesize,shape,andorientationoftheorbitaltheelectron(ofagivenenergy)isin.Therearefourvariablesinthefunction -n;Energyandsizeoforbitall;Shapeoforbitalml;Orientationoforbitalms;ElectronSpin(n,l,ml,ms)第二十七页，共四十九页。Eachelectronhasauniquesetof4QuantumNumbersEachorbitaldescribedbytheQuantumNumberscanholdamaximumof2electrons.第二十八页，共四十九页。SchrodingerWaveEquation;1stQuantumNumberY=fn(n,l,ml,ms)principalquantumnumbernn=1,2,3,4,….n=1n=2n=37.6distanceofe-fromthenucleus第二十九页，共四十九页。Y=fn(n,l,ml,ms)angularmomentumquantumnumberlforagivenvalueofn,l

=0,1,2,3,…n-1n=1,l=0n=2,l=0or1n=3,l=0,1,or2Shapeofthe“volume”ofspacethatthee-occupiesl=0sorbitall=1porbitall=2dorbitall=3forbitalSchrodingerWaveEquation2ndQuantumNumber7.6第三十页，共四十九页。PrincipalEnergyLevel,nSublevel,lQuantum#ElectronConfiguration10(1,0,,)1s20(2,0,,)2s1(2,1,,)2p30(3,0,,)3s1(3,1,,)3p2(3,2,,)3d40(4,0,,)4s1(4,1,,)4p2(4,2,,)4d3(4,3,,)4f第三十一页，共四十九页。l=0(sorbitals)l=1(porbitals)7.6第三十二页，共四十九页。l=2(dorbitals)第三十三页，共四十九页。f-orbitals第三十四页，共四十九页。OrbitalShapesOrbitalTypeShapeName

sSpherical

pDumbbell

dComplex

fMorecomplex第三十五页，共四十九页。Y=fn(n,l,ml,ms)magneticquantumnumbermlforagivenvalueoflml=-l,….,0,….+lorientationoftheorbitalinspaceifl=1(porbital),ml=-1,0,or

1ifl=2(dorbital),ml=-2,-1,0,1,or

2SchrodingerWaveEquation3rdQuantumNumber7.6第三十六页，共四十九页。NumberofDegenerateOrbitalsNeededforEachTypeofOrbital(Sublevel)TypeofOrbitalMaximum#ofelectronsinOrbital#ofDegenerateOrbitalss21p63d105f147第三十七页，共四十九页。ml=-1ml=0ml=1ml=-2ml=-1ml=0ml=1ml=2第三十八页，共四十九页。Y=fn(n,l,ml,ms)spinquantumnumbermsms=+½or-½SchrodingerWaveEquation4thQuantumNumberms=-½ms=+½7.6第三十九页，共四十九页。ValidPossibilitiesforQuantumNumbersChemistry;TheScienceinContext;byThomasRGilbert,ReinVKriss,andGeoffreyDavies,NortonPublisher,2004,p125第四十页，共四十九页。第四十一页，共四十九页。Howmany2porbitalsarethereinanatom?2pn=2l=1Ifl=1,thenml=-1,0,or+13orbitalsHowmanyelectronscanbeplacedinthe3dsubshell?3dn=3l=2Ifl=2,thenml=-2,-1,0,+1,or+25orbitalswhichcanholdatotalof10e-7.6第四十二页，共四十九页。第四十三页，共四十九页。ThreeMannerstoConveyHowElectronsareArrangedElectronConfiguration;ListOrbitalsandNumberofElectronsinEa