职称英语强化班概括大意和完成句子讲义

阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分，第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标

段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。

FamilyGardening

1.Thekeytogardeningwithkids,saysPattiKraemer-Doell,Familygardencoordinatorat

thenewYorkBotanicalGardens,is“Lettingthemexperienceitthemselves.Wehavetriedtoguide

them,butnottellthemtoputthesunflowershereandthetomatoesthere.Theemphasisison

developingtheirimaginationandtheirappreciationforbeingoutinthegarden.M

2.Guidancecomesintheformofastringgridthatisstretchedacrossaplantingbed,which

dividesitintoone-footsquares.Kidsgetadviceabouthowmanyseedsorseedlingstoputineach

squareandhowdeeptoplantthem.Volunteersshowkidspicturesofhowthefull-grownplants

willlook,sotheyunderstandhowmuchroomeachplantneeds.

3.Themegardenshavebeenabighitintheprogram,andareeasytodoinahomegarden.

Tryabarnyardgarden,suggestsKraemer-Doell,usingplantswhosenameshaveassociationswith

barnyardanimals-lambsears,henandchicks,andcowslip,forexample.Letkidsgrowasalsa

garden,withallsortsoftomatoes,hotpeppers,onions,andcilantro.Apizzagardencanhavebasil,

oregano,andtomatoes,InaPersiancarpetgarden,kidscanfocusoncoloredflowers.Aseed

gardencanincludeplantsthatdispersetheirseedsindifferentways,frommilkweedtosunflowers.

4.Kraemer-Doellalsosuggeststryingasunflowerhouse.Letkidsplantsunflowerseedsina

square,leavingspaceforadoorinfront.Asthesunflowersgrow,putahayfencearoundthemfor

protectionandstakeifnecessary.Plantmorninggloriesorsweetpeasaroundthebaseofeach

sunflower,andtheywillgrowupthestems,eventuallyformingaroofoverthetop.Bysummer's

end,kidswillhaveasunflowerhousetoplayin.

5.Somekidsmightjustwanttoplayinthegarden,saysKraemer-DoelLAtthefamilygarden,

there'saspecialplacesetasidejustfordiggingandlookingatinsectsandworms.It'savery

A.DifferentKindsofGardens

B.ShowingKidsthePictures

C.ToBuildaSunflowerHouse

D.HowtoPlantSeedsorSeedlings

E.TheMostImportantPointinFamilyGardening

F.KindsofPlantsinaHomeGarden

5.Picturesoffull-grownplantsareprovided.

6.Abarnyardgardenwill.

7.Whenautumncomes,childrencan.

8.Inahomegarden,childrenshouldalwaysbeableto.

A.Playgamesinthesunflowerhouse

B.beplantedinasalsagarden

C.includeplantswithanimalnames

D.forparentstouseasaguide

E.findtheirownplayingsection

F.forchildrentoreferto

ThePaperChase

1.“Runningahouseislotlikerunningabusiness."saysStephanieDenton,aprofessional

organizerbasedinCincinnati,Ohio,whospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercial

paperworkandrecordkeeping.Togetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocuments,bills,andother

materials,Dentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:

2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemost

importantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan'tdevoteanentiredesktothetask,atleast

investinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamily

records.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourwork,

whetherthatisthekitchen,office,orfamilyroom.

3.Whenindoubt,throwitout,thefirststeptoimplementingaworkablefillingsystemisto

eliminatepaperyoudon'tuse,don'tneed,orthatyoucouldeasilyaccessagainelsewhere.Throw

outduplicatestatements,oldcatalogs,andallofthecoupons,mailings,orofferingsyou'Hnever

haveanopportunitytouseorevenread.

4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills,ifamonthlyduedatedoesn'tfitintoyourcycle,

callupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate,Keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontof

yoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincoming

bills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoicenever

arrivesorgetsmisplaces.

5.Thinkofyourfillingsystemnotasarigidtool,butasaliving,breathingsystemthatcan

accommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfillingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible,

Everyone'sneedsaredifferent,saysDenton,butwhendevisingafillingsystem,askyourself:

“WherewouldIlookforthis?”Createmainheadingsforyourfillingsystem,suchasInvestments,

Taxes,Children,andsoforth,andfileindividualfoldersunderthemainheadings.Neveroverstuff

yourfiles.

练习

1.Paragraph2

A.FindaPlacetoWorkon

B.ImplementingaWorkableFilingSystem

2.Paragraph3

C.WhatIsaGoodFilingSystem

D.HowtoInvestinaRollingFileCart

3.Paragraph4

E.GetRidofUnimportantThings

F.DealingWithBills

4.Paragraph5

5.StephanieDentonisexpert.

6.Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike,oncondition.

7.Couponsshouldbethrownawaybecause.

8.“Mentallyflexible”indicatesthefact.

A.theyareuseless

B.inpaperchase

C.thatitiseasilyreached

D.thatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements

E.theyarenotcomfortable

F.ininvestingincoupons

MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofagoodThing

1.Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhat

peoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.

2.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup9

or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasa

numberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7

hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight's

sleepthan8hoursleepers.

3.Thesefindings,whichDr.DanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,

demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight'srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8

hoursanight.Headdedthat“itmightbeagoodidea“forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hours

eachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed.butcautionedthatmore

researchisneededtoconfirmthis.

4.Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—for

instance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnight

haveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthenpeoplewhosleepmore.

5.Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004adultstosleep

questionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhether

theyexperiencedanysleepproblems,Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,

arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep,andhavingfatigueinterfere

withday-to-dayfunctioning.

6.Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelyto

reportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.Inaninterview,Kripke

notedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtime

inbed,Asevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed."Itstands

toreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey'llspendahigherpercentageof

timeawakeJhesaid.

练习

1.Paragraph2__________A.Kripke'sResearchTool

B.DangersofHabitualShortagesofSleep

2.Paragraph4__________C.CriticismonKripke'sReport

D.aWayofOvercomingInsomnia

3.Paragraph5__________E.SteepProblemsofLongandShortSleepers

F.ClassificationofSleepProblems

4.Paragraph6

5.Togetagoodnight'srest,peoplemaynotneedto.

6.Longsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelyto.

7.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,unableto.

8.Onesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabituallyeachnighthaveahigherrisk

ofdying.

A.fallasleepagain

B.becomemoreenergeticthefollowingday

C.sleeplessthan7hours

D.confirmthoseseriousconsequences

E.suffersleepproblems

F.sleepmorethan8hours

SootandSnow:aHotCombination

1.NewresearchfromANSAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootalterthewaysunlight

reflectsoffsnowAccordingtoacomputersimulation,blacksootmayberesponsiblefor25

percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury.

2.SootinthehigherlatitudesoftheEarth,whereiceismorecommon,absorbsmoreofthe

sun'senergyandwarmththananicy,whitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbon,orsoot,

absorbssunlight,whilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight.

3.Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Also,if

snowandicecoveredareasbeginmelting,thewarmingeffectincreases,asthesootbecomesmore

concentratedonthesnowsurface.t4Thisprovidesapositivefeedback,asglaciersandicesheets

melt,theytendtogetevendirtier.^^saidDr.JamesHansen,aresearcheratNASA'sGoddard

InstituteforSpaceStudies,NewYork.

4.Hansenfoundsoot'seffectonsnowalbedo(solarenergyreflectedbacktospace),which

maybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemisphere,suchasthinning

Arcticseaice,meltingglaciersandpermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesin

theatmosphereabovetheoceansandland.

5.“Blackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospace,thus

heatingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbon,“Hansensaid.Soofsincreased

absorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffectiveinwarmingtheworld'sclimate.<4Thisforcingis

unusuallyeffective,causingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthe

samemagnitude,^^Hansennoted.

6.Hansencautioned,althoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantial,itdoes

notalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepast

century.Suchgasesareexpectedtobethelargestclimateforcingfortherestofthiscentury.

7.TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHemispherewaslargeinthe

winterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswereconsistentwiththe

researchers^climatemodelsimulations,whichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffects

occurredwhentherewereheavyshowcoverandsufficientsunlight.

练习

1.Paragraph3A.Soot'sRoleinChangesintheClimateandthe

Atmosphere

2.Paragraph4B.ObservationsofWarmingintheNorthernHemisphere

C.ExplanationofIncreasedWarmingEffectCausedby

3.Paragraph6Soot

D.EfforttoReduceSnowAlbedo

4.Paragraph7E.WaystoReduceSootEmission

F.GreenhouseGasesasteMainFactorofGlobal

Warming

5.Inthetwentiethcentury,soot.

6.Hansencautionedthatgreenhousegases.

7.Blacksootcoveredsnowandice.

8.Asootforcingisunusuallyeffective,which.

A.producesmuchmoreglobalwarmingthanacarbon-dioxideforcingofthe

samemagnitude

B.contributedto25percentofobservedglobalwarming

C.canproducegreenhousegases

D.absorbmoreofsun'senergyandwarmththanwhitebackground

E.stillsurpasssootinwarmingtheworld'sclimateduringthelastcentury

F.canbeseenmostlyintheNorthernHemisphere

USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty

1.TheUnitedstateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythat

promisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.Healthand

HumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobacco

Control(FCTC)thisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybefore

theUScanimplementitsprovisions.

2.TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersof

theWorldHealthAssembly,includingtheUnitedStates,lastyear.Countriesthatratifyitwouldbe

requiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.

3.Forinstance,cigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonat

least30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxes.

restrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces,andmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessation

programs.Italsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertising,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsfor

countriesliketheUnitedStates,wheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.

4.Theimpactofthetreatycouldbehuge.TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthat

tobaccousekillsnearly5millionpeopleworldwideveryyear.IntheUSalone,about440,000

peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofalcancersintheUSare

causedbytobaccouse,Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,WHOestimates,by2025tobaccowillkill10

millionpeopleeachyear.

5.Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar,109

countrieshavesignedit,and12haveratifiedit.

练习

1.Paragraph1A.WhattheFCTCDemands

B.USSigningoftheFCTC

2.Paragraph2C.OppositiontotheFCTC

D.HowtheFCTCCameintoBeing

3.Paragraph3E.WhattheFCTCWillBringAbout

F.RatificationoftheFCTC

4.Paragraph4

5.SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptoward.

6.CountriesthatratifytheFCTCwillhaveto,amongotherthings.

7.ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeaths.

8.MuchmorecountrieshavesignedtheFCTCthatthosethat.

A.haveratifiedit

B.approvingit

C.implementitsprovisions

D.restrictsmokinginpublicplaces

E.causedbytobaccouse

F.includinghighertobaccotaxes

ManyBenefitsfromCancerOrganization

1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamother,sisterorauntwhose

breastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwho

quitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?Eachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromthe

AmericanCancerSociety'sresearchprogram.

2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughs

thatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthat

researchholdstheultimateanswerstotheprevention,diagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.

3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStates,theAmerican

CancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946.they'veinvested

morethan$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946,onlyonein

fourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfive

years.

4.Investigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversities,researchinstitutesandhospitals

throughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1,300

newapplicationsreceivedeachyear,only11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancer

Societyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfunding,nearly200moreapplicationsconsidered

outstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.

5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancer

SocietyRelayforLife,ateameventtofightcancer.Morefundingmeansmorecancer

breakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.Tolearnmore,callDonnaHood,chairwiththeNeosho

RelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.

练习

1.Paragraph2A.WhatCouldBeDonewithMoreMoney

B.EstablishmentoftheAmericanCancerSociety

2.Paragraph3C.SignificanceofFundedResearch

D.OtherSourcesofFundingforCancerResearch

3.Paragraph4E.BenefitsAchievedThroughforCancerResearch

F.HowYouCanOfferHelp

4.Paragraph5

5.TheAmericanCancerSociety'sresearchprogramhasbenefited.

6.Thesurvivalperiodfor60%ofcancerpatientstodayis.

7.Manyoutstandingapplicationsareturneddowneachyearfor.

8.Morecancerbreakthroughscanbemadewith.

A.lackoffunding

B.manycancerpatients

C.morelivesbeingsaved

D.morethanfiveyears

E.theultimateanswers

F.morefunding

ScienceFiction

1.Amongstthemostpopularbooksbeingwrittentodayarethosewhichareusuallyclassifiedas

sciencefiction.Hundredsoftitlesarepublishedeveryyearandarereadbyallkindsofpeople.

Furthermore,someofthemostsuccessfulfilmsofrecentyearshavebeenbasedonscience

fictionstories.

2.Itisoftenthoughtthatsciencefictionisafairlynewdevelopmentinliterature,butitsancestors

canbefoundinbookswrittenhundredsofyearsago.Thesebookswereoftenconcernedwith

thepresentationofsomeformofidealsociety,athemewhichisstilloftenfoundinmodern

stories.

3.Mostoftheclassicsofsciencefiction,however,havebeenwrittenwithinthelasthundredyears.

BooksbywriterssuchasJulesVerneandH.G.Wells,tomentionjusttwowell-knownauthors,

havebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.

4.Modernsciencefictionwritersdon'twriteaboutmenfromMarsorspaceadventurestories.

Theyaremoreinterestedinpredictingtheresultsoftechnicaldevelopmentsonsocietyandthe

humanmind;orinimaginingfutureworldswhichareareflectionoftheworldwhichwelivein

now.Becauseofthistheirwritinghasobviouspoliticalundertones.

5.Inanagewheresciencefactfrequentlyovertakessciencefiction,thewritersmanyfindit

difficulttokeepaheadofscientificadvances.Thosewhoaresufficientlyclear-sightedtosee

thewaywearegoing,however,mayprovideavaluablelessononhowtodealwiththe

problemswhichsocietywillinevitablyfaceasittriestomasteritsnewtechnology.

练习：

1.Paragraph1______________A.PopularityofScienceFiction

B.AFairlyNewDevelopment

2.Paragraph2_______________

C.ClassicsofScienceFiction

3.Paragraph3______________D.DifficultyinKeepingaheadofScientificAdventure

E.ItsOrigin

4.Paragraph4_______________

F.ThemesofModernScienceFiction

5.Someformofidealsocietyis.

6.BookswrittenbyJ.Verneare.

7.Peopleenjoy.

8.Worksofmodernsciencefictionhave.

A.arecurrenttheme

B.concernedwiththeproblemsthatwehavetosolveinthefuture

C.readingbooksofsciencefiction

D.politicalimplications

E.acurrenttheme

F.readworldwide

Alaska

1.In1858AmericanswelcomedAlaskaintotheUnionasthe49thstate,symbolizingachangeof

attitudefromthatheldin1867,whenthepeninsulawaspurchasedfromRussia.Then,most

Americanshadlittleinterestin1,500,000squarekilometers“oficebergsandpolarbears”

beyondCanada'swesternborders,farfromthesettledareasoftheUnitedStates.

2.InthosesectionsofthestatewhichlieabovetheArcticCircle,Alaskastillisalandoficebergs

andpolarbears.Icemasseslieburiedintheearth,whichispermanentlyfrozentoadepthof90

ormoremeters.FromearlyMayuntilearlyAugust,themidnightsunneversetsonthisflat,

treelessregion,butthesuncannotmelttheicysoilmorethantwo-thirdsofameterdown.

3.AlaskaisAmerica'slargeststate,butonlyabout325,000peoplelivethere.Accordingto

estimates,800,000hectaresofitslandareaarefitforplowingbutonlyabout640,000hectares

arebeingcultivated.

4.ArcticAlaskahasbeenthehomeofEskimosforcountlesscenturies.Itisbelievedthatthe

EskimosmovedtherefromMongoliaorSiberia,probablycrossingBeringStrait,namedfor

VitusBering,theDanishseacaptainwhodiscoveredAlaskaonhisvoyageforRussiain1741.

TheEskimosarethestate'searliestknowninhabitants.Russianfurtradersestablished

settlementsbut,bythetimeAlaskawassoldtotheUnitedStates,mostofthetradershad

departed.

5.In1896goldwasdiscoveredneartheKlondikeRiverinCanadajustacrosstheAlaskanborder.

ThousandsofAmericansrushedtotheregionontheirwaytoKlondike;someneverreturned.

Alaskawasnevercompletelycutoffagain,althougheventodaytransportationisamajor

problem.ThereareonlytwomotorroutesfromtheU.S.mainland,andwithinthestate,every

townhasitsownairfield.Planesflypassengers,mailandfreighttothemostdistantvillages.

6.ThegoldthatchangedlifesosuddenlyforAlaskawassoonended,andalthoughmanystories

aboutminingcampshavebecomepartofAmericanliterature,thegoldfromAlaskanearth

contributedlesstoeconomicprogressthanthefishfromAlaskanwaters.Thefishcaughtina

singleyearrangeinvaluefrom$80millionto$90million.Fur-bearinganimalsareplentifulin

theforestsandstreams,andvaluablefursealsinhabitthewaters.Afterfishing,thestate'schief

industryislumberandtheproductionofwoodpulp.Inrecentyears,Alaska'ssinglemost

importantresourcehasbecomeoil.Thestatealsohaslargedepositsofcoal,copper,goldand

otherminerals.

练习:

1.Paragraph3______________

A.Richresourcesofthestate

B.Connectionswiththeoutsideworld

2.Paragraph4_______________

C.Transportationproblem

D.Thenativesoftheland

3.Paragraph5______________E.Coldclimate

F.Landandpopulation

4.Paragraph6_____________

5.Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear,thesunontheice-coveredlandof

Alaska.

6.Accordingtostatistics,ofthetotalareaofAlaskahasbeenusedforfarming.

7.AlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia,butwasbought.

8.GolddidnotbringtoAlaskaasmuchwealth.

A.asfishdoes

B.becauseofitsrichnaturalresources

C.bytheUnitedStatesinthe19thcentury

D.shinesdayandnight

E.onlyaverysmallpercentage

F.alimitedamountofthegoldfoundthere

Architecture

1.Architectureistobuildingasliteratureistotheprintedword.Thebestbuildingsareoftenso

wellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse.Theythensurvivenotonlyasbeautiful

objects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofcultures.Theseachievementsareneverwhollythe

workofindividuals.Architectureisasocialart.

2.Therenaissancebroughtaboutanentirelynewage,notonlyinphilosophyandliteraturebutin

thevisualartsaswell.Inarchitecture,theprinciplesandstylesofancientGreeceandRome

werebroughtbacktolifeandreinterpreted.Theyremaindominantuntilthe20thcentury.

3.Manykindsofstoneareusedasbuildingmaterials.Stoneandmarblewerechosenforimportant

monumentsbecausetheyarenotburnableandcanbeexpectedtoendure.Stonearchitecturewas

oftenblendedwithstonesculpture.Theuseofstonehasdeclined,however,becauseanumberof

othermaterialsaremoreadaptabletoindustrialuse.

4.Thecomplexityofmodernlifecallsforavarietyofbuildings.Morepeopleliveinmasshousing

andgotoworkinlargeofficebuildings;theyspendtheirincomeinlargeshoppingcenters,

sendtheirchildrentoomanydifferentkindsofschools,andwhentheyaresicktheygoto

specializedhospitalsandclinics.Allthesesdifferenttypesofbuildingsaccumulated

experiencesneededbytheirdesigners.

5.Bythemiddleofthe20thcentury,modernarchitecture,whichwasinfluencedbynew

technologyandmassproduction,wasdealingwithincreasinglycomplexsocialneeds.

Importantcharacteristicsofmodernarchitecturalworksareexpansesofglassandtheuseof

reinforcedconcrete.Advancesinelevatortechnology,airconditioning,andelectriclighting

haveallhadimportanteffects.

练习：A.Buildingmaterials

1.Pa