大豆常见病害

大豆常见病害病害较多真菌病：有为害暗叶部的斑枯病、灰斑病、霜霉病和锈病等，其中霜霉病遍及各地：为害根、茎的有疫腐病、菌核病和炭疽病。疫腐病以抗病育种：其它靠轮作法防治。为害子粒的有紫斑病和黑点病，药剂拌种防治。细菌病：有斑点病和斑疹病，有的可用抗病育种防治。病毒病：种类多，中国长江流域和黄淮平原以花叶病毒流行广、为害重。采用无病毒种子、消灭媒介昆虫及抗病育种防治。大豆泡囊线虫病、根结线虫病：采用合理轮作和抗病育种防治。主要虫害有食心虫、草地螟、豆荚螟、豆秆蝇、豆秆黑潜蝇、红蜘蛛和财虫等，以药剂防治为主。菟幼•子在黄淮平原为害甚烈，采用清选种子、生物防治和轮作防治。大豆锈病大豆锈病已发现的病害有30余种，其中真菌性病害最多，病毒类主要是大豆花叶病毒，线虫病主要为抱囊线虫和根结线虫。大豆锈病、炭疽病、细菌性斑疹病等，在南方发生较重。北方春大豆区霜霉病、灰斑病、细菌性斑点病、抱囊线虫病发生普遍。大豆病毒病在各大豆栽培区都有发生为害大豆粒荚.紫斑病Cercosporakikuchii、轮纹病Ascochytaglycines、赤霉病Fusariumavenacearum(Fusariumroseum、Fusariumsemitectum).荚枯病Macrophomamame、炭疽病Colletotrichumglycines、黑痘病Sphacelomaglycines。叶部病害主要有：霜霉病Peronosporamanshurica、灰斑病Cercosporasojina.褐纹病Septoriaglycines、黑斑病Alternariabrassicaevar.phaseoliAlternariafasciculataAlernariatenuissima、锈病Phakopsorapachyrhizix白粉病Erysiphepolygon!细菌性斑点病Pseudomonasglycinea、细菌性斑疹病Xanthomonasphaseolivar.sojense>大豆花叶病Soybeanmosaicvirus(SMV)等。茎秆部病害有.菌核病Sclerotiniasclerotiorum、黑点病Phomopsissojac(Diaporthephaseolorum)、纹枯病Pelliculariasasakiio根部病害有：立枯病Rhizoctoniasolani、猝倒病Pythiumdebaryanum>枯萎病Fusariumbulbigenum(F.oxysporum)o紫斑病紫斑病紫斑病还有抱囊线虫Heteroderaglycines主要发生在黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山东、河南等省(自治区)。根疫病Phytophthoramagaspermavar.sojae是美国的主要病害，中国尚未发现。是检疫对象。大豆病害的防治以抗病品种为主的综合防治措施。药剂防治：在30余种大豆病害中，由种子带菌为初次侵染源的占60%左右，药剂拌种能减少病害的侵染源，而且对苗期病害也有防治效果。如福美双0.3%拌种，可防治大豆霜霉病和灰斑病。叶部病害如霜霉病、灰斑病，根部病害如抱囊线虫病等，均可用药剂进行有效防治：农业措施防治，采取合理轮作，如防治大豆抱囊线虫病，实行大豆与禾谷类作物或非寄生作物3-5年轮作，减少虫源。种前通过选种；建立无病种子田，对防治霜霉病、紫斑病、灰斑病，大豆花叶病毒效果较好。中耕除草，排除田间积水，能减轻大豆缺病和根部病害的发生。增施有机肥，适时灌水，可减轻抱囊线虫病的为害。清除田间杂草，亦可减少大豆花叶病毒等病害。防治措施大豆的病虫害对大豆的正常生长危害很大，严重时减产损失达30%以上。大豆的病害有：大豆根腐病、线虫病、灰斑病、褐纹病、霜霉病等，虫害有潜根蝇、大豆蛎虫、食心虫等。防治办法：①事前预防，选无病优良品种，整地时进行土壤灭菌杀虫处理；②在发病前喷施灭菌防虫药剂+新高脂膜800倍液可有效预防病虫害发生：③在病虫害发生期，要按植保要求喷施针对性药剂+新高脂膜800倍液进行灭杀。Diseasemorefungaldisease:damagedarkleavesleafblight,grayleafspot,downymildewandrust,whichdownymildeweverywhere;,damagerootsandstemsofPhytophthorarot,Sclerotiniaandanthrax.Phytophthorarotdiseaseresistancebreeding;relyoncroprotationprevention.Peliosisandblackspotdiseasedamagegrain,Yaojibanzhongprevention.bacterialdiseases:scabandspotteddisease,andsomeareavailablepreventionandcontrolofdiseaseresistancebreeding.(3)virusdisease:manykindsoftheYangtzeRiverinChinaandtheHuang-Huaiplainmosaicviruswidelypopularheavydamage.Theseedvirus,theeradicationoftheinsectvector,andthepreventionandcontrolofdiseaseresistancebreeding.④soybeancystnematode,,root-knotnematodedisease:therotationsystemandthepreventionandcontrolofdiseaseresistancebreeding.Majorpestmoth,meadowmoth,podborer,beanstalkfliesthebeanstalkblackmaggot,spidermitesandaphids,chemicalcontrol.DodderdamageevenintheHuang-HuaiPlainofintensecleaningseed,preventionandcontrolofbiologicalcontrolandcroprotation.SoybeanRustSoybeanRustDiseasehavebeenfoundmorethan30species,mostfungaldiseases,viruses,mainlysoybeanmosaicvirus,thenematodecystnematodeandroot-knotnematodes.Soybeanrust,anthracnose,bacterialrashdiseasessuchasoccurredinthesouthheavier.TheNorththespringsoybeanDistrictdownymildew,grayleafspot,bacterialspot,,cystnematodeoccursgenerally.SoybeanvirusdiseasehaveoccurredinsoybeancultivationareaInfestationofsoybeanseedpodPeliosistheCercosporakikuchii,ringrotAscochytaglycinesscabofFusariumavenacearum(ofFusariumroseum,Fusariumsemitectum)thepodsblightMacrophomamame,anthracnoseColletotrichumglycines,anthracnoseSphacelomaglycines.Leafdisease:DownymildewPeronosporamanshurica,grayspotdiseaseCercosporasojina〃browngraindiseaseSeptoriaglycines,blackspotofAlternariabrassicae,var.phaseoliofAlternariafasciculateAlernariatenuissimarustPhakopsorapachyrhizi,powderymildewErysiphepolygoniofPseudomonasglycinea,bacterialspot,bacterialspotexanthemaXanthomonasphaseolivar.sojense,soybeanmosaicvirusSoybeanmosaicvirus(SMV).StemMinistryofdiseaseshave•.SclerotiniaSclerotiniasclerotiorumblackspotdiseasethePhomopsissojac(Diaporthephaseolorum),sheathblightPelliculariasasakii.Rootdiseases:BlightRhizoctoniasolani,damping-offdiseasePythiumdebaryanum,towilttheFusariumbulbigenum(F.oxysporum).PeliosisPeliosisPeliosisTherecystnematodeHeteroderaglycinesoccursmainlyinHeilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,InnerMongolia,Hebei,Shandong,Henanandotherprovinces(autonomousregions).TherootsblightPhytophthoramagaspermavar.sojaeisamajordiseaseintheUnitedStates,Chinahasnotyetfound.Quarantineobjects.Soybeandiseasepreventionandtreatmentresistantvarietiesbasedcomprehensivepreventionandcontrolmeasures.Chemicalcontrol:30kindsofsoybeandiseasesbyseedinfectionaccountedforabout60%oftheinitialinfectionsource,Yaojibanzhongcanreducethesourceofinfectionofthedisease,,butalsocontroleffectonseedlingdiseases.Thiram0.3%ofseed,againstsoybeandownymildewandgrayleafspot.Leafdiseasessuchasdownymildew,grayleafspot,rootdiseasessuchascystnematode,etc.,canbeusedPharmacyeffectivepreventionandtreatment;theagriculturemeasurestoprevent,totakereasonablerotation,suchasthepreventionandtreatmentofsoybeancystnematode,theimplementationofsoybeansandcerealcropsornon-parasiticcrops3-5ringsasreduceinsectsource.Speciesbyselection;establishdisease-freeseedfields,thefightagainstdownymildewpeliosis,grayleafspotdiseaseofsoybeanmosaicvirusbetter,,Cultivating,weeding,excludewaterinfield,canreducetheoccurrenceofofsoybeanthedissatisfieddiseaseandrootdiseases.Organicfertilize：timelyirrigationcanreducecystnematodeinfestation.Cleartheweedsinthefield,andalsoreducesoybeanmosaicvirusdisease.PreventionandcontrolmeasuresSoybeanpestposesseriousthreattothenormalgrowthofthesoybean,severecutslossesamountingtomorethan30%.Diseasesofsoybean:soybeanrootrot,nematodes,grayleafspot,browngraindisease,downymildew,peststhelatentrootfly,soybeanaphids,borerandother.Preventionmeasures:①priorprevention,,selectionofdisease-freefinevar