2018年全国入学统一考试英语试题

SectionⅠ:UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it’sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2inthewrongceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peoplecetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomething11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acredible andadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty—andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A]In[B]Asa[C]Onthe[D]For20.[A][B][C][D]SectionII:ReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,D.MarkyouranswersANSWERSHEET1.(40TextAmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextialn:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don’tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionaysqueezed. ejobslikegardeningordaycaredon’tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn’ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobswerediscedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrrschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcowithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven’tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapital eandlabor e,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedetaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboost es,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceTechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomfortthosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.WhowillbemostthreatenedbyRobotWhichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sWorriesaboutautomationareinfactOptimists’opinionsonnewtechfindlittleIssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobeNegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeEducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimed increasingthereturnoncapitaleasingthehostilitybetweenrichand egapfromInthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblem opposingviewsonpossiblesolutionstoitsalarmingitsmajorTextAnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveTrump’suseof .TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,nota’ssocialmediatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialicyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016ialn,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedby usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediaYoungpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeed ingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferents—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof alresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimayandimmediaywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thissuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealalresponsibilityincounctingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaSowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweeting,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubts people’spreferenceforsocialmediatheadministrationsabilitytohandlesocialmediawasareliablesourceofThephrase“beefup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaning Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,young tendtovoicetheiropinionsinverifynewsbyreferringtodiversehavesstrongsenseofliketoexchangeviewson“distributedTheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsACounctionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialThetformsforProjection alTextAnyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain’sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialinligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalhospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements–andtheremaybemany–betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed”it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham’sreportisaeWhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMindIt samongtechItfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient’sItfellshortofthelatter’sItputbothsidesintoadangerousTheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham’sverdict TheauthorarguesinParagraph2 privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallleakingpatients’dataisworsethansellingmakingprofitsfrompatients’dataisthevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofAccordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal theviciousrivalryamongbig mentofprivacytheuncontrolleduseofnewthemonopolyofbigdatabytechTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcare TextTheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality.Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’sultimateoverseer–Congress–insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved–Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem’sheaviestusers–hasfinallyagreedonantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomintbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate–wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There’snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthat accountsfor80percentoftheagency’scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey’regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartly itsunbalanceditsrigidthecostfortechnicalthewithdrawalofbankAccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdue theshrinkingdemandforpostal petenceofpostalThelong-standingcomintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressed removingitsburdenofretireehealthmakingmoreinvestmentinnewadoptinganewrate-increaseattractingmorefirst-classmailInthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislators WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheTheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyTheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-PartThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandpreparensandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment’ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary’sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimayassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation’sforeigninthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation’smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakencewithintheEEOB’sgranitewalls.ThreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbefore ing.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2ofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.→C→42.→43.→F→44.PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Shakespeare’slifetimewas withaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthe(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,liryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowentagrrschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thefirstpublicyhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimelitureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.ysaimingatlirydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul’sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithlitureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliry;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage—wheretheyhadyednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)Anativelirydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicyhousesestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttoofliryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofys,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofyshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.SectionIII:PartWritean toallinternationalexpertsoncampusinvitingthemtoattendthegraduationceremony.Inyouryoushouldincludetime,ceandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERDonotuseyourownnameattheendofthe.Use“LiMing”instead.(10PartDirections:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youdescribethepictureinterpretthemeaning,giveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20SectionI:UseofEnglish(101. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)Text4.25.Text9.30.Text4.35.Text9.40.PartB(1041. 42. 43. 44. 45.PartC(10SectionIII PartA 51.(10points)(Part 52.(20points)(’’ …… ……’’ … ……… —” … …… ’’““ ” …rɪ'liːs'hɔːməʊn'trɪgə[prɒm(p)tɪk'spəʊʒəˌdɪfə'renʃɪeɪt'tɒdləɪk'skleɪmtrɪkmə'dʒɒrɪtɪkəʊ'ɒpəreɪt'demənstreɪtPart’’’““”–““”[ˌdisprə'pɔ:ʃənitli] [[ə'l ['kɒmpleks]['fɒstə] ['dræstɪk] ’’’’””“’”“’”“’’’’”““”– [ˈɪntəmɪtlɪ] ’’’’’’’’’’’ [ [aɪˌdentɪ'fæɪəb(ə)l] [kɜːb] ˌmælə'dæptɪd] [dʒaɪ'gæntɪk] ““” ’’–“”“”“””’’“” ’’’’[bliːd] ['mɪnɪməm][ə(ʊ)'mɪʃ(ə)n][ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt] Part’’PartPartWritean toallinternationalexpertsoncampusinvitingthemtoattendthegraduationceremony.Inyouryoushouldincludetime,ceandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERDonotuseyourownnameattheendof .Use“LiMing”instead.(10[参考范文DearIamwritingonbehalfoftheStudents’Unionofouruniversitytoinviteyoutoattendthe inggraduationTheceremonywillbeheldinourauditoriumonJune25th,from9am.to12a.m.Theceremonywillbeprecededbyashortthatshowstheinterestingepisodesofthegraduateslivingoncampus.Duringthec