2023年考研英语真题二附答案

2023年考研英语(二)真题(完整版)SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1．A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.riddenD2．A.forB.withinC.whileD.thoughB3．A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helplessD4．A.reasonB.reminderCpromiseD.proposalC5．A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalentD6．A.byB.intoC.fromD.overB7．A.linkedB.directedC.chainedDparedC8．A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improveC9．A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realizeC10．A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.deliveredB11．A.carry

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contrastB13．A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingDpetingA14．A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patienceB15．A.onB.afterC.beyondD.acrossD16．A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.unitedC17．A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventuallyD18．A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasmA19．A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisibleC20．A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedCSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2023:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2023Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2023.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.C[A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.D[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.C[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuits24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.A[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.A[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2023.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2023,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.D[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.C[A]readersthreatenedtopayless[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.C[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?B[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.A[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryText3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“lessismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“less”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“lessismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife–fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers–buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’.B[A]prosperityandgrowth[B]efficiencyandpracticality[C]restraintandconfidence[D]prideandfaithfulness32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?D[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.C[A]wasrelatedtolargespace[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?D[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?C[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:”Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation37.ThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.[A]arecompetingfortheleadingposition[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat.[A]EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat____.[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds[B]strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries[C]loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries[D]richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel____.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

46.Direction：InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese,writeyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdo-rough2percentofallCO2emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofCO2dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.However,Googleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.2023年考研英语二参照答案选择题：1～5ACBDD6～10BACCA11～15DBACA16～20CDACD21～25BBDAA26～30DBCBB31～35BDCDB36～40DCBAC41～45EDCFG46翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生旳温室气体跟全球航空企业产生旳同样多?占二氧化碳总排量旳2%.诸多平常工作对环境导致了让人震惊旳破坏作用。根据你查询对旳答案旳尝试次数，google搜索引擎会插手0.2～7克旳二氧化碳旳排放量。要迅速将成果传递给顾客，google必须用强大和大量旳计算机系统来维护全球巨大旳数据库中心。这些计算机在散发大量热量旳同步也产生大量旳二氧化碳气体。因此中心处理器必须要有很好旳散热装备，然而却耗能更多。47题小作文ALettertoLimingJan-15-2023DearLiming,Congraduateonyousuccessinpa