英语学习航海英语三副题库注释

英语学习航海英语三副题库注释第1页/共55页1847Integratedchain-wireropemooringsystem

Anintegratedchain-wireropemooringsystemiscomprisedofamooringlineconsistingofachainattachedtoananchoratoneendandpermanentlycoupledtoawirelineattheotherendwhichiswrappedaroundadrum.Awindlasswildcatispositionedpreferablyadjacenttothedrumsothatitcanbedrivenandcontrolledinunisonwiththedrum.Aninteriorsheaveispositionedinsideorinthevicinityofthechainlockerandinthepathofthemooringlinebetweenthewildcatandthedrum.Thesheaveissufficientlybelowthedrumtoallowthewirelinetomaintaincontinuouscontactwiththesheavesuchthatanacceptablefleetangleismaintained.第2页/共55页1876SOUNDSIGNALS(ForOnboardWhistles,HornsorBells)/mwv/navrules/rules/Rule35.htm

Oneshortblast(1second):Showsanintentiontopassonthestarboardsideofanothervessel(right).Thesamesignalisusedwhetheryouarepassinganothervesselbowtoboworyouarepassingavesselfromtheirstern.Thevesselabouttobeovertakenshall,ifinagreement,soundasimilarsoundsignal.Ifindoubtthevesselshouldsoundthedangersignal.(Seenumber4below).Twoshortblasts:Showsanintentiontopassontheportsideofanothervessel(left).Thesamesignalisusedwhetheryouarepassinganothervesselbowtoboworyouarepassingavesselfromtheirstern.Thevesselabouttobeovertakenshall,ifinagreement,soundasimilarsoundsignal.Ifindoubtthevesselshouldsoundthedangersignal.(Seenumber4below).Threeshortblasts:Indicatesthevessel'senginesaregoingastern(inreverse).Thisismainlyusedonlargervesselswithrestrictedvisibilityorpossibleboattrafficpassingbythestern.Mostlargevesselswillhaveadeckhandorapersonstandingonthesternasalookoutwithcommunicationstotheoperator.Operatorsofsmallcraftthatarefollowingamuchlargervesselinanarrowchannelorfairwayshouldleaveadditionaldistancebetweenthemandthesternofalargevesselincasethelargevesselstartstogoastern.Fiveormoreshortandrapidblasts:Adangersignalusedwhentheothervessel'sintentionsarenotunderstoodorwheretheothervessel'sindicatedcourseisdangerous.Whenvesselsinsightofeachotherareapproaching,andforwhateverreason,eithervesselfailstounderstandtheintentionsoractionsoftheother,orisindoubtwhethersufficientactionisbeingtakentoavoidcollision,thevesselindoubtmaygiveatleastfiveshortandrapidblastsonthewhistle.Prolongedblast(4to6seconds):Oneprolongedblastisawarningsignal(forexample,usedwhenexitingasliporcomingaroundablindcorner).Thissignalshouldbeansweredwithaprolongedblastbyanyapproachingvesselthatmaybewithinhearingaroundthebendorbehindaninterveningobstruction.Oneprolongedplustwoshortblastsatintervalsofnotmorethantwominutesisthesignalusedbysailboatsundersailalone.Ifyouhearthissignalslowandbesureofwhichvesselismoving.Thisisespeciallytrueifyouareinasmallboatenteringorleavingamarinaordocksystemwhereothervesselsarerestrictingyourvisibility.Alwaysapproachwaterwayintersectionsandcrowdedmoorageareaswithcaution.Remember,alwaysbereadytomaneuverandhaveyourattentionontheoperationofyourvesselinsteadofotherdistractionsinyourvesseloronshore.第3页/共55页第4页/共55页1892-deckwaterseal第5页/共55页第6页/共55页第7页/共55页第8页/共55页1896回归年(tropicalyear)或太阳年(solaryear)为以春分点或秋分点为参考点，地球公转一圈所需要的时间，365.24219日。由于地球进动的原因，使得春分点(秋分点)不停西移，而回归年比恒星年短。第9页/共55页1903PilotsfavorthesechartsbecauseastraightlinedrawnonaLambertconformalconicprojectionapproximatesagreat-circleroutebetweenendpoints.第10页/共55页1913-stopperchainThestopperchainisapieceofclose-linkchainaboutsixfeetlongcomposedoflinks1/4to1/2inchindiameter.Itisusedtostopoffthemultitopping-liftwirewhentransferringthewirefromthecleattothewinchandviceversa.第11页/共55页1930-chainchasingsystem第12页/共55页第13页/共55页A16tonStevprisanchorliftedonboardfromtheseabed.Theringaroundtheanchorchainiscalledthe"ChaserRing",andisusedtocatchtheancheronthebottom.Whentheoilrigismooredthechaserringospulledbackuptheanchorchainallthewaybacktotherigwherethe"chaserwire"(connectedtothechaserring)iskeptonboardwhilemoored.Whenpullingupananchor,theshipreceivestheendofthechaserwireandsailsawayfromtherigindirectionoftheanchor,draggingtheringalongtheanchorchain.Whentheshipreachesthepositionoftheanchoritheavesontheanchorwinch,therebyliftingtheanchorofftheseabedandontotheship'sdeck.Insteadoftherighavingthelooseendofthechaserwire,thiscanalsobebouyedoffabovetheanchor.第14页/共55页1944ABCmultipurposedrychemicalfireextinguishersarethemostcommonandmostutilizedofallfireextinguishersinservicetoday.Theseextinguishersarelistedforthreeclassesoffire.ClassA,isforordinarycombustiblessuchaspaper,woodandtextiles.ClassB,isforflammableliquidssuchascookingoil,grease,motoroil,gasolineandlampoil.ClassCisforelectricalcomponentsandcircuitry.Theseextinguisherswillextinguishmostfiresandarethemostuniversalandthereforearerecommendedandrequiredbycodetobeinstalledandmaintainedinmostpublicfacilitiesandplacesofemployment.Thisisalsothemostappropriateextinguisherforuseinatypicalhousehold.第15页/共55页AccordingtothestandardBSEN3,fireextinguishersintheUnitedKingdomasallthroughoutEuropeareredRAL3000,andabandorcircleofasecondcolourcoveringbetween5–10%ofthesurfaceareaoftheextinguisherindicatesthecontents.Before1997,theentirebodyofthefireextinguisherwascolourcodedaccordingtothetypeofextinguishingagent.TheUKrecognisessixfireclasses:ClassAfiresinvolveorganicsolidssuchaspaperandwood.ClassBfiresinvolveflammableorcombustibleliquids.Petrol,greaseandoilfiresareincludedinthisclass.ClassCfiresinvolveflammablegasesClassDfiresinvolvecombustiblemetals.ClassEfiresinvolvingelectricalappliances(nolongerusedaswhenthepowersupplyisturnedoffanelectricalfirecanfallintoanycategory)ClassFfiresinvolvecookingfatandoil.第16页/共55页TypeOldcode

BSEN3colourcodeSuitableforuseonfireclasses

(bracketsdenotesometimesapplicable)[11]WaterSignalredSignalredA

FoamCreamRedwithacreampanelabovetheoperatinginstructionsAB

DrypowderFrenchblueRedwithabluepanelabovetheoperatinginstructions(A)BC

E

CarbondioxideCO2BlackRedwithablackpanelabovetheoperatinginstructions

B

E

WetchemicalNotyetinuseRedwithacanaryyellowpanelabovetheoperatinginstructionsA(B)

FClassDpowderFrenchblueRedwithabluepanelabovetheoperatinginstructions

D

Halon1211/BCFEmeraldGreenNolongeringeneraluseAB

E

第17页/共55页1941-beaconBeacon:Alightedorunlightedfixedaidtonavigationattacheddirectlytotheearth'ssurface.第18页/共55页1955-taconite铁燧岩第19页/共55页1958-chainstripper第20页/共55页第21页/共55页1959-backspliceAspliceformedwhenacrownknotismadeintheendofapieceoflineandtheendsarewoventhreetimesormoreintothestandingpartofthelinetokeepitfromunraveling.第22页/共55页1978-andersonturnTheAndersonTurnPuttherudderoverfullinthesamedirectionastheperson(e.g.,ifthepersonfelloverthestarboardside,puttherudderoverfulltostarboard).Stoptheengine.

Whenclearoftheperson,goaheadfullusingfullrudder.

Whenabout2/3ofthewayaround,backtheengine2/3orfull.Stoptheenginewhenthepersonis15degreesoffthebow.Easetherudderandbacktheengineasrequired.

Bringthevesselupwindoftheperson,stopthevesselinthewaterwiththepersonalong-side,wellforwardofthepropellers.(Manyvariationsofthismethodarepossible,tosuitthecharacteristicsofthevesselandseaconditions.Practicerunsbeforeanemergencyoccursarerecommended.)第23页/共55页1982-avesselbeingpushed第24页/共55页1984-stormsurge第25页/共55页第26页/共55页1993-clearancegauge第27页/共55页2017-warmfront&cloud第28页/共55页2042-inironsTheterm

"in

irons"

is

used

to

describe

the

condition

where

the

opposing

moment

of

the

towline

is

the

same

asor

greater

thanthe

turning

moment

created

by

rudder

and

other

hydrodynamic

forces.

The

tug

is

then

rendered

incapable

of

steering第29页/共55页InironsThe

position

of

the

tow

point

(that

point

at

which

towline

tension

is

applied

to

the

tug)

and

the

tension

on

the

towlinecreate

a

moment

which

opposes

the

rudder

moment

and

hence

restricts

the

turning

motion

of

the

tug.

The

tug's

ability

tosteer

is

increasingly

hampered

as

the

tow

point

is

moved

further

aft.

The

affect

is

aggravated

at

low

or

zero

speed.

Theterm

"in

irons"

is

used

to

describe

the

condition

where

the

opposing

moment

of

the

towline

is

the

same

asor

greater

thanthe

turning

moment

created

by

rudder

and

other

hydrodynamic

forces.

The

tug

is

then

rendered

incapable

of

steering.See

Figure

3-8.

Clearly,

being

in

irons

is

undesirable,

especially

when

maneuvering

in

confined

waters

orina

poororientation

with

respect

to

the

sea.

A

tug

also

can

be

rendered

in

irons

when

she

cannot

make

headway

under

her

ownpower

because

of

the

towline

making

contact

with

the

bottom.

In

this

case,

the

tug

effectively

is

anchored

by

the

stern.Her

tow

is

not

anchored

and

the

distance

between

the

two

vessels

may

rapidly

close.

To

avoid

being

run

down,

the

tugshould

shorten

the

wire

and

regain

headway

at

once.Ideally,

the

position

of

the

tow

point

should

be

located

at

the

pivot

point,

to

allow

the

tug

maximum

freedom

of

rotation

insteering.

This

is

why

the

towing

winch

is

mounted

as

far

forward

from

the

stern

as

practicable,

and

as

close

to

the

pivotpoint

as

possible.

Although

itis

doubtful

that

any

towing

winch

is

located

at

the

pivot

point

itself,

the

pivot

point

without

atow

is

usually

located

on

the

center

line

at

about

one-third

of

the

tug's

length

from

the

bow.

From

a

practical

standpoint,the

towing

point

is

designated

as

the

towing

winch

or

towing

bitts,

if

installed.

However,

there

are

times

when

the

towingpoint

is

located

farther

aft-e-g.,

a

Norman

pin,

hogging

strap

or

stern

roller.

The

operator

should

be

aware

of

the

possiblemaneuvering

restrictions

imposed

on

the

tug

when

towing

in

these

configurations

and

should

take

the

necessaryprecautions

to

avoid

being

placed

in

irons第30页/共55页2044-fisherman’sbendDoublesheetbend第31页/共55页2036-SpreadoffireConduction-spreadofheatenergythroughsolids;Convection-heattransferthroughafluidorgas,involvingexpansionandmovement;Radiation-emissionofheatenergythroughelectromagneticradiationintheinfra-redpartofthespectrum,whichisthenabsorbedbymattertovaryingdegrees第32页/共55页2052-backtoport(尾向左转)VesselWithSternway,PropellerBacking

4-17.Whenbacking,thesidewisepressureisoppositetothatexertedwhentheshipismovingforward.Thedischargecurrentfromthepropellerreactsagainstthehull.Thiscurrentisrotary;therefore,whenthepropellerisbacking,thecurrentstrikesthehullhighonthestarboardsideandlowontheportside.Thiscurrentexertsagreaterforceonthestarboardsideandtendstothrowthesternofthevesseltoport(Figure4-3).

4-18.Withrudderamidships,thevesselwillbacktoportfromtheforceofthesidewisepressureandthedischargecurrent.Whentherudderisputovertostarboard(Figure4-4),theactionofthesuctioncurrentagainstthefaceoftherudderwilltendtothrowthesterntostarboard.Unlesstheshipismakingsternway,thisforcewillnotbestrongenoughtoovercometheeffectofthesidewisepressureandthedischargecurrent,andthesternwillbacktoport.

4-19.Whentherudderisputovertoport(Figure4-5),theforceofthesuctioncurrentonthefaceoftherudderintensifiestheeffectofthesidewisepressureofthepropellerandthedischargecurrentandwillforcethesternrapidlytoport.Becauseoftheseforces,allright-handed,single-screwvesselstendtobacktoport.第33页/共55页第34页/共55页2060-trochoid摆线、车轮线第35页/共55页2067-cirrocumulus第36页/共55页2078-fetchThewindblowingoverthesea'ssurfacealsocreatescurrentsofwaterbuttheseareofmuchlessimportancethanthetidalcurrents.Ingeneral,anonshorewindpilesupthesurfacewaterclosetothebeachandtheresultisanundercurrentflowingawayfromtheshore.Offshorewindshavethereverseeffectandthiscanbeimportantinpushingsurface-driftingfoodbeyondeasycastingrange第37页/共55页Amuchmoreimportanteffectofthewindfromtheangler'spointofviewisthecreationofwaves.Theheightofwavesdependsonthedistanceforwhichawindhasblownovertheseasurface(knownasthefetchofthewind).Roughly,astrongwindblowingacrossfourmilesofseasurfacewillbuildupwavesofaboutthreefeethigh.第38页/共55页第39页/共55页2089-burn烧伤的程度由温度的高低、作用时间的长短而不同。局部的变化可分为四度。第一度：因血管麻痹而充血。第二度：形成充满血清的烧伤水疱。第三度：组织坏死。第四度：组织的炭化。烧伤时可见血液中的乳酸量增加，动静脉血的pH值降低，随着组织毛细血管功能障碍的加重缺氧血症（anoxemia）也增重。第40页/共55页2109-sloptank油船上或散装运输有毒液体的液货船上，用以收集洗舱水和其他油性混合物或残余物和水混合物的舱。Loadontop第41页/共55页2118-centrifugalpump--gravity-fedThisillustrationshowsatypicalsetupforagravityfeedsystem.Sincemostcentrifugalpumpsrequirepriming,besuretopositionpumpatthebottomofthesupplyt