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/词·清平乐禁庭春昼,莺羽披新绣。百草巧求花下斗,只赌珠玑满斗。日晚却理残妆,御前闲舞霓裳.谁道腰肢窈窕,折旋笑得君王。建立健全医院立体化绩效考核评价体系On3-DimensionedPerformanceAssessmentandAppraisalSystem前言:1.Preface在医疗改革呼声日益高涨和医疗市场竞争不断加剧的今天,医院如何改变原有的运行管理模式,适应新形势的变化,提高医院的核心竞争力,是医院管理者不可回避的重要问题。我国医院的发展经历了从设备竞争——技术竞争——服务竞争-—战略竞争的过程,目前正向文化竞争发展.竞争就要有目标,目标是医院发展的方向,在当前医疗市场的竞争中,实施目标管理是医疗机构保持竞争实力的最常用方法之一,更是医院管理的最常用手段之一。由于目标管理事先有比较明确的目标作为标准和动力,人们随时进行自我管理,并努力完成既定的工作目标。目标管理辅以绩效考核的手段,可以督促人们在实现目标过程中,及时调整方向进行资源整合,最终达到组织利益的实现。Howcanhospitaltransformthecurrentmodeofoperationandmanagement?Howcanhospitaladaptitselftothenewsituation?Howcanhospitalimproveitscentralcompetitivestrength?Thosechallengeshavetobeapproachedbyhospitalmanagerstodayespeciallywhenhealthcarereformisearnestlycalledforbythemedicalmarketwithintensivecompetition。ThedevelopmentofhospitalsinChinahasexperiencedthecompetitioninequipment,technology,serviceandstrategyrespectivelyandnowisgettingintotheculturalcompetition。Competition,ofcourse,feelslikeanobjective,whichisthedirectionofahospital。Inthemedicalmarketcompetition,however,objectivemanagementisthemostpopularpracticeforamedicalagencytomaintainitscompetitivestrengthaswellastomanageahospital.Asobjectivemanagementcriesoutforadefiniteobjectiveinadvance,whichservesasastandardandimpetus,peoplecanconductselfmanagementatanytimeandstrivetoreachtheirgoal.Withhelpofperformanceappraisal,however,objectivemanagementmayenhancetimelyadjustmentofthecourseduringrealizationoftheobjectivetointegrateresourcesandeventuallytoobtainbenefits。相关背景资料:2.Background近十年来,随着国务院及其他政府部门相关医疗政策的出台,以及中国加入WTO后医疗市场的逐步对外放开,国内的医疗行业状况发生了巨大的变化。民营医院大量崛起,其中有些甚至收购了多家公立医院;外资医院或机构正在大举入侵,其凭借独特的技术和服务优势占得了不小的市场份额;随处可见的私人诊所和药店也如雨后春笋般出现.这些都给公立医院的生存与发展带来了一定的冲击。国家医改方案迟迟不能出台,虽然先后有十套方案相继出炉,却始终未能形成一套适合中国医疗市场的总体改革方案,医疗体制改革举步维艰,公立医院发展前景不明朗。无锡市针对国际国内形势变化,在没有任何经验可借鉴的情况下,在国内率先进行了“政事分开,管办分离”运行机制的改革。卫生局作为行政执法部门对公立医院的经营行为进行监管;由卫生局分离出来的医院管理中心(以下简称医管中心)成为政府“办医院”和“管资产”的责任主体,“办医院”就是在法律法规及政策的框架下,通过优化配置资源,提高医疗质量,提供满足不同层次需求的代表市属医院水平的优质医疗产品。“管资产”就是要确保国有资产保值和效益最大化。在医管中心成立后,将前几年进行的以经济指标考核为主的“托管制”改革进一步深化为注重对社会效益和工作业绩综合考核的“医疗服务、资产经营委托管理法人代表任期目标责任制”改革,把解决医院建设和运行目标作为重点,探索所有权和经营权分离的模式,达到既尽显公益性特征、又增强医院活力的目的。职能上下放医院经营管理、人事用工和经济分配权,激发医院活力。医院则是专科建设、人才培养、医疗服务与经营的主体.面对医管中心下达的涉及医院管理、医院信息、医疗安全、医疗服务、经济运作、医德医风六个方面内容,八大类17项数百条共1000分的考核标准,医院该如何确立一个符合自身发展需求的总体目标,并能按计划有步骤地加以实施,则显得尤为重要.AshealthcarepolicieshavebeenpromulgatedbytheStateCouncilandothergovernmentalbodiesandthemedicalmarkethasbeengraduallyunveiledtooutsideafterChinaenteredWTOinthepast10years,agreatchangehashappenedtoChinesemedicalindustry,wherearerisingalotofprivatehospitals,someevenacquisitionedafewpublichospitals;meanwhile,manyforeign—fundedhospitalsoragenciesarerushingofftheirheadintoChinaandtheyhaveamuchshareofthemarketthankstotheiruniquesuperiorityinbothserviceandtechnology;andontheotherhand,privateclinicsanddrugstoreshaveemergedhereandthere,which,insomedegree,istroublingthesurvivalanddevelopmentofpublichospitals.10nationalhealth-care-reformprograms,althoughpublishedinsuccession,failtobringaboutageneralschemewhichissuitableforChinesemedicalmarket。Inthisconnection,thehealthcarereformisstillfarfrommaturedand,asaresult,publichospitalisstillfightingitswaytosurviveanddevelop。Inviewofthepresentsituationathomeandabroad,WuxiCityhaspioneeredtoundertakethereformonhospitaloperationsmechanism,i.e.“Separatinggovernmentfunctionsfrompublicinstitutionsandadministrationfrombusinessrunning"withoutanyexperiencetobereferenced.Asanenforcingbody,theBureauofHealthofWuxiCityservestosupervisethebusinessofpublichospitals;theHospitalManagementCenter(HMC)separatedfromtheBureauofHealthisaresponsibleentityofthegovernmentto“runhospitals”and“manageassets”。“Runninghospital”callsforprovidingqualitymedicalproductsonamunicipallevelwhichcanmeetdemandfromdifferentwalksoflifebyoptimizingarrangementofresourcesandfurtherimprovingthequalityofhealthcareincompliancewithlaws,rulesandregulations.“Managingassets”,however,callsformaintainingstateownedassetsandmaximizingtheirbenefits.AfterHMCwasestablished,“entrustingsystem”reform,characteristicofeconomicindexassessmentputintopracticeyearsago,hasbeenfurtheredintothereformof“targetresponsibilitysystemsetfortheofficetermofthelegalrepresentativeentrustedtomanagemedicalserviceandassetsoperation”。Thissystemfocusesoncomprehensiveassessmentwhichismadeoverthesocialbenefitsandbusinessperformanceandattachesimportancetoreachingthegoalofhospitaloperations,withaviewtoexploringamodeofseparatingownershipandmanagementtorealizepublicwelfareandactivatehospital.Intermsoffunction,thepoweroverhospitalbusinessmanagement,humanresourcesrecruitandfinancialallocationisdistributedtolowerlevelstoenergizehospital,whichservestoundertakefacultyconstruction,talentstraining,medicalservicesandoperations。HMChasissuedhundredsofassessmentcriteriaamountingto1000markscomposedof17itemscoveringeighttypesandsixaspects,namelyhospitalmanagement,hospitalinformation,medicalsecurity,medialservice,financialpracticeandmedicalethics.Inthisconnection,itisveryimportantforahospitaltocorrectlyestablishageneralgoal我所在的无锡市第四人民医院是一所集医疗、教学、科研、预防、保健为一体的卫生部首批三级综合性医院,是无锡市肿瘤医院和苏州大学附属第四医院;也是苏州大学生命科学学院临床肿瘤和分子生物研究所、无锡市肿瘤防治研究所所在地;无锡市心胸外科治疗中心和无锡市麻醉科质量控制中心均设在我院。医院技术力量雄厚,专科特色明显。以肿瘤诊断治疗为重点,其他学科协调发展。医院开放床位1050张,肿瘤床位占总开放床位的50%以上.医护员工1250名,其中医师430名,护士458名;拥有高级职称138名,其中主任医师、教授34名,副主任医师、副教授94名.年门、急诊量60万人次,出院病人2.8万人次。Myemployer,WuxiFourthPeople’sHospital(WFPH),isoneofthefirstlotofgrade3comprehensivehospitalscertifiedbyMinistryofHealthofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichintegrateshealthservice,training,research,illnesspreventionandhealthcare.ItsimultaneouslyservesasWuxiCancerHospitalandFourthHospitalAttachedtoSuzhouUniversity.Meanwhile,thishospitalalsohousesClinicalCancer&MolecularBiologyResearchInstituteattachedtoSuzhouUniversityLifeScienceSchool,WuxiCancerPreventionandTreatmentResearchInstitute,WuxiCardiothoracicSurgeryTreatmentCenterandWuxiAnesthesiaQualityControlCenter.Powerfulintechnologyandcharacteristicofspecialfaculty,thishospitalfocusesoncancerdiagnosisandtreatmentwithotherfacultiesdevelopedinbalance.Thereare1050beds,ofwhichthoseusedforcancerfacultyaccountforover50%。Thehospitalisstaffedwith1250employees,430beingphysiciansand458beingnurses;138employeesareofseniortechnician,34ofthembeingchiefphysiciansorprofessorsand94being经过三十年的建设,我院已成为一所区域性的肿瘤诊治中心。进一步提高肿瘤诊治水平,完善综合医学救治能力,满足广大病员日益增长的诊治需求,在挽救病人生命与改善病人生活质量方面作出不懈地努力,成为名副其实的苏南地区具有影响力的肿瘤中心,是我们大家共同的愿景和重要的任务。After30years’efforts,thishospitalhascometobeacancerdiagnosisandtreatmentcenterinthisregionandwehopethatwecanbeworthyofthefamouscancercenterinSouthJiangsubyfurtherimprovingcancerdiagnosisandtreatment,perfectingcomprehensivemedicaltreatment,satisfyingpatients’increasingdemandfordiagnosisandtreatmentandsparingnoeffortstosavepatients'lifeandimprovetheirlivingquality。作为一家大型国有公立医院,如何适应医疗体制未变,但运行机制却发生改变的形势,全面完成医管中心下达的目标任务;如何面对社会对医疗服务过高需求与员工自身素质参差不齐的考验;如何在市场经济的大潮中,面对医疗市场开放后外资医院的竞相涌入,面对国内民营医院的蓬勃发展,面对公立医院之间的激烈竞争,保持旺盛的生命力等等。挑战是全方位的,压力也是前所未有的。但挑战总是与机遇并存.作为医院管理者,不仅要自己明确医院发展方向,更要让员工明确奋斗目标与前进航向,寻求一种职工共同参与、自我管理的方式,同舟共济,则是所有医院管理者所期盼的。Howcanwe,asalarge—sizedstate—ownedpublichospital,adapttothenewsituationwherethemedicalsystemisunchangedbutthebusinessoperationischangedtocompletetasksassignedbyHMC?Howcanweapproachthechallengeswhenpeoplehaveanover-demandformedicalservicesbuttheemployeesareirregularinquality?Howcanwemaintainexuberantvitalitywhenforeign-fundedhospitalsfloodedinafterthemedicalmarketwasopened,vigorousdevelopmentofprivatehospitalsathomeandacutecompetitionbetweenpublichospitalsinthemarketeconomy?Althoughthereareall-aroundandunprecedentedchallenges,theyareaccompaniedbyopportunities。Ahospitalmanagershallnotonlyspecifythehospital’sdirection,butalsoleadthestafftospecifytheirown.Ofcourse,allmanagerslookforwardtohavingamethodbywhichthestaffareinvolvedtogetherandmakeselfmanagementsothateveryonehasaclearmindthattheyareinthesameboat.3、绩效管理文献回顾:Reviewoftheliteratureonperformancemanagement:绩效考核是医院管理的一个重要手段和方法,是对管理目标实现和评价的客观、公正的体现.目标管理于20世纪50年代中期出现,是以泰罗的科学管理和行为科学理论为基础形成的一套管理制度,可以调动人们亲自参加工作目标制定的积极性。持续改进与提高管理水平需要制订科学合理、注重实绩的考评体系,才能进行全面、客观、公正、公平的评价,这是落实管理的基点.Asanimportantwaytomanagehospitals,performanceassessmentcanimpartiallyandobjectivelyembodyrealizationofmanagementbyobjectives。Borninmid—1950s,managementbyobjectivesisasetofmanagementsystemsformedonthebasisofthereasonablemanagementandbehaviorsciencetheoryfoundedbyFrederickWinslowTaylor,whichisexpectedtoarousepeople’senthusiasmtoinvolvepersonallyinmakingtheobjective.Inordertocontinuouslyrenovateandimprovemanagement,itisnecessarytoestablishareasonableassessmentsystemwhichfocusesonactualperformance.Onlyinthiswaycanappraisalbemadefully,equally,objectivelyandimpartially.Thisisthebasepointtorealizesuchmanagement.绩效管理已在发达国家,特别是国际成功企业中被广泛采用,美国及欧洲一些国家的医院,在各个层次都成功实施了绩效管理。医院在某些方面类似于企业,医院管理、经营的许多理念,方式均始于企业或由企业演化而来。不同的是企业讲利润最大化,追求的是经济效益;而医院首先讲救死扶伤,并只能在追求社会效益的前提下,讲成本核算.医院在进行绩效评估与绩效管理时,应采取扬弃的态度,充分借鉴企业的做法与经验,并注重结合本行业的实际,实事求是地进行绩效评估与绩效管理。如何将更科学的考核体系和良性竞争的动态机制融入到医院评价比较之中,科室单元内部又如何以科学公正的绩效指标评价每位人才的价值和贡献,目前缺少一套成熟而又实用的评价体系,这是目前各医院管理者迫切需要研究与探讨的重要课题。Performancemanagementhasbeenwidelyusedindevelopedcountries,particularlyinthoseworldfamousenterprises.HospitalsinUSAandsomeEuropeancountriesalsohavesuccessfullyconductedperformancemanagementonvariouslevels。Insomeaspects,ahospitalismuchsimilartoanenterpriseandmanyideasandmethodsinhospitalmanagementoriginateorareevolvedfromenterprise。Differently,enterprisesseekformaximalprofitsandeconomicbenefits;hospitals,however,basicallyservetohealthewoundedandrescuethedyingandtakeintoaccountcostaccountingonlyunderthepremiseseekingforsocialresults。Ahospitalshallhandleperformanceappraisalandmanagementbyapplyingtheapplicablepracticeofanenterprisetoitsownlineaccordingtothefact。Rightnowitstillcriesoutforamatureandpracticableassessmentsystemtoapproachhowtorollamorereasonableassessmentsystemandadynamicmechanismwithvirtuouscompetitionintohospitalappraisalandcomparisonandhowtoassesseachtalent’sperformancewithhelpofreasonableandimpartialperformanceindexindifferentunitsofadepartment.Thisisthesubjectcallingforanimmediatesolutionofferedbyhospitalmanagers。有关卫生组织绩效测量的研究正在开展,绩效测量标准的研究是鉴于卫生保健机构没有一个标准的绩效测量系统,美国俄亥俄州大学的一项研究(1)在回顾有关医疗组织绩效文献的基础上,提出了卫生保健机构绩效测量的总体框架。该框架中的绩效测量包括内部与外部评价两个方面,每个方面都有成本/财务绩效及质量绩效两个评价维度;绩效测量系统的研究,任何单独的财务方面或经营方面的测量系统都不能使管理者在复杂竞争的市场环境中成功地对绩效进行管理。因此,人们逐渐开始采用多重指标来衡量绩效,其中有些是“硬指标",包括各种经济和非经济尺度;有些是“软指标”,包括质量、员工态度及其类似的标准。现有文献表明对绩效测量系统的研究热点除系统开发及系统所提供信息的利用以外,还有关于绩效测量系统对组织作用及影响的研究和绩效管理模式的研究。在英国,新的绩效管理模式往往包括非财务措施,它代表了一种以战略为导向的绩效管理趋势。在法国公司,在“TableaudeBord”绩效管理模式里,将战略分解为财务与非财务指标,作为流行的一种作法(2)。美国最近的一项有关社区医院的研究已涉及到开发一个战略操作管理模式(3),该模式将远期设备和服务选择,中层决策支持以及考虑了结构约束后的社区医院绩效联系起来。该研究在使人们对战略操作管理决策有了更进一步理解的同时,确定了在操作决策过程中的一些因果关系及在医院绩效方面的作用。该研究还找出了在变化着的医疗服务环境中有助于提高社区医院绩效的关键战略决策。其中,“平衡计分卡"作为绩效管理的一种最新、最有效的管理模式,吸引了众多的学者和管理实践者。Studyonmeasuringperformanceofahealthcareorganizationisstillonthewayandstudyonperformancemeasuringcriterionismadeinaviewthatthereisnostandardsystemtomeasureperformanceadoptedbyahealthcareorganization.Reviewoftheliteratureonperformanceinamedicalbodyindicatesthatastudy(1)madeinUniversityofOhiohasadvancedageneralframeworktomeasureperformanceofahealthservicebody。Theperformancemeasurementinthisframeworkconsistsofinternalevaluationandexternalevaluation,eachhavingtwoevaluationdimensions,namelyperformanceincost/financeandthatinquality;accordingtothestudyonperformancemeasuringsystem,anysinglemeasuringsysteminneitherfinancenoroperationcanenablemanagerstosuccessfullycontrolperformanceinacomplicatedmarketfallingintheacutecompetition.Therefore,multi-indexstartsservicegraduallytomeasureperformance:someare“hardindex",includingvariouskindsoffinancialandnon—financialmeasuresandsomeare“softindex”,includingquality,attitudeandthesimilarcriteria.Theexistingliteratureshowsthat,besidesapplicationofinformationdevelopedorprovidedbythesystem,theheatedstudyonperformancemeasuringsystemincludesstudyofactionandeffectofperformancemeasuringsystemonanorganizationandstudyonperformancemanagementmode。InBritain,thenewperformancemanagementmodealwaysincludesnon-financialmeasures,whichrepresentsatrendofperformancemanagementorientedbystrategy。Underthe“TableaudeBord”performancemanagementmodeinFrenchcompanies,strategyisdividedintofinancialindexandnon-financialindex,whichactsasapopularpractice(2)。AstudyoncommunityhospitalconductedinUSAisrelatedtodevelopmentofastrategicoperation&managementmode(3),whichgetsconnectedlong-termequipmentandservicechoice,middle—leveldecisionsupportandcommunityhospitalperformancewhichhastakenstructuralconfinementintoconsideration.Whilehelpingfurtherunderstanddecisionoverstrategicoperationmanagement,theabovementionedstudydeterminessomecause-effectrelationsandtheiractiononhospitalperformanceinthecourseofdecisiononoperation.Furthermore,thisstudyalsofindsoutakeystrategicdecisionhelpingimproveperformanceofcommunityhospitalinthechangingenvironmentofmedicalservice.Amongthem,the“balancescorecard”isthelatestandmosteffectivemodeforperformance对于医院绩效评价研究,国外医院绩效评价研究也包括三个层面。一个是以医院为对象进行绩效评价:一个是对中层管理人员进行工作能力评价;最后就是员工的绩效评价。RobinS、Turpin利用PAJ模式对医院绩效指标设置合理性进行了评估(4);全面质量管理(TQM)则对医院绩效改进进行了研究(5)。另有一些对中层管理人员工作和能力评价的研究,并尝试开发了综合性的能力与工作评价工具(6),而员工评价目前比较盛行的是同级评价(7).但从整体看,对个人的评价多为针对医师类的,较为单一,对医院内多种成员组成的现状考虑不足。Studyonhospitalperformanceappraisalabroadalsoconsistsofthreelevels:oneisperformanceappraisalonhospitalasawhole,oneisabilityappraisalonmiddle-levelmanagers,andtheotherisperformanceappraisalonemployees。RobinS。TurpinhasemployedthePAJmodetoappraisereasonabilityofhospitalperformanceindex(4)andTotalQualityManagement(TQM)tostudyimprovementofhospitalperformance(5)。Meanwhile,hehasalsostudiedperformanceandabilityofmiddle—levelmanagersanddevelopedanoveralltooltoappraiseabilityandperformance(6)。Foremployeeappraisal,however,peerappraisalisratherpopularatthepresent(7)。Onawholebasis,appraisalonindividualsismostlyadoptedbytargetingphysicians,which,however,takesintoinadequateconsiderationahospital’scompositionofmembersinvariety。而在我国,经济领域基本上完成了由计划经济向市场经济的转化,但社会事业领域改革相对滞后,现有的医疗卫生体制是在计划经济理论下建立的.作为一种科学的管理体系,绩效管理正在受到国内各级医院管理者的重视,大多也是从医院、科室及科室管理者、员工个人三个层面来进行探讨。根据中文科技期刊数据库检索,自1989年-2008年2月,涉及医院绩效的相关文章共有567篇,有关“绩效考核”的文章共有129篇,符合“绩效管理"检索主题词要求的文章有122篇,而建立绩效考核评价体系的文章仅26篇。早在1993年西安第四军医大学胡琳、于爽等制订了“医院综合效益评价体系”,指标按投入、产出分成两大类,包括人员、设备、物资、经费、社会效益和经济效益6个方面(8);1994年浙江省舟山市卫生局庄汉国(9)对综合性医院的社会、经济效益指标体系的设置及评价方法等问题作了探讨,筛选出基本指标25项,作为评价指标体系。近年来随着管理理论的深化和管理模式的探索,2001年,解放军空军总医院陈明敏等提出了粗放型的医疗质量评价管理模式,主要指标为床日门诊指数、床位利用指数、CD型率(总病例中复杂疑难危重病例所占比例)、人均医疗费、病员满意度等(10);2001年,上海第二军医大学高岱峰、张鹭鹭等采用加权百分位次累加法建立评价模型,构建了“医院综合竞争力评价体系”,指标体系分竞争力资产、竞争力过程、竞争力环境3个方面;2002年,复旦大学胡善联、李国红等利用现场调查法和专家咨询法,从业务水平、经营状况和病人满意度方面选出32个指标,建立医院绩效评价指标体系,并提出星级医院评审的思想(11)。2005年《医院管理评估指南》中将社会效益、工作效率、经济运行状况三个方面作为医院绩效评价的主要内容(12).众多文章都是从不同的角度对医院绩效进行评价,建立医院绩效评价指标体系时均有自己的侧重点,而且在实际工作中也的确起到了促进医院持续稳定发展、提高医院核心竞争力的作用.医院绩效评价体系是一个复杂的评价系统,目前国内采用的指标大多从业务、财务等方面分类考核,而专家咨询法是筛选指标的方法.尽管企业领域绩效管理的方法已发展得比较成熟,但在国内医疗卫生领域中比较通用和权威的绩效考核指标还有待更深入的探索。而对于科室与个人的考核也有多篇研究报告。国内医院在临床科主任的绩效评价方面也有部分尝试,国内较具有代表性的有以下几种评价方法:将平衡记分卡应用于绩效评价;使用360度绩效考核法考核临床科主任;应用关键绩效指标(KPI)的考核指标体系;运用目标管理的方法建立绩效评估体系.InChina,transitionhasbeencompletedfromplanningeconomytomarketeconomy,butreformonsocialinstitutionsisstillrelativelylaggingbehind,wherethecurrenthealthcaresystemwasbornundertheplanningeconomy。Asareasonablesystem,performancemanagementishavingmuchattentionfromhospitalmanagersondifferentlevelsinChina,whichismostlydiscussedinthreelayers,i。e.hospital,facultyanditsmanagers,andindividualemployees。MysearchingthedatabaseoftechnologicalperiodicalswritteninChineseindicatesthatthereare567papersonhospitalperformancepublishedfrom1989toFebruary2008,129relatingto“performanceassessment",122satisfyingthekeywordofsearchforhospitalperformanceandonly26papersonestablishmentofperformanceassessmentandappraisalsystem。Asearlyas1993,HuLin,YuShuangandetc.withFourthMilitaryMedicalUniversitybasedinXi’anbuilta“hospitalcomprehensivebenefitappraisalsystem”,whoseindexisdividedintotwogroupsasperinputandoutput,including6aspects:personnel,equipment,supplies,funds,socialbenefitsandeconomicbenefits(8);in1994,ZhuangHanguo(9)withBureauofHealthofZhoushanCity,ZhejiangProvinceprobedintohospital’sestablishmentofasocialandeconomicbenefitindexsystemanditsappraisalapproachandselected25basicindicesasanappraisalindexsystem.Withthetheoryofmanagementdeepenedandmanagementmodeexploredrecently,ChenMingminandetc.withtheGeneralHospitalofAirForceputforwardamedicalqualityappraisalmanagementmodeinanextensiveformin2001,whosemajorindexisofbed·dayoutpatientindex,bedutilizationindex,TypesC&Dratio(theratioofTypesCandDcasestothetotalcases),personalaveragemedicalexpense,patients’satisfactiondegree(10);in2001,GaoDaifeng,ZhangLuluandetc。establisheda“hospitalcomprehensivecompetitivenessappraisalsystem"bymeansofweighthundredth-placeadditioninaccumulationandtheindexsystemconsistsofcompetitivenessassets,competitivenessprocessandcompetitivenessenvironment;in2002,HuShanlian,LiGuohong,etc.withFudanUniversityestablishedahospitalperformanceappraisalindexsystemandadvancedanideatoappraisestar—levelhospitalafterselecting32indicesfrombusinesslevel,operationstatusandpatients’satisfactionwithhelpofthesiteinvestigationmethodandexpertconsultationmethod(11).In2005,socialbenefit,workefficiencyandeconomicoperationstatuswereregardedasthemaincontenttoappraisehospitalperformanceinGuideforHospitalManagementAppraisal(12).Alargenumberofarticlesaimtoappraisehospitalperformanceindifferentanglesandemphasizestheirpointswhenmentioningestablishmentofahospitalperformanceappraisalindexsystemand,inpractice,theyhavereallyenhancedhospitals'continuousandsteadydevelopmentandimprovedtheircorecompetitiveness.Actually,thehospitalperformanceappraisalsystemisrathercomplicatedandtheindicesadoptedinChinamostlytakesingleappraisalinbusinessorfinance,etc.。Theexpertconsultationmethod,however,isoneusedtoselectindicesonly。Althoughperformancemanagementforenterpriseshasgrownrathermature,theperformanceassessmentindexpopularandcommandinginChinesehealthcircleisstilltobeexplored.Thereareafewstudyreportsonassessmentoffacultyandindividuals.SomeattemptshavebeenmadeinappraisingperformanceofclinicaldepartmentdirectorsinsomeChinesehospitalsandtherepresentativeappraisalapproachesareapplicationofbalancescorecardtoperformanceappraisal,applicationof360-degreeperformanceassessmentmethodtoassessthedirectorofclinicaldepartment,applicationoftheassessmentindexsystemoutofKeyPerformanceIndex(KPI),andapplicationofthemethodofmanagementbyobjectivestoestablishaperformanceappraisalsystem。目前公立医院仍然被国家列为事业单位,大部分医院的绩效考核还在沿用行政机关、事业单位工作人员年度考核制度,医院里不论什么专业、什么层次的人员,都在使用统一的考核标准,所考核的德、能、勤、绩内容也很笼统,难以反映不同岗位不同人员的业绩贡献。这样的考核必然会流于形式,考核结果与员工的实际使用难以挂钩,不利于调动员工的积极性.刘灿均等(13)谈到,从形式上看,医院通常采用年度考核和聘期考核两种方法。用这类考核结果作为对员工一年来的工作评价,并以此作为年终奖金或来年工资发放、聘任、晋升等方面的依据。这种考核形式是根据我国医院所有制性质决定的,由于我国公立医院都属于具有行政级别、受行政管理的事业单位,而年终考核则是上级行政部门要求必须完成的一项行政工作,因此公立医院都实施这种绩效评价方式(14)。在科室综合目标责任制中,除了按要求完成医疗任务,以取得最佳经济效益外,没有什么特殊的工作需要完成,而且这种医疗任务一般不设最低要求,也很难设置最低要求。而在年度考核中,由于没有具体的考核指标,员工只要在保证不违反特定的规定,就可以达到相关的合格标准,这样就容易产生趋中趋势,因此要引入竞争的概念(15),《对综合性医院临床业务科主任绩效考核工作的思考》(16)及《建立医院管理干部绩效考核体系的实践与思考》(17)中指出,以医院管理价值观为引导,对个人管理能力、经营能力、综合协调能力及其他管理素质的提升进行有效激励。通过建立临床业务科主任绩效考评体系从而实现使临床业务科主任岗位设置能更好地符合现代医院规范化科学管理的要求;医院战略目标分解到各临床业务科室,明确临床业务科主任岗位职责;使每位科主任更高效地行使管理职能,完成医疗管理、教学管理、科研管理、经济管理、人才管理的目标任务;对每位科主任任期内的关键绩指标进行有效的量化,从而提高绩效;充分发挥每位科主任的潜能,期为提高绩效和达成目标而积极主动工作;吸引留住科主任群体中的优秀人才,为医院长远发展奠定坚实的人力资源基础。吕东环(18)则用认为系统的方法、原理,评定、测量工作人员在职务上的工作行为和工作效果,检查和评定工作人员对职位所规定的职责的履行程度。绩效考核的目的是改善工作人员的工作表现,通过对工作人员全面综合的评估,判断他们是否称职,并以此作为医院人力资源管理的基本依据,以达到医院的经营管理目标,并提高工作人员的满意程度和未来的成就感.郑西川等(19)用三维框架依基础指标、业务工作指标和科研教学指标,建立了临床医师自然信息、人员素质、工作效率、工作质量、经济效益、论文论著、新技术及业务考核等7个方面的指标内容,共筛选出56个具体指标.主要是三方面功能:一是鉴定科室的医师绩效,定量区分其绩效水平。选拔出优秀的科室人才;二是利用实际绩效的评价对被评价对象的行为加以控制,引导其向目标靠近;三是管理部门能及时动态地掌握情况,既可以清楚地看到本单位人才整体优势与特色,又可以看到问题与劣势,并找出产生问题的原因,及时加以解决,为决策提供科学的依据(20)。医生绩效考核模型的建立及应用(21)、通过考评体系提高医务人员能力(22)、考核指标及评分标准的确定(23)以及从多角度获取员工行为观察方法(24)等有关文献也进行了大量研究.Now,publichospitalsstillserveaspublicinstitutionsinChinaandperformanceassessmentinmosthospitalsstillborrowtheemployeeassessmentsystempracticedannuallyinadministrativebodiesandpublicinstitutions。Allemployees,despiteinwhatfacultyoronwhatlevel,havethesameassessmentstandardandthecontentof“Ethics,Ability,AttendanceandPerformance"thereintobeappraiseisverygeneral,whichisdifficulttoreflecttheperformanceofdifferentemployees.Theassessmentisboundtobeformalisticandtheresultofthesaidassessmentisdifficulttobeconnectedwithactualuseofemployeesandimpossibletoarousetheirenthusiasm。AccordingtoLiuCanjunandetc.(13),annualassessmentandtermassessmentareusuallyadoptedbyhospitalsintheviewoftheirform,whoseresultservesastheevaluationonanemployee’sperformanceinayearandthebasisforannualbonusorpay,appointmentorpromotion,etc.inthefollowingyear.ThiskindofassessmentisdeterminedaccordingtothepropertiesofhospitalownershipinChina.AsallofChinesepublichospitalsareregardedaspublicinstitutiononacertainadministrativelevelandundertheadministrativemanagementandannualassessmentisanadministrativejobtobefinishedasamustrequiredbytheupperadministrativedepartment,allofthepublichospitalsadoptthisperformanceappraisalmethod(14)。Intheoverallobjectiveresponsibilitysystem,thereisnoparticularworknecessarilytobefinishedotherthanmedicaltasksdoneasrequiredtoobtainthebesteconomicbenefits.Andthereisnominimumrequirementsetforsuchmedicaltasks。Ofcourse,itisdifficulttosetaminimumrequirement.Intheannualassessment,however,whichhasnospecificassessmentindex,onlywhenemployeesdonotviolatetherelevantregulationcantheymeetthecorrespondingstandarduptoeligibility,whichislikelytocauseamedium—biasedtrend.Forthisreason,itisnecessarytobringincompetition(15).AsmentionedinReflectionofPerformanceAssessmentonDirectorofClinicalFacultyinaComprehensiveHospital(16)andPractice&ReflectiononEstablishmentofPerformanceAssessmentonHospitalManagers(17),motivationismadeforpromotingpersonalmanagementability,operatingability,overallcoordinatingabilityandotherqualitiesinmanagement,guidedbythehospitalmanagementvalue.Aperformanceassessmentsystemfordirectorofclinicalfacultyisestablishedtoensurethatthepostasdirectorofclinicalfacultyenablesamodernhospitaltomeettherequirementsonstandardizedreasonablemanagement;thestrategicobjectivesofahospitalaredistributedtoeachclinicalbusinessofficesoastospecifytheon—jobresponsibilitiesofclinicaldepartmentdirector;thedirectorofeachdepartmentismadetomoreefficientlyexercisehis/hermanagementfunctionsandaccomplishthetasksofmedical,training,research,financialandtalentsmanagement;thekeyindexonperformanceofdirectorofeachfacultyiseffectivelyquantifiableduringhis/herofficetermsoastoimprovehis/herperformance;thepotentialsofeachfacultydirectorcanbegivenfullplayinthehopethattheyworkhardtoimprovetheirperformanceandmeettheirobjective;excellenttalentsamongthegroupoffacultydirectorsareattractedsoastolayasolidfoundationofhumanresourcesforthehospital’slong—termdevelopment。LuDonghuan(18),however,employedasystematicapproachandprincipletoassessandmeasuretheworkbehaviorandoutcomeofemployeesontheirpost,checkandappraiseemployees’fulfillmentoftheirdutiesasstipulatedbytheirpost。Performanceassessmentisdesignedtoimprovetheperformanceofemployees,seewhethertheyarecompetentbymakingoverallappraisalonemployees,andmakeitselfafundamentalbasisofhumanresourcesmanagementforahospitalsoastoreachitsbusinessobjectivesaswellasimproveemployees'satisfactionandsenseofsuccessinthefuture.ZhengXichuanandetc。(19)haveestablishedindexcontainingnaturalinformationofclinicalphysiciansandtheirpersonalquality,efficiency,workquality,economicbenefit,thesis&treatise,newtechnologyandbusinessassessmentbymeansof3—dimensionedframeworkaccordingtobasicindex,businessindex,researchandtrainingindex.Theyselected56itemsspecificindexintotalcoveringthreekindsoffunction:oneistoappraiseperformanceofphysiciansinafaculty,quantitativelyspecifytheirperformanceandselectexcellenttalentsforthisfaculty;oneistoappraisebehavioroftheappraisalsubjectiscontrolledbymeansofappraisalontheactualperformancesoastoleadhim/hertoapproachthesetobjective;theotheristhatthemanagementdepartmentcantimelyanddynamicallycommandthecurrentsituation,notonlyseeclearlythesuperiorityandspecialtyoftalentsinthisorganizationasawhole,butalsofindouttheexistingproblemsanddi
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