生物心理学 PPT课件版 Chapter 11：Emotions,Aggression,and Stress

Chapter

11：Emotions, Aggression,andStress

Biological

PsychologyInstructor:

xiaohong

PanSchool

of

Psychology

and

Cognitive

xhpan@“Nostoryaboutourbehavioriscompletewithoutconsiderationofthemanyeventsinasingledaythatinvolvefeelings”“Thepsychobiologicalstudyofemotionshasprogressedinseveraldirections,suchasbodilyresponsesduringemotionalstates—facialexpression,visceralresponse;brainmechanismsrelatedtoemotionalstates”Contents:EmotionAggressionStressSummaryEmotionWhatAreEmotions?Emotionsisdifficulttodefineandhardtostudy.includesawiderangeofobservablebehaviors,expressedfeelings,andchangeinbodystate.areverypersonalstatesManyaspectsofitseemunconscious

Emotion

WhatAreEmotions?Emotionsisdifficulttodefineandhardtostudy.EmotionsHaveFourDifferentAspectsFeelings

privateandsubjectiveEmotion

WhatAreEmotions?Emotionsisdifficulttodefineandhardtostudy.EmotionsHaveFourDifferentAspectsFeelingsActions

defending/attacking—Threat

Facialexpression—communicatesinformationtoothers—

thefunctionalrolesofemotions

DarwinEmotion

WhatAreEmotions?Emotionsisdifficulttodefineandhardtostudy.EmotionsHaveFourDifferentAspectsFeelingsActionsPhysiologicalarousalSomaticandautonomicresponsesDefinedbyparticularconstellationsofbodilyresponsesAllowsustoexamineemotioninnonhumananimalsaswellasinhumanbeingsEmotionWhatAreEmotions?Emotionsisdifficulttodefineandhardtostudy.EmotionsHaveFourDifferentAspectsFeelingsActionsPhysiologicalarousalMotivationalprogramsSuperordinatemotivationalprograms

that

coordinate

responses

to

solve

specific

adaptive

problemsGeneratedbydistinctbrainsystemsEmotionWhatAreEmotions?Emotionsisdifficulttodefineandhardtostudy.EmotionsHaveFourDifferentAspectsPsychologistsHaveDefinedDifferentCategoriesofEmotionIsthereabasiccoresetofemotions?

Fromabiologicalperspective,possibility

“distinctlyseparatedbrainsystemsarerelatedtodifferentpartsofthecoreset”

Plutchik(1994)suggeststhatthereareeightbasicemotions,groupedinfourpairsofoppositesJoy/SadnessAnger/fearaffection/disgustexpectation/surpriseBasicEmotions厌倦烦恼警戒忧郁忧惧分心关心悲痛悲痛倾慕狂喜警惕EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFolkpsychology–saysautonomicresponsesarecausedbyemotions.E.g.

“I

was

so

angry

my

stomach

was

churning”FolkpsychologytheoryStimulus(Bang!)PerceptionInterpretation(Danger!)Specificpatternofautonomicarousal(heartraces,etc.)Particularemotionexperienced(fear)EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFolkpsychology–—saysautonomicresponsesarecausedbyemotions.James–Langetheory–—suggeststheemotionswefeelarecausedbybodilychanges.Emotionsdifferduetodifferentphysiologicalresponses.James-LangetheoryStimulus(Bang!)PerceptionInterpretation(Danger!)Specificpatternofautonomicarousal(heartraces,etc.)Particularemotionexperienced(fear)EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFolkpsychology–—saysautonomicresponsesarecausedbyemotions.James–Langetheory–—suggeststheemotionswefeelarecausedbybodilychanges.Emotionsdifferduetodifferentphysiologicalresponses.TheCannon-BardTheoryEmphasizesCentralProcessesCannon-BardTheoryStimulus(Bang!)PerceptionInterpretation(Danger!)Generalautonomicarousal(heartraces,etc.)Particularemotionexperienced(fear)Simultaneousbodilyresponseandemotionalexperience.EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFolkpsychology–—saysautonomicresponsesarecausedbyemotions.James–Langetheory–—suggeststheemotionswefeelarecausedbybodilychanges.Emotionsdifferduetodifferentphysiologicalresponses.TheCannon-BardTheoryEmphasizesCentralProcessesStanleySchachterProposedaCognitiveInterpretationofStimuliandVisceralStatesStanleySchachter’sTheoryStimulus(Bang!)PerceptionInterpretationGeneralautonomicarousal(heartraces,etc.)Particularemotionexperienced(fear)Emotionexperiencedwillaffectfutureinterpretationsofstimuliandcontinuingautonomicarousal.Stimulus(Loud)Context(Danger)AutonomicresponsescontributetotheintensityofemotionalexperienceFeedbackEmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesFacialExpressionsHaveComplexFunctionsinCommunicationFacialExpressionsHaveComplexFunctionsinCommunication“TheExpressionoftheEmotionsinmanandAnimals”—facialexpressionsasinformationcommunicatedtootheranimalsPaulEkman—bothstaticfeaturesandrapidlychangingfeaturesofthefaceprovideinformation.Thereareeightuniversalfacialexpressionsofemotion,whichareinterpretedsimilarlyacrossmanycultureswithoutexplicittrainingUniversalFacialExpressionsofEmotionFacialExpressionsHaveComplexFunctionsinCommunication“TheExpressionoftheEmotionsinmanandAnimals”—facialexpressionsasinformationcommunicatedtootheranimalsPaulEkman—bothstaticfeaturesandrapidlychangingfeaturesofthefaceprovideinformation.Cross-culturalsimilarityisalsonotedintheproductionofexpressionspecifictoparticularemotions.Cross-culturalsimilarityisalsonotedintheproductionofexpressionspecifictoparticularemotions.Significantdifferencesacrossculturesintherecognitionofsomeemotionsstatesfromfacialexpressions——

Culturaldifferencesmayemergeinculture-specificdisplayrules,whichstipulatesocialcontextsforfacialexpression.Culturaldifferencesinrecognizingfacialexpressionsofemotion

the

white

horizontal

bars

indicate

the

percentage

agreement

that

would

be

expected

by

chance

alongCross-culturalsimilarityisalsonotedintheproductionofexpressionspecifictoparticularemotions.SignificantdifferencesacrossculturesintherecognitionofsomeemotionsstatesfromfacialexpressionsCulturesthatprescriberulesforfacialexpressionandcontrolandenforcethoserulesbyculturalconditioningmightmasktheuniversalpropertyoffacialexpressions.AmodelforemotionalfacialexpressionsacrosscultureCross-culturalsimilarityisalsonotedintheproductionofexpressionspecifictoparticularemotions.SignificantdifferencesacrossculturesintherecognitionofsomeemotionsstatesfromfacialexpressionsCulturesthatprescriberulesforfacialexpressionandcontrolandenforcethoserulesbyculturalconditioningmightmasktheuniversalpropertyoffacialexpressions.Amajorroleoffacialexpressionisparalinguistic.Thefaceisaccessorytoverbalcommunication,perhapsprovidingemphasisanddirectioninconversation.EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesFacialExpressionsHaveComplexFunctionsinCommunicationFacialExpressionsAreMediatedbyMuscles,CranialNerves,andCNSPathwaysFacialExpressionsAreMediatedbyMuscles,CranialNerves,andCNSPathwaysFacialmusclescanbedividedintotwocategories:Superficialfacialmuscles:e.g.,sphincters

(括约肌)Deepfacialmuscles:e.g.masseter

(嚼肌)Superficialfacialmusclesandtheirneuralcontrol上唇提肌FacialExpressionsAreMediatedbyMuscles,CranialNerves,andCNSPathwaysFacialmusclescanbedividedintotwocategoriesHumanfacialmusclesareinnervatedbytwocranialnerves:Thefacialnerve(VII):innervatesthesuperficialmusclesoffacialexpressionThetrigeminalnerve(V):innervatesmusclesthatmovethejaw.Therightandleftsidesofthefacialnervearecompletelyindependent.Superficialfacialmusclesandtheirneuralcontrol脸颊的颧骨的颚的FacialExpressionsAreMediatedbyMuscles,CranialNerves,andCNSPathwaysFacialmusclescanbedividedintotwocategoriesHumanfacialmusclesareinnervatedbytwocranialnervesThe

cerebral

cortex

innervates

the

facial

nucleus

both

bilaterally

and

unilaterally:The

lower

2/3

of

the

face

receives

input

from

the

opposite

side

of

the

cortex;The

upper

1/3

receives

input

from

both

sides.FacialExpressionsAreMediatedbyMuscles,CranialNerves,andCNSPathwaysFacialmusclescanbedividedintotwocategoriesHumanfacialmusclesareinnervatedbytwocranialnervesThe

cerebral

cortex

innervates

the

facial

nucleus

both

bilaterally

and

unilaterallyThe

brain

control

of

voluntary

facial

movements

is

very

different

from

that

of

facial

movements

induced

by

emotion.The

brain

control

of

voluntary

facial

movements

is

very

different

from

that

of

facial

movements

induced

by

emotion.Voluntary

activation

of

the

facial-nerve

nucleus

is

achieved

through

the

corticospinal

systemEmotional

activation

of

the

face

is

presumed

to

involve

subcortical

systems.E.g.

sustained

unilateral

damage

to

the

motor

cortex

damage

in

basal

gangliaEmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponses

FacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesFacialExpressionsHaveComplexFunctionsinCommunicationFacialExpressionsAreMediatedbyMuscles,CranialNerves,andCNSPathwaysInSomeConditions,FacialMusculatureIsInhibitedSelectivelyInSomeConditions,FacialMusculatureIsInhibitedSelectivelyParkinson’s

diseaseSchizophrenia

Exhibit

few

outward

signs

of

emotion,

and

the

recordings

from

facial

muscles

reveal

very

smallThey

report

experiencing

as

much

emotion

as

nonpatients.The

social

interactions

of

the

patients

are

impaired

by

their

lack

of

normal

facial

responses.InSomeConditions,FacialMusculatureIsInhibitedSelectivelyParkinson’s

diseaseSchizophrenia

Bell’spalsyiscausedbyavirusandcancausepartialparalysis.InSomeConditions,FacialMusculatureIsInhibitedSelectivelyParkinson’s

diseaseSchizophrenia

Bell’spalsyiscausedbyavirusandcancausepartialparalysis.Impairmentoffacialexpressionsmaylimitsocialinteraction.EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesEmotionsfromtheComparative/EvolutionaryViewpointTheinvestigationsofCharlesDarwinThe

investigations

of

Charles

DarwinHypothesis:

the

emotions

and

their

mechanisms

originated

in

our

distant

ancestors.Reviewed

reports

of

apparent

expression

of

emotion

in

various

species

of

mammals;thesimilarityinfacialmusculatureandnervesinhumanandnonhumanprimates.(FromDarwin,1872)Redican(1982)describedprimateexpressionsrelativetohumans:Grimace,likefearorsurpriseinhumansPlayface,likethehumanlaughTensemouth,likeangerEmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesEmotionsfromtheComparative/EvolutionaryViewpointTheinvestigationsofCharlesDarwinHowMayEmotionandEmotionalDisplaysHaveEvolved?HowMayEmotionandEmotionalDisplaysHaveEvolved?Emotions

help

individuals

survive

and

reproduceDarwin

(1872)Evolutionary

psychology:

emotions

are

superordinate

motivational

programs

that

coordinate

various

responses

to

solve

specific

adaptive

problemsForaging

for

foodMaintaining

cooperative

relationsChoosing

a

mateAvoiding

predatorsAnd

so

forth…….EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesEmotionsfromtheComparative/EvolutionaryViewpointTheinvestigationsofCharlesDarwinHowMayEmotionandEmotionalDisplaysHaveEvolved?EmotionsfromtheDevelopmentalViewpointEmotionsfromtheDevelopmentalViewpointChildren

show

some

emotions

from

the

time

of

birth,

and

during

the

first

3

years

they

become

capable

of

showing

most

the

emotions

that

adults

display.Primary

or

basic

emotions

are

all

present

by

8

to

9

months

after

birthDistress

and

contentment/pleasure

(at

birth)

interest/

attention

joy,

smile,

excitement/happiness,

sad,

and

disgust

(3m)

anger

(4~6m)

surprise

(6m)

fearfulness

(7~8m)

EmotionsfromtheDevelopmentalViewpointChildren

show

some

emotions

from

the

time

of

birth,

and

during

the

first

3

years

they

become

capable

of

showing

most

the

emotions

that

adults

display.Primary

or

basic

emotions

are

all

present

by

8

to

9

months

after

birth18~24m,emergenceofself-consciousnessorself-awarenessEmbarrassment,empathy,andenvyEmotionsfromtheDevelopmentalViewpointChildren

show

some

emotions

from

the

time

of

birth,

and

during

the

first

3

years

they

become

capable

of

showing

most

the

emotions

that

adults

display.Primary

or

basic

emotions

are

all

present

by

8

to

9

months

after

birth18~24m,emergenceofself-consciousnessorself-awareness2~3years,becomecapableofevaluatingtheirbehavioragainstastandardPride,shame,guilt,andregretEmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesEmotionsfromtheComparative/EvolutionaryViewpointIndividualsDifferinTheirEmotionalResponsivenessIndividualsDifferinTheirEmotionalResponsivenessIndividual

response

stereotypyLongitudinal

studiesThere

are

individual

response

patternsThe

response

patterns

are

remarkably

consistent

throughout

lifeInfantswhoarehighreactivestostimuli–withexceptionallystrongreactions–maylaterhaveincreasedphobiasorfearresponses.Alcohol-soaked

cotton

swab:

20%

of

the

infants

were

termed

high

reactives

extremely

shy

(enough

old

to

school)EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesEmotionsfromtheComparative/EvolutionaryViewpointIndividualsDifferinTheirEmotionalResponsivenessAutonomicResponsesAreElicitedbyEmotion-ProvokingStimuliAutonomicResponsesAreElicitedbyEmotion-ProvokingStimuliPolygraph

(多种波动描记器)Lie

detectorCacioppo

(2000)

state

that

most

of

the

evidence

on

autonomic

differentiation

of

emotions

remains

inconclusive.Autonomic

differentiation

is

clearer

when

positive

emotions

are

contrasted

with

negative

emotions

rather

than

when

discrete

emotions

are

compared.EmotionWhatAreEmotions?BroadTheoriesofEmotionEmphasizeBodilyResponsesFacialExpressionsRevealEmotionalStatesEmotionsfromtheComparative/EvolutionaryViewpointIndividualsDifferinTheirEmotionalResponsivenessAutonomicResponsesAreElicitedbyEmotion-ProvokingStimuliDistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsDistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsDecorticate

rage(去皮层愤怒)Emotional

behaviors

of

this

type

are

organized

at

a

subcortical

responsesCerebral

cortex

helps

inhibit

emotional

responsivenessDistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsDecorticate

ragePapez’s

neural

circuitJames

W.

Papez

(1937)——visceralbrainLimbic

system

(Paul

MacLean,

1949)MedialregionsofthebraininvolvedinemotionsDistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsDecorticate

ragePapez’s

neural

circuitKlüver-Bucy

syndromeHeinrich

Klüver

and

Paul

Bucy

(1938)

described

as

unusual

syndrome

in

primates

following

temporal

lobe

surgery—extraordinary

taming

effectstrong

oral

tendencies,

ingesting

a

variety

of

objectsthis

syndrome

has

also

been

observed

in

humans

following

a

variety

of

disorders

that

damage

the

temporal

lobes.the

amygdala

lesions

led

to

a

decrease

in

the

usual

reluctance

of

adult

monkeys

to

engage

a

strange

monkey

in

social

behavior.DistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanProduceEmotionalEffectspositive

reinforcement

and

seeking

behaviorstimulation

of

the

septal

area(隔区)brain

self-stimulation—medial

forebrain

bundlethe

anatomical

arrangements

of

self-stimulation

sites

seem

similar

in

different

species.seeking

system—a

generalized

positive

appetitive

motivation

systemself-stimulationSelf-stimulationsitesintherodentbrain被盖黑质蓝斑DistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanproduceEmotionalEffectspositive

reinforcement

and

seeking

behavioremotional

effectselectrical

stimulation

of

the

brains

of

alert

animals

implanted

with

electrodes

has

provided

maps

of

the

distribution

of

emotional

responses—emphasized

limbic

system

sites

the

maps

show

that

very

discrete

components

of

behavioral,

autonomic,

and

hormonal

responses

are

represented

at

selected

sites

in

the

limbic

system

and

the

hypothalamic

regions.DistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanproduceEmotionalEffectsTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyEmotional

syndromesSyndrome

Clinical

symptomsLocation

of

associated

lesionIndifference

reactionUndue

cheerfulness

of

joking,

denial

of

illness,

loss

of

interest,

and

apathyRight

parietal

or

temporal

lobeMajor

depressionDepressed

mood,

daily

mood

variation,

loss

of

energy,

anxiety,

restlessness,

worry,

weight

loss,

decrease

appetite,

early

morning

awakening,

delayed

sleep

onset,

social

withdrawal,

and

irritabilityLeft

frontal

lobe;

left

basal

gangliaPathological

laughing

and

cryingFrequent,

usually

brief

laughing

and

/or

crying;

crying

that

is

not

caused

by

sadness,

or

that

is

out

of

proportion

to

it;

social

withdrawal

secondary

to

emotional

outburstsFrequently

bilateral

hemispheric

lesions;

can

occur

with

almost

any

lesion

locationMania

Elevated

mood,

increased

energy,

increased

appetite,

decreased

sleep,

feeling

of

well-being,

pressured

speech,

flight

of

ideas,

grandiose

thoughtsRight

basotemporal

or

right

orbitofrontal

regionTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyEmotional

syndromesleft

frontal

region—approach

deficit:

loss

of

interest

and

pleasure

in

other

people

and

the

difficulty

in

initiating

behavior,

and

associated

with

sadness

and

depressionright

anterior

region—withdrawal

activation:

fear

and

disgustdeficit:

reduce

withdrawal

behavior

and

related

negative

emotions.TheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyEmotional

syndromesProcessing

of

emotional

stimuliDichotic

listening

techniques（双听觉技术）:

left-ear

advantage

for

identifying

the

emotional

tone

of

the

voice

a

right-ear

advantage

for

understanding

the

meaning

of

the

brief

message.TheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyEmotional

syndromesProcessing

of

emotional

stimuliDichotic

listening

techniquesThe

presentation

of

different

stimuli

to

each

eye

has

also

revealed

hemispheric

differences—reaction

time

or

identification

(left

visual

field

result

in

faster

RT

and

more

accurate

identification)Split-brain

patient,

the

right

hemisphere

was

much

better

than

the

left

at

discriminating

emotional

facial

expressions.TheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyEmotional

syndromesProcessing

of

emotional

stimuliAsymmetry

of

emotional

facial

expressions

EmotionsandfacialasymmetryPhoto(a)isjudgedwithmoreemotionalreactiononfacialexpressionthan(b)or(c).TheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyEmotional

syndromesProcessing

of

emotional

stimuliAsymmetry

of

emotional

facial

expressions

Left-sidesphotosasmoreemotionalthantheright-sidesphotosRighthemisphereisdominantfortheperceptionoffacialexpressionofemotion,forbothposedandspontaneousfaces,forpleasantandunpleasantemotions,andforbothsexesandallages.DistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanroduceEmotionalEffectsTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyTheBrainCircuitsforEmotionsCanBeTracedTheBrainCircuitsforEmotionsCanBeTracedElectricalstimulationofbrainregionsElectricalrecordingStudyoftheeffectsoflocalizedlesionsNonivasiverecordingoflocalizedbrainactivityLocalizedneuropharmacologicalstimulationofbrainregionsAnalysisofneruochemicalresponses.DistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanroduceEmotionalEffectsTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyTheBrainCircuitsforEmotionsCanBeTracedFearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaFearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaThereisnothingsubtleaboutfear.Classical-conditioningresponseInoneclassical-conditioningproceduretostudyfear,atoneisassociatedwithamildelectricalshock,whichcausesincreasedbloodpressureand“freezing”FearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaThereisnothingsubtleaboutfear.AmygdalaasakeystructureinthemediationoffearLocatedattheanteriormedialportionofeachtemporallobeBecomposedofaboutadozendistinctnuclei,eachwithadistinctivesetofconnections.TheCircuitryforthemediationofconditionedFearresponseItisespeciallyimportantinlearningandmemory.Itisagroupofnucleiinthemedialanteriorpartofthetemporallobe.Considerableevidencesuggeststhattheamygdalaisimportantforboththeexperienceandtherecognitionofemotions,especiallyfear.Afear-inducingstimulusreachesthethalamusandisrelayedtothecortexandhippocampus.Allthreeregionsprojecttotheamygdala.Afear-inducingstimulusreachesthethalamusandisrelayedtothecortexandhippocampus.Allthreeregionsprojecttothelateralnucleusoftheamydala.Thecentralnucleustransmitsinformationtovariousbrainstemcenterstoevokeemotionalresponses.Lesionsofthecentralnucleuspreventbloodpressureincreasesandconstrainfreezingbehaviorinresponsetotheconditionedfearstimulus.Pathwaysthroughthelateralhypothalamusevokeautonomicresponses.Pathwaysthroughthecentralgray(periaqueductalgray,PAG)evokemotorbehaviorThestriaterminalisisthemainefferentpathwayfromtheamgdala.Someoftheseefferentprojecttothehypothalamusandmediatehormonalresponses.FearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaThereisnothingsubtleaboutfear.AmygdalaasakeystructureinthemediationoffearTheroleoftheamygdalainemotionsismoreelaboratethanmereinvolvementwithfear.Klüver-BucysyndromePlaysaroleinlearningtheemotionalsignificanceofexternalevents,especiallysocialactions.Patientsofamygdalalesion(surgery)FearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaThereisnothingsubtleaboutfear.AmygdalaasakeystructureinthemediationoffearTheroleoftheamygdalainemotionsismoreelaboratethanmereinvolvementwithfear.Klüver-BucysyndromePlaysaroleinlearningtheemotionalsignificanceofexternalevents,especiallysocialactions.EvidencedoffMRIstudiesDistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanroduceEmotionalEffectsTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyTheBrainCircuitsforEmotionsCanBeTracedFearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaNeuralCircuitryHasAlsoBeenStudiedforOtherEmotionsNeuralCircuitryHasAlsoBeenStudiedforOtherEmotionsRodentBrainRegionsInvolvedinSomeBasicEmotionsBasicemotionKeybrainareasSeeking/expectancyNucleusaccumbens-ventraltegmentalarea;mesolimbicmesocorticaloutputs;lateralhypothalamus-PAGFearCentralandlateralamygdalatomedialhypothalamusanddorsalPAGPanicAnteriorcingulate;bednucleusofstriaterminalis;dorsomedialthalamus;dorsalPAGHappiness/playDorsmedialthalamus;parafascicular

(束旁核)area;ventralPAGRodentBrainRegionsInvolvedinSomeBasicEmotions束旁核终纹基核Disgust,inhumans–activatestheinsulaandputamenLaughter–activatestheprefrontalcortexNeuralCircuitryHasAlsoBeenStudiedforOtherEmotionsDistinctBrainCircuitsMediateorControlEmotionsBrainLesionsAffectEmotionsElectricalStimulationoftheBrainCanroduceEmotionalEffectsTheTwoCerebralHemispheresProcessEmotionDifferentlyTheBrainCircuitsforEmotionsCanBeTracedFearIsMediatedbyCircuitryThatIncludestheAmygdalaNeuralCircuitryHasAlsoBeenStudiedforOtherEmotionsDifferentEmotionsActivateDifferentRegionsoftheHumanBrainDifferentEmotionsActivateDifferentRegionsoftheHumanBrainMethodologyEvokeemotion:pictures,sounds,recallandreexperienceepisodes(physiologicalmeasurestoratetheintensityoftheemotionalexperience)PETandfMRIrecordingshavebeenmade.Singleemotion/comparedmorethanone