自考英语写作

自考英语写作第1页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六名词解释题写作目的(writingpurpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thoughtprocess)演绎式组织模式(deductiveorganizationalpatterns)归纳式组织模式(inductiveorganizationalpatterns)直接组织模式(directorganizationalpatterns)间接组织模式(indirectorganizationalpatterns)写作修改的3个步骤(threedistinctstagesofrevision:addingon;movingaround;cuttingout)管理沟通(managerialcommunication)组织沟通(organizationalcommunication)人际关系与团队建设(humanrelationshipsandteambuilding)销售沟通(salescommunication)商务文件(businessdocumentation)国际交流（跨文化交际）(internationalcommunication/interculturalcommunication)表达式写作(expressivewriting)沟通式写作(communicativewriting)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(theplainstyle)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(coverlettersofrésumé)3类求职信函(threegeneraltypesofcoverlettersforjobapplications:theapplicationletter;theprospectingletter;networkingletter)后续询问信函(follow-upletter)致谢信函(thank-youletter)谢绝工作回复(jobrejectionletter)接受工作回复(jobacceptanceletter)辞职信函(resignationletter)第2页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六名词解释题告别信函(farewellletter)常见履历表格式(commonrésuméformats)：按年月顺序(chronologicalrésuméformat)按任职顺序(functionalrésuméformat)复合式(combinationrésuméformat)简短文件(shortdocument)信息咨询函(messagetoobtaininformation)谈判便函(messagesthatnegotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasivemessages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(formatofabusinessmemo)商务备忘录功能(functionofabusinessmemo)信函结构(structureofaletter)信件和信封格式(stylesofletterandenvelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatimminutes)决议记录(minutesofresolution)陈述记录(minutesofnarration)记录内容版式(minutes’contentformat)会议议程(meetingagenda)会议筹划(meetingpreparations)会议程序（3个环节）(meetingprocess:planning&preparing,conducting,andfollowing-up)会议后续工作(follow-upactivities)后续文案职责(accountabilityoffollow-ups)第3页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六名词解释题书面发言写作策略(writingstrategiesforbusinesspresentation)书面发言的材料组织(wringorganizationforbusinesspresentation)书面发言用语(languageusedinapresentation)书面发言避讳用语(languageavoidedinapresentation)人际沟通的功能(functionsofinterpersonalcommunication)人际沟通的目的(purposeofinterpersonalcommunication)人际沟通的4个阶段(fourgeneralstagesininterpersonalcommunication)团队的特征(groupcharacteristics)团队的角色(grouproles)团队影响力(groupinfluence)沟通结构(communicationstructures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporatevalues)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policiesandprocedures)业务流程的构成要素（15个）(contentofprocedures)业务流程的版式及内容(formatofaprocedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiersofdocumentation)ISO9000质量体系(ISO9000QualitySystem)议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)费用支出报告(expensereports)项目进程报告(progressreport)人事评估报告(personnelevaluation)第一手资料来源(primarysources)第二手资料来源(secondarysources)商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(businessplan)战略性计划书(strategicplan)战术性计划书(tacticalplan)操作性计划书(operationalplan)操作性管理(operationalcontrol)战术性管理(tacticalcontrol)战略性管理(strategiccontrol)商务背景(businessbackground)第4页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六名词解释题市场计划(marketingplan)财务预测(financialprojections)行动计划(actionplans)商务提案(businessproposal)内部提案(internalproposal)外部提案(externalproposal)招标提案(solicitedproposal)非招标提案(unsolicitedproposal)提案写作的简单模式(simpleformforproposalwriting)提案写作的复杂模式(detailedformforproposalwriting)

外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elementsoftheexternalproposal:introduction;problemidentifiedanddefined;objective&goalset;solutionsproposed;implementation&measuring;costsandtimeframeestimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(contentformatofinternalproposal)征集提案(RequestforProposal,RFP)征集启示的基本要素(basiccomponentsofaRFP)提案评估(proposalevaluation)第5页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六引证信息(documentinginformation)解析数据(interpretingdata)常规商务报告(routinereports)任务报告(taskreports)条目清单功能(itemizedlists)图表辅助功能(graphicaids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essenceofadeal)合同的修订(contractualmodifications)违约与补偿(breachofcontractandremedy)律师费用条款(attorneysfeesclause)合同免责(escapefromcontract)第三方签字(thirdpartysignature)合同追加条款(contractrider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contractnegotiation)合同起草(contractdrafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validityofcontracts)要约(offer)接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Salescontracts买卖合同Contractsforsupplyofpower,water,gasorheat供应电、水、气、热力合同Contractsforloanofmoney借款合同Leasingcontracts租赁合同Financialleasingcontracts承揽合同Contractsforconstructionprojects建设工程合同Carriagecontracts运输合同Technologycontracts技术合同Safekeepingcontracts保管合同Warehousingcontracts仓库合同Agencyappointmentcontracts委托合同Trading-trustcontracts行纪合同Brokeragecontracts居间合同第6页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Unit1BusinessWriting

商务英语写作一、学习目的与要求本单元主要讲述商务英语写作的基本概念。学习本单元的目的是要了解商务英语写作的写作要求，写作形式与写作过程及步骤。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）商务英语写作的目的；（2）商务英语写作的体裁形式与写作要求；（3）商务英语写作的进行步骤。第7页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六二、考核知识点与考核目标

（一）商务英语写作的进行步骤（重点）识记：商务英语写作的步骤：（1）planning计划（2）research调研（3）organization组织（4）composition起草（5）revision修改（6）editingandproofreading编辑及校对（7）writingchecklist列出注意事项应用：1.写作计划2.文章修改与校对第8页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六（二）商务英语写作的写作要求（次重点）识记：商务英语写作课程开设的意义

Business(includingcommercial,technicalandofficial)correspondenceisavitalfactorinmakingtheworldofbusinessruneffectivelyandproductively.Nomodernbusinessescouldexistforlongwithoutlettersandotherformsofwrittencommunications.Outwardbusinessletters,documentsandpapersarereflectionsofacompany’simage.Awell-developedandpreparedbusinessdocumentwillallowyouandyourorganizationtobuildconfidence,competenceandtrustworthinessinyoursuppliers,customers,community,financialcircles,regulatorybodiesandotherpublic.Therefore,agoodknowledgeofwrittencommunicationsiscrucialforthepeopleinvolvedinbusiness.Yourcareersuccess,frombothapersonalandprofessionalstandpoint,willdependtoagreatextentonyourabilitytocommunicate.Regardlessofyourspecificprofessionandresponsibilities,yourabilitytothinkandwrite—precisely,thoroughly,originallyrepresentsthemostvaluablecontributionyoucanmaketoyourorganization.Thereareundoubtedlyothermenandwomenwhocandowhatyoudo,perhapsnotquitesowell,butwellenoughtogetthejobdone.Butnoonecanduplicateyourthoughtandwritingprocesses.Soanythingyoucandotoimproveyourabilitytothinkandwriteisadditionalsuccessinsurance.Peopleevaluateyoubothformallyandinformallybyyourcommunicationskills(Wetypicallytendtogaugetheintelligenceofothersandtheirabilitytodoagivenjobbytheiruseoflanguageandothercommunicationskills).Knowingyourjobresponsibilitieswon’tbeenoughforsuccessonthejob.Youneedtobeabletogetyourideasacrosstoothersespeciallyinwriting.理解：1.商务英语写作的基本要求2.商务英语写作的效用3.商务英语的写作风格第9页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六（三）商务英语写作的目的及重要性（一般）识记：1.商务英语写作的重要性2.商务英语写作的目的理解：高质量写作的益处第10页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六KeyUnit11T2F3T4T5T6F7T8F9T10F11F12T13F14T15T16T17T18F19T20T第11页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Expressivewriting–Expressivewritingismainlyconcernedwithacademiclearning.Itispersonalandinformal,employedtoencouragecomprehensionandreflectiononthepartofthewriter.Open-endedandcreative,expressivewritingisagoodwaytostartlearningaboutatopic.Theprocessofwriting–arestlesscycleofinquiry,composition,andrevision–pushesstudentsandlearnerstowardthetruegoalsofhighereducation:criticalthinking,creativity,analysis,synthesis,andinformedjudgment.Inthisview,then,writingisprimarilyaboutthinkingandlearning,notshowingoffwhatyoualreadyknow.Ifawritingtaskteachesyounothing,assignmenthasbeenafailure.第12页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Communicativewriting–Bycontrast,communicativewritingisanalytic,formalandmoreorlessimpersonal.Itpresupposesthatthewriteralreadyhasconsiderableknowledgeandunderstandingofthetopic,andiswritingtoinformortopersuadeareader.Itdemandsadherencetoestablishedconventionsoftone,voice,diction,evidence,andcitation;theseconventionswillvaryaccordingtodisciplineandtype(e.g.memo,E-mail,businessreport,plan,andproposal,labreport,historypaper,legalbrief).WriterscommunicatetheirthoughtstoothersinwritingviaproperapplicationofmethodsofPersuadingandInforming.第13页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Business–Accordingtothelexicaldefinitions,thetermofbusinesscoversoperationsofallorganizations,notjustconfinedtothecommercialorganizations.Everyorganizationoreverybusinesstransaction(ordealing)requirescommunication–aphonecall,meeting,letter,memo,oralpresentation,formalreport,contract,complaintorclaim–andthesuccessofthebusinessdealingsdependsontheeffectivenessoftheoralandwrittencommunications.Oneoftheclichésinbusinessisthatnothinghappensuntilsomebodysellssomething.Communicationiscentralinbusinessbecauseitiscentralinlife:itestablishesrelationships,andmakeshumanorganizationpossible.第14页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Businesswriting–Itgoeswithoutsayingthat“business”coversanextremelybroadspectrumofentitiesandactivities,andyouprobablyalsoaware,atleastintuitively,that“businesswriting”coversanequallybroadspectrumoforganizationsandbusinessactivities.Therefore,whenwetalkabout“businesswriting,”we’retalkingaboutagreatmanydifferentthings.Inotherword,nobodyreadsbusinessdocumentsorwritingsforpleasure.Businesswritingdiffersfromotherwritingsinthefollowingfeatures:Purposeful–Itsolvesproblems,conveysinformation,callsforactions,recordseventsandsoon;Transactional(result-oriented)–Eachwritingordocumentmustaccomplishonespecifictask.Ifnot,thewritingismeaningless;Reader-oriented--Itfocusesonthereceiver,notthesender;Dynamic–Businesswritersarewritinginthedynamicandchangingbusinessenvironments;andEconomical–Timeismoney,andresourcesarelimited.Wemustmakefulluseofthem,includingtime.第15页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Writingprocess–Thewritingprocessconsistsofseriesofsteps(ofplanning,research,organization,composition,revision,editing&proofreading)carriedouttocompleteawritingjobinadefiniteorder.Itprovidesaframeworktolearnaboutbusinesswriting.Sincewritingisarecursiveratherthanlinearbusinessactivities,itcompelsustorealizethatwritingisanongoing,dynamicprocess.Indeed,apieceofwritingisneverreallyfinished–it’smerelydeliveredtoadeadline.第16页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六AboutWritingAssignments

Thistaskisdesignedtomakethestudentsandlearnersthink,andthinkhard.Itisagoodideatoaskyourstudentstoreflectonthetextcontentsandsomeotherreadings.Asaninstructor,youdon’thavetogooverthedetailsofeachhomewritingjobbecausethiswillonlycreateanatmospherethatpropelslearnerstodevelopthesymptomof“writingblock.”Agoodgradingstrategy,basedontheattitudes,levelofefforts,progression,generalqualityofwriting,willhelpstudentsandlearnersbuildconfidenceandgetenculturatedintorightwritingnormsinthelong-termlearningprocess.

第17页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Unit2Employment-relatedWritings

求职相关写作一、学习目的与要求本单元主要介绍求职相关的商务英语写作的基本概念。学习本单元的目的是要了解如何进行求职简历，求职信的写作。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）如何撰写求职简历；（2）求职简历与个人简历的区别；（3）求职简历的写作目的及内容要求；（4）如何撰写求职信；（5）求职相关信件写作第18页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六二、考核知识点与考核目标（一）求职简历的写作（重点）识记：1.求职简历的定义2.求职简历的内容构成理解：1.求职简历与个人简历的区别

2.求职简历的写作目的应用：1.求职简历的格式

2.求职简历的写作技巧（二）求职信的写作（次重点）识记：1.求职信的定义

2.求职信的种类理解：求职信的内容构成应用：求职信的写作技巧（三）求职相关信件写作（一般）识记：求职相关信件的种类（1）follow-upletter（跟进）（2）thank-youletter（感谢）（3）jobrejectionletter（拒绝）（4）jobacceptanceletter（接受）（5）resignationletter（辞职）（6）farewellletter（告别）第19页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六1.求职简历的定义

Aresumeisabriefsummaryofone’slifehistoryorthemaineventsofhis/herlife,andgivesabrief,factualsummaryofyourqualificationsbeginningwiththewriter’sbirthandlistinghis/hereducationbackground,workexperience,professionalaccomplishmentsandhobbies.Ashortandmoregenericdefinitionofresumeis:resumesarethesumtotalofthereasonsyougiveaprospectiveemployertohireyou.Itisthatmakesyouappeartobethe“rightmanorwomanfortherightjob”.第20页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六2.求职信的写作1.求职信的定义Aresumecoverintroducesyourresumeandcoverspointsthattheresumedoesnot.Itis,therefore,awell-writtenoutline,withabriefsummaryofwhoyouareandwhatyouaredoing,andwhatyouwanttodofortheprospectiveemployee.Alternatively,ithighlightsasmallnumberofresumeitemsthataremostrelevanttotheposition/college/businessschoolyouareapplyingfor.2.求职信的种类A.Theapplicationletterwhichrespondstoaknownjobopening.B.Theprospectingletterwhichinquiresaboutpossibleposition.C.Thenetworkingletterwhichrequestsinformationandassistanceinyourjobsearch.第21页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六3.求职相关信件的种类（1）follow-upletter（跟进）（2）thank-youletter（感谢）（3）jobrejectionletter（拒绝）（4）jobacceptanceletter（接受）（5）resignationletter（辞职）（6）farewellletter（告别）第22页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六KEY1F2T3T4T5T6F7F8T9T10T11F12T13T14T15T16T17T18T19T20TCommonresumeformats–p.21Essentialcontentsofaresume-p.22Resumeobjectives-p.23Typesofresumecoveringletters-p.25Contentformatofaresumecover-p.26Fiveimportanttipsforwritingagoodcoverletter–p.27第23页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Unit3MemoandLetterWriting备忘录及信函写作一、学习目的与要求本单元主要讲述如何进行备忘录及信函写作。学习本单元的目的是要学习备忘录及信函写作的基本格式与要求，了解何为8C原则，熟悉短文写作技巧。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）备忘录及信函写作的格式；（2）8C标准的内容；（3）商务短文写作结构类型。第24页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六二、考核知识点与考核目标（一）备忘录及信函写作（重点）识记：备忘录的功能理解：1.备忘录的写作指导原则2.商务信函的写作指导原则应用：1.备忘录的写作格式

2.商务信函的写作结构（三）商务短文写作（一般）识记：商务短文写作的五种不同类型理解：商务短文写作要求（二）8C原则（次重点）识记：8C原则的内容clarity（清晰性）correctness（正确性）concreteness（具体性）completeness（完整性）consideration（周到性）courtesy（礼貌性）conciseness（简洁性）coherence（一致性）应用：8C原则指导下的写作要求第25页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Key1T2F3T4F5T6T7T8T9T10T第26页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六1.FunctionofaBusinessMemo备忘录的功能1.Mostoftenamemoisanannouncement,reminder,request,orupdateaboutacertainevent,codeofconduct,policy,orprocedure.2.Amemoalsocandiscussinformationofatechnicalorbusinessnatureinanalmost“mini-report”fashion.3.Abusinessmemohelpsmembersofanorganizationcommunicatewithouttheneedfortime-consumingmeetings.4.Memosarealsowidelyusedtogivedirectives,summarizefieldorlabreports,presentprogressorstatusreports,anddelivertripreports.第27页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六2.8C’sforMessageFormation

8C原则的内容

Clarity-Thebaselineofworkplacewritingisclarity,particularlyininternationalcommunications.Lettersmustbeclearinwhattheysay.Clarityisapresuppositionforotherprescriptions,andisstressedbymanagementtheorists,gurusandpractitioners.Itinvolvesaconscientiousefforttoensurethatourwritingtobothinternalandexternalcustomersisasdearandeasytounderstandaspossible.Allwritingadvicehasboileddowntoonesentence;besuccinct.Keepyourmessageshortandtothepoint.Goodwriterbuildideasfromsentencetosentence.Thesimpledeclarativesentenceistheeasiestwaytoprocessinformation.Sentencesthatdifferfromthatsimplestructuremaycausereadabilityproblems.Thetrickistouseconversationaltoneforyourbusinesswritingbecauselanguageusedinlettersandemailswassupposedtobemodeledoneverydayspeechofwell-educatedperson,withoutslippingintovulgarities.第28页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Correctness–Correctnessisallaboutmakingitright.Lettersfilledwitherrorsaredistracting.Readersgetsodistractedbymisspelledwordsandpoorgrammarthattheymissthepoint.Ifyousendaletterthat’sfilledwithmistakes,yourrealmessageisthatyouaresloppyandcareless.So,correctnessisprimarilyconcernedwiththemasteryofEnglishgrammar.Thisisnosurprise.Withaclearunderstandingofthefundamentalsofgrammar,onehasasolidbaseonwhichtocontinuallyrefineone’sknowledgeofgrammar.Alliedwiththiscompetenceisthemasteryofthemechanicsofwriting.Again,thisisnosurprise.Theabilitytoformcoherentsentencesandparagraphsisessentialforgreatwriting.Onecanalsodeveloppowerfulskillssuchaspredominantlyusingactionwords,delimitingsubjectmatterwithineachparagraph,editingone’swritingsoitreadsmoothly,andsoon.第29页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Concreteness–Concretenessisaboutmakingitconcreteratherthanabstract.Concreteandabstractpatternsoflanguagereflectanauthor’swordchoice.Abstractwords(forexample,“wisdom,”“power,”“beauty”and“dedication”)refertogeneralideas,qualities,orconditions.Theyrepresentanabstractorintangibleconcept.Concretewordsnamematerialobjectsanditemsassociatedwiththefivesenses–wordslike“rock,”“computer,”“operatingmanual”and“basketball.”Theyareobjectsandsubstancesthatexistphysically.Bothabstractandconcretelanguagesareusefulincommunicatingideas.Generallyyoushouldnotbetooabstractinbusinesswriting.Itisbesttoemployconcretewords,namingthingsthatcanbeseen,touched,smelled,heard,ortastedinordertosupportgeneralizations,topicsentences,ormoreabstractidea.Abstractionsmaybeinterpretedsomewhatdifferentlyfromonereadertothenextandthereforemaynotalwaysbeappropriateforbusinesswritingforexternalaudiences.Concretenouns,however,helptoconveyspecificdetailandcommunicatefactsratherthanimpressions.第30页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Completeness-Yourresponsibilityasacommunicatoristoplan,shapeandassembleyouroutgoingmessageandinformationsothatitwillbecomplete.Theoppositesideofcompletemessageandinformationisincomplete.Let’sassumeinacasewhereyourdecisionwasmadebasedtheincompletemessageandinformation,andthenwhatwouldhappen?Youeithermightn’tgetthereorsufferedalossbecauseofpoor,deficient,distortedinformationandmessage.Acompletemessageorinformationpreventsapoorimpressionsandunwantedoutcome,andsavestimeforthereader.Unnecessarylettersadduptounnecessarytimeandcosts.第31页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Consideration–Considerationisallaboutadaptation(writinginyoucustomers’shoes).Thestylesofamemoandlettershouldbeadaptedtothereaderandthesubject.Tosuperiorsitshouldberespectfulanddeferential;toinferiors,courteous;tofriends,familiar;torelations,affectionate;tochildren,simpleandplayful.Onimportantsubjectsitshouldbeforcibleandimpressive;onlightersubjects,easyandsprightly;incondolence,tenderandsympathetic;incongratulations,livelyandjoyous.Atsomepointinourlives,mostofushavereceivedanangryletter.Yourlettersmayhavecomefromajiltedlover,anex-spouseandanangryrelative,acreditor.Whatdidyoufeelafterreadingthoseangryletters?Youmayfeelashamed,guiltyandthreatened,right?Inbusiness,lettersfilledwithangry,blamingstatementswillalienateyourcustomers,suppliers,anyneutraldecision-makers,mediators,hearingofficers,orjudges.Sarcastic,threateningandintimidatingletterswillcreatenegativeemotionsinyourclients’memorybank.Soifyou’retemptedtofireoffaletter,youmaytriggeranegativesympathyfactoramongyourcustomers.Itwon’tdogoodtoyouandyourbusinessatall.Rememberingtoconsiderationrequiresbusinesswriterstowritetobeunderstood,nottooverwhelm.Thismeansyouneedtoexpressideasinafashionyourreaderscanreadquickly,understand,rememberandactupon.Let’sputitanotherway.Keepyourbusinesswritingconversational.Yourbusinesswritingshouldsoundasnaturalasatelephoneconversation.That’sallbusinesswritingis–conversationonpaper.Inhisbook,“TalkingStraight,”LeeIacoccawrote,“writethewayyoutalk.Ifyoudon’ttalkthatway,don’twritethatway.”Inschool,youaretoldtousevariousacademicparadigmstoimpresspeoplewithyourvocabulary.Intheworkplace,youshouldtapyourknowledgeofbusinesslanguageskillfullytoinform,topersuadeortocommunicate.Youwillbenotwritingforgettingagrade,butforgettingyourdesiredbusinessresult.Thetrickisnottomakepeopleguesswhatyoumean.第32页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Courtesy–Mindingyourmannersnotonlymattersinyouroralcommunicationbutequally,ifnotmore,importantinthewrittencommunication.Courtesyisawritingqualityofmessageinwhichthewritermustshowhis/herownsincere,politeandgraciousmanners.Writinginthereader’sshoesisnotenoughifyoudon’tcareaboutyourimage-buildinginthewrittenmessage.Businesswritersshouldnottakeitforgrantedsimplybecauseyourstyleandtoneoforalandwrittenmessageintheeyesofthereaderreallyhasashort-and-longeffectinthereader’smind.Forinstance,atextfullofbiased,rude,hostile,belligerentandthreateninglanguagemayleaveanindeliblemarkonitsaudience.Writersdonothaveluxuryoftreatingcasuallyanywritingthattheydo.Wordsoutliveactions.Thus,courtesyrequiresyoutowritepolite,considerateanddiplomatic“Mr.Manners”Letters,listingtheproblemsbutkeepingyoustyleandtonepleasant,professionalandbusinesslike.第33页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Conciseness–Emailsandlettersmustbeconcise.Brevityishighlydesirable.Ontheotherhand,thesubjectmattershoulddeterminelength,andclarity,aboveall,shouldnotbesacrificedforconciseness.Asdiscussedabove,wemustfirstmakeourmessagesclearinwhattheysay,andthenconsidermakingitconcise.Conversely,conciseandsuccinctlanguageenhancesclarity.Concisenessisallaboutmethodsofeliminatingwordiness.ConcisenessmeansyouwriteandsayinthefewestpossiblewordswithoutsacrificingtheotherCqualities.Aconcisemessagesavestimeandexpensesforbothsenderandreceiver.Concisenesscontributestoemphasisandmakeimportantideasstandout,andlastlonger.第34页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Coherence–Coherenceisaqualityineffectivewritingthatresultsfromthecarefulorderingofeachsentenceinaparagraphandeachparagraphinthepaper.Ifanessay(theparagraph)iscoherent,eachpart(eachsentence)willgrownaturallyandlogicallyfromthoseparts(sentences)thatcomebeforeit.Followingcarefulchronological,logical,spatial,orsequentialorderisthemostnaturalwaytoachievecoherenceinwriting.Themaindevicesusedinachievingcoherencearetransitions,whichhelptoconnectonethoughtwithanother.Unityisanotherqualityofeffectivewritingcloselyassociatedwithcoherence.Thesetwoqualitiescan’tfallapartsimplybecausecohesivesentencesandpartsarenotnecessarilyunifiedorconsistentwiththecentralideainanessay.Unityisafeatureinanessaywherebyallmaterialrelatestoacentralconceptandcontributestothemeaningofthewhole.Toachieveaunifiedeffectinanessay,thewritermustdesignaneffectiveintroductionandconclusion,maintainconsistenttoneorpointofview,developmiddleparagraphinacoherent,congruent,andconsistentmanner,andaboveallsticktothesubject,neverpermittingunimportantorirrelevantelementstoenter.Congruityisalsocloselyalliedwithcoherenceinwriting.Makingyourmessagecongruentisaboutmakingitharmoniousandflowing.Youmayhavemanygreatideas,butpresentthempoorly.Readersmayhavehardtimegetatit.Congruityrequiresbusinesswriterstodeveloptheirideas,conceptsandthoughtsin2directionsofeffortstobecongruent.Inonedirection,wemustadmitthat“thinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether,”asAlbertEinsteinsaid.In“so-calledabstractconcepts,languagebecomesaninstrumentofreasoninginthetruesenseoftheword.Butitisalsothisdevelopmentwhichturnslanguageintoadangeroussourceoferroranddeception.”Intheotherdirection,“wemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.”(AlbertEinstein’sessayonTheCommonLanguageofScience).Consistencyofpurpose(COP)isthemostimportantwritingvirtuebecausewithoutCOPyoucan’tpracticeanyothervirtuesconsistently.Inotherword,youcanpracticeanyvirtueerratically,butnothingconsistentlywithoutCOP.Unlessyourorganizationusesaspecificstylemanualforitswrittencommunications,themostimportantthingistoremainconsistent,bothwithinaparticulardocument,andfromdocumenttodocument.Furthermore,businesswritersmustconnecttheirwritingwiththecompany’smission,objectives,strategiesandpolicies.Forinstance,acompanydeclaresitselfasacustomer-focused,quality-orientedandenvironment-friendlyorganization.Butinreality,thecompanyhasneveradoptedproceduresinwritingandtraineditsemployeesforexecution.Thismayonlycreatemistrustamongthepublics.第35页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六3.商务短文写作的五种不同类型

ShortDocuments1.MessagetoObtainInformation信息咨询函2.WritingPositiveMessage积极信息的信函3.NagativeMessages含有负面信息的信函4.PersuasiveMessages说服沟通便函5.MessagethatNegotiate谈判便函第36页，共91页，2023年，2月20日，星期六Forms

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