托福独立写作开头段的写法

托福独立写作开头段的写法RequirementOG:Score5Anessayatthislevellargelyaccomplishesallofthefollowing:Effectivelyaddressthetopicandtask.Iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails.Displaysunity,progression,andcoherence.Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice,andidiomatically,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors.

ParagraphIParaphrasetheargument改述原题(背景)Counterargument反方观点MainIdea发表自己的观点a.WhatthetopicisDisplaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice.topic一般就在题目中；

为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题；需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase.Whatisparaphrase？Aparaphraseofsomethingwrittenorspokenisthesamethingexpressedinadifferentway.——《柯林斯英汉双解大辞典》e.gDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Alwaystellingthetruthisthemostimportantconsiderationinanyrelationship.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Howtoparaphrasethetopic?形式与内容的严格对应词与词的替换；（synonym）词类替换；（word--phrase）词性替换（noun--verb,adjective--noun）2.意义的对应形式与内容的对应词与词的替换（synonym）133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Aperson'schildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofaperson'slife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:aperson's--one's,someone'simportant--significant,momentousofaperson'slife--inone'slifetimeParaphrase:One'schildhoodyearsarethemostsignificantyearsinhislifetime.词与词的替换（synonym）9.

Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:prefertodosth--wouldratherdosthlive--reside,dwellsmall--littlebigcity--metroplisParaphase:Somepeopleprefertoresideinasmalltown.Otherswouldratherliveinametroplis.词类替换b)word--phrase11. Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universitiesshouldgivethesameamountofmoneytotheirstudents'sportsactivitiesastheygivetotheiruniversitylibraries.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:shoulddo--berequiredtodo,besupposedtodothesameamountofmoney--theequivalentmoneyParaphase:Unversitiesaresupposedtorendertheequivalentmoneytotheirstudents'sportsactivitiesastheydototheuniversitylibraries.词性替换c)noun--verb,adjective--noun35. Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Attendingaliveperformance(forexample,aplay,concert,orsportingevent)ismoreenjoyablethanwatchingthesameeventontelevision.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:attendsth--attendanceinsthbemoreenjoyable--have/bring/producemorejoy/delight/pleasureParaphase:Attendanceinaliveperformancebringsmorepleasurethanwatchingthesameoneontelevison.意义的对应9.

Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Nowadays,peopleseldomagreewitheachothereveninsuchtrivialissuesaspreferancebetweenlivinginabigcityandasmalltown.133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Aperson'schildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofaperson'slife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Whenlookingbackuponhislifetime,onemayregardhischildhoodasthemostsignificantperiodinhislifetime.SentenceI1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsider/regard/holdthat...Nowadays,peopletendto/wouldliketo...Inmostcases,peopleargue/contendthat...Inmodernsociety,thereisatendency/phenomenon/controversythat...Nowadays,somepeople...,whileothers...2.在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。ExamplesDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Onlypeoplewhoearnalotofmoneyaresuccessful.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceI：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthatonlytheoneswhoearnalargeamountofmoneyaresuccessful.Nowadays,peoplewouldliketoholdtheviewthatonlythosewhoearnmuchmaterialwealthcanbeviewedasthesuccessfulones.Nowadays,manypeoplebelievethatalargeincomeequalssuccess.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.b.Showyourpersonalopinion要求：观点鲜明，简明扼要。SentenceII常用句型：前半句：AsfarasIamconcerned/Inmypointofview/Asforme/Formypart/Intermsofme/Personallyspeaking,......后半句：Iwouldsay/assertthat......Itendtoagree/disagreethat......Thereissomethingcertain/wrongtosay/considerthat......Itisnodoubtthat......完整的句子：Itseemstomethat......Examples27.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldsometimesdothingsthattheydonotenjoydoing.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceII：......Inmyopinion,therereallyissomethingwrong,nevertheless,tothinkwecouldbefinallysuccessfulbyonlydoingthingsthatwedoenjoydoing.......AsfarasIamconcerned,itisnodoubtthatinsomecases,peopleshoulddowhattheyinfactdonotenjoyingdoinginordertobesuccessful.......Formypart,Itendtoagreethatundersomecircumstancespeopleoughttodowhattheyarenotgladtodo.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.C.Supportyouropinion对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语从句或名词短语简要地提及一般接在SentenceII后作状语,不另成句。Why？使作者清楚文章的框架，便于预期和理解加深读者对文章内容的记忆限制思维的广度，使作者能深入思考理由和例证显示语言变化能力增加文章字数常用句型名词短语：……,becauseof/dueto/onaccountof/inviewof/inregardto/intermsof/considering/given/for原因状语从句：……,giventhat/considering(thefactthat)/for/since/seeingthat/nowthat/as/inviewofthefactthat/inthat/forthereasonthat……SampleSampleINowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthat…AsfarasIamconcerned,Iwouldsaythat….,becauseof…SampleIINowadays,peopletendto…Formypart,Itendtoagree/disagreethat…,forthereasonthat…Example话题：电视已经成为书本更有效的学习方式观点：完全同意理由1：电视画面和声音结合，吸引人，注意力集中，学习效率高。理由2：电视节目丰富多彩，信息量大，更新速度快。

Nowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthattelevisionhasbecomeabetterwaytostudythanabook.AsfarasIamconcerned,Itendtoagreewiththeargumentbecauseofthebenefitsonitsvividcombinationofimagesandsound,aswellasitsgoodrenewalofinformationtheybringtoourstudy.Example话题：学校应当要求学生去上课观点：同意理由1：学生上课能够和同学互相学习，学习他们的思维方式，团队精神有所提高理由2：学生上课是责任和纪律要求，如果学生想上课就上课，那么学校将无法管理Nowadays,peopleoftenarguethatwhetheruniversitiesshouldrequiretheirstudentstoattendtheirclasses.Inmypointofview,Iwouldsaythatattendingclassesisquiteindispensableforthestudents,forthereasonthatitwouldenhancetheirabilityofteamworkandfacilitatethebetterofficialadministrationonthem.其他高频句架教育与校园生活1大学里的作弊现象已经变得越来越严重，原因是，目前教育体系的目标不是提高学生的素质，而是提高他们的考试能力。高分句架：_____isbecomingaseriousproblem.Thisisbecause_____.其他高频句架教育与校园生活2现在，除了学习以外，还应鼓励学生们在其他很多方面培养兴趣，例如体育，绘画和音乐等。高分句架：Today,inadditionto_____,astudentisalsoencouragedto_____.Today,inadditiontobeinggoodatstudies,astudentisalsoencouragedtocultivateinterestsinmanyotherthings,suchassports,painting,andmusic.其他高频句架教育与校园生活3.我认为，现代文明的发展要求我们的教育不但要重视学校课程，而且要重视培养学生解决问题的能力。高分句架：Inmyopinion,_____requiresthat_____shouldemphasizenotonlyon_____buton_____aswell.其他高频句架教育与校园生活4.人们可以在业余时间进行自学，在工作中提高各项能力。如果可能，还应当参加一些成人教育的课程。在这方面，有很多依靠自学取得成功的例子。高分句架：Ifpossible,onemay_____.Therearemanyexamplesof_____.Onemayteachhimselfinhissparetimeanddevelopvariousabilitiesonhisworkingposition.Ifpossible,onemayattendcorrespondingcoursesforadulthighereducation.Therearemanyexamplesofpeoplewhoachievesuccessbyself-study.其他高频句架教育与校园生活5.我决不认为读研究生只是浪费时间和金钱，因为这才是我生活中真正需要的，并且值得去做的。高分句架：Ineverthink_____isawasteoftimeandmoneybecause,aboveall,itissomethingworthwhilethatItrulywantinmylife.Ineverthinkpostgraduateeducationisawasteoftimeandmoneybecause,aboveall,itissomethingworthwhile(值得的;值得花时间、钱或精力的)thatItrulywantinmylife.其他高频句架教育与校园生活6.最近一项调查表明，十年前没有大学生做兼职，而现在有25%的大学生做兼职工作，并且这个数字在暑假期间会上升到75%。Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about25percentofcollegestudentsnowtakepart-timejobs,comparedtonearlynonetenyearsagoandthisfigureincreasesto75percentduringsummervacation.其他高频句架教育与校园生活7.进一步来说，沉重的学习负担是现存应试教育体系的副产品，所以我们应当改革现行的考试测评体系。高分句架：Furthermore,_____istheby-productof_____,soweshould_____.其他高频句架教育与校园生活8.这些大学合并的目的是提高自身的教学和科研实力，使合并后的大学更加具有竞争力迎接新世纪的挑战。Theymergetoimprovetheircompositecapabilityforteachingandresearchandthusmaketheexpandeduniversitymorecompetitivetomeetthechallengeofthenewcentury.其他高频句架教育与校园生活9.与之不同的是，素质教育模式重视学生的创新能力和全面发展。高分句架：Incontrast,_____stresseson_____.其他高频句架教育与校园生活10.新的学费制度给贫穷的学生及其家人造成了很大的负担，这会使有潜力的学生被拒之于大学校门之外。高分句架：_____reallyplacesacrushingburdenon_____.Sothenewtuitionpolicyreallyplacesacrushingburdenonthepoorstudentsandtheirfamiliesandmaykeepthepromisingstudentsawayfromcampus.（acrushingdefeat,blow惨重的失败、打击）其他高频句架事业与成功1.自信，雄心，加上决心和毅力等因素是造成最终的成功或失败的原因。高分句架：_____contributetoeventualsuccessorfailure.其他高频句架事业与成功2.取得成功，说得容易，做起来难。但是只要坚持不懈就一定会有所回报。成功人士的最重要特征之一就是自信，第二是渴望，还有一个是决心。高分句架：Oneofthemostimportanttraitsof_____is_____.anotheris_____,andstillanotheris_____.Whileachievingsuccessiseasiersaidthandone,persistencedoesinfactpayoff.Oneofthemostimportanttraitsofasuccessfulpersonisself-confidence,anotherisdesire,andstillanotherisdetermination.其他高频句架事业与成功3.从成功的角度来说，良好的职业道德与教育同等重要。事实上，成功的确建立在两方面完全融合的基础上。高分句架：Fromthestandpointof_____,_____,infact,dependon_____.Fromthestandpointofsuccess_____,agoodworkethicisnolessimportantthaneducation.Successdoes(用于句中无其他助动词时，以加强动词的肯定语气),infact,dependonthetotalintegrationofbothaspects.其他高频句架事业与成功4.一些人认为机会非常稀少，只有最幸运的人才能获得它。其他人则认为，各种各样的机会不时地来到每个人的身边。我个人比较同意第二种说法。高分句架：Somepeoplebelievethat_____,whileotherpeoplearguethat_____.Personally,Iagreewiththelattertosomeextent.Somepeoplebelievethatopportunitiesarerare,andonlytheluckiestpersoncangetthem,whileotherpeoplearguethatthateveryoneisgivenopportunityofonekindoranotherfromtimetotime,personally,Iagreewiththelattertosomeextent.其他高频句架事业与成功5.毫无疑问，金钱和其他财物是有用的，有时甚至很重要。但是，在实现生命价值的过程中，取得成绩和做出贡献要比获得金钱更加重要。高分句架：Itgoeswithoutsayingthat_____.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatmoneyandothermaterialthingsareusefulandsometimesevenimportant,butachievementsandcontributionssurelycarrymuchmoreweightinthefulfillmentofone’svalueinlife.其他高频句架事业与成功6.另一方面，一个人没有信心就很难达到他所追求的目标，尤其当他面临困难的时候。所以，自信对于一个人的成功来说是必不可少的。Ontheotherhand,withoutconfidence,thereislittlepossibilityofhisachievingthegoalinanythinghepursues,especiallywhenheisfacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Therefore,self-confidenceisindispensabletoone’ssuccess.(thereislittlepossibilityofsb’sdoingsth)其他高频句架事业与成功7.一些人觉得金钱和权力是他们生命中最重要的东西。另外有些人则认为，生命中所不可缺少的是为社会做出贡献，在事业上取得成功。高分句架：Somepeoplemaythinkthat_____.Othersmayregard_____as_____.Somepeoplemaythinkthatmoneyandpoweristhemostimportantgoalinone’slife.Othersmayregardcontributiontosocietyandsuccessintheircareerassomethingessentialfortheirlife.其他高频句架两性问题1.现在不结婚而单独立户生活的人数不断上升，人们要找出其中的原因并不容易，因为这种复杂的社会现象涉及到很多因素。高分句架：Itisnosimpletaskto_____,foritisacomplicatedphenomenoninvolvingseveralfactors.Itisnosimpletasktoidentifythereasonsfortheriseinthenumberofpeoplelivingaloneandestablishingtheirownhouseholds,foritisacomplicatedphenomenoninvolvingseveralfactors.其他高频句架两性问题2.关于这个问题，其他人持有不同的意见。他们坚信：男人和女人生来就是平等的。高分句架：Otherpeople,however,thinkquitedifferentlyonthisissue.Theyfirmlybelievethat_____.Otherpeople,however,thinkquitedifferentlyonthisissue.Theyfirmlybelievethatbothmenandwomenarebornequal.其他高频句架两性问题3.难怪绝大多数人把爱情看成主要是被人家爱的问题，而不是去爱人家和求爱的能力问题。高分句架：Nowondermostpeopleseetheproblemof_____asthatof_____,ratherthanthatof_____.Nowondermostpeopleseetheproblemofloveprimarilyasthatofbeingloved,ratherthanthatofloving,ofone’scapacitytolove.其他高频句架人口问题1.世界人口迅速增长已经带来了一系列问题：食品匮乏、交通和住房问题。高分句架：Therapidincreaseof_____hasbeencreatingaseriesofproblemsrangingfrom_____to_____.其他高频句架人口问题2.人口增加意味着交通更拥挤。而且，由于需要更多的空间来解决住房问题，所以几乎不可能扩展街道，使得情况变得更遭。Morepeoplemeansheaviertraffic.Moreover,becausemorespacehastobeusedtomeettheneedsofthehousingproblems,itisalmostimpossibletowidenthestreets,whichmakesthesituationevenworse.(itisalmostimpossibletodosth=thereislittlepossibilitytodosth)其他高频句架人口问题3.对人口问题意识的提高需要更多的大众教育。像人口数量和增长率之类的事实应该作到人人皆知。高分句架：Morepubliceducationisneededto_____.Factslike_____shouldbeintheheadofeverycitizen.Morepubliceducationisneededtodevelopmoreawarenessaboutpopulationissues.Factslikethesizeorthegrowthrateofthehumanpopulationshouldbeintheheadofeverycitizen.其他高频句架计算机与互联网1.互联网能够快速普及是因为它具有巨大的功用。人们只需要按一下键盘，就可心非常方便快速地获取丰富的信息。高分句架：Thepopularityof_____resultsfrom_____.ThepopularityoftheInternetresultsfromitsgreatutility.WiththeInternet,itisconvenientandfastforpeopletogreatavarietyofinformationandwhattheyneedtoisjusttopresskeybuttons.其他高频句架计算机与互联网2.电子邮件是互联网最普及的功用之一，它可以快速，安全，准确地传递信件。另外，医生可以利用网络来交流信息，共同对病人进行诊断和治疗。再者，商人们可以通过电子商务赚取巨大的利润。Asoneofthemostpopularuse,E-mailcantransmityourletterquickly,safely,andaccurately.Besides,doctorsdiagnoseandtreattheirpatientsbydiscussingorexchangingexperienceviaInternet.Finally,businessmenmaymakegreatprofitwiththehelpofE-commerce.其他高频句架计算机与互联网3.互联网对人们的生活方式产生了深远的影响，它变革了人们生活方式以及思考问题的方式。高分句架：_____exertssuchaprofoundeffecton_____that_____.其他高频句架计算机与互联网4.事实上，我们可以通过互联网做任何事情。例如，我们能够人事电子商务，发布产品广告，订购飞机票，买卖股票，甚至在网上找工作。最近，现代大都市中又流行起了网上购物。高分句架：Asamatteroffact,_____.Toillustrate,_____.其他高频句架商业与经济1.现在人们都在热烈地讨论经济是否应该快速发展。持反对意见的人认为经济发展应该放慢速度，因为这种发展已经达到某种极限。高分句架：Thereismuchdiscussiontodayabout_____.Thosewhocriticize_____arguethat_____.其他高频句架商业与经济2.有些人认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的金融危机。高分句架：Somelaytheblamefor_____on_____.其他高频句架商业与经济3.中国实行开放政策以来，越来越多的外商来华投资，建厂和创办企业，还有的对原有企业进行扩大改造。高分句架：Thanksto_____,moreandmore_____.Thankstotheopening-uppolicy,moreandmoreforeignbusinessmenhavecometoinvestinChina,buildingnewfactories,minesandotherbusinessenterprises,orenlargingandimprovingoldones.其他高频句架商业与经济4.最近的盖洛普民意测验表明，就产品质量来说在上海出售家用电器的所有企业中，大企业位居榜末。高分句架：Arecent(Gallup)pollshowsthat_____.ArecentGalluppollshowsthatbigbusinesscameinlast,intermsofthequalityoftheproducts,amongalltheenterpriseswhichsellhouseholdappliancesinShanghai.其他高频句架商业与经济5.柯立芝总统说过，美国的头等大事就是做生意。这句话现在看来依然有道理。高分句架：_____(somebody’s)statement.“_____,”stillpointstoanimportanttruthtoday.其他高频句架商业与经济6.根据国家统计局上周公布的数字，很多公司增加了投资，像福特，索尼这样的外国厂商在华投入了更多的资金。高分句架：_____increased(decreased)_____,accordingtofiguresreleasedlastweekby_____.CompaniesincreasedinvestmentandforeignmanufacturerslikeFordandSonypouredmoremoneyintoChina,accordingtofiguresreleasedlastweekbytheNationalBureauofStatistics(NBS).其他高频句架日常生活1.要想变得年轻，你得锻炼自己的大脑，跟上时代的步伐并维持一种积极的生活方式。高分句架：Inorderto_____,youmust_____.Inordertofeelyoung,youmustexerciseyourmind,keepupwiththeworldandmaintainanactivelifestyle.其他高频句架日常生活2.现在，很多人被彩票的魔力所吸引，去购买各种各样的彩票。比如：电脑彩票，福利彩票和体育彩票。高分句架：Nowadays,caughtbythemagiccharmof_____,_____arefondof_____.Nowadays,caughtbythemagiccharmofthelottery,manylucktriersarefondofbuyingallkindsoflotterytickets,suchasc