高考语法之非谓语动词

非谓语动词1非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语一、动名词和不定式作主语能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。Smokingisprohibited（禁止）here.（抽象）Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.（具体）注意：①如果表语是不定式，主语也是不定式；表语是动名词，主语也是动名词。如：Toseeistobelieve=Seeingisbelieving.②常用动名词作主语的句型：It’snousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.不采取行动只是抱怨是没有用的。二、动名词和不定式作宾语.下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。此外，afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。寸ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby当我经过时，她假装没看见我。.有些动词只能用动名词作宾语，巧记动词后踉动名词的口诀：避免错过少延期，建议完成多练习，喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌，逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。avoid,miss,delay,suggest,finish,practice,enjoy,imagine,resist,admit,deny,envy,escape,risk,pardon,stand,keep,mind寸Iwouldappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon.今天下午如果你能给我回电话，我将非常感激。.注意区别下列动词后接不定式和动名词①forgettodosth. 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forgetdoingsth. 忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）remembertodosth. 记得去做某事（未做） rememberdoingsth. 记得做过某事（已做）②stoptodo 停止（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stopdoing 停止正在或经常做的事goontodo 继续（去做另外一件事情） goondoing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）③regrettodosth. 对要做的事感到遗憾（遗憾地要去做某事）regretdoingsth. 对过去做过的事或未做过的事感到后悔（后悔做过或未做过某事）④trytodo 努力、企图做trydoing 试验、试一试某种办法⑤meantodo（人）打算，有意要 meandoing（物）意味着⑥can,thelp（to）dosth.不能帮助做某事can,thelpdoingsth. 情不自禁做某事三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语作表语用的非谓语动词有：不定式（todo）,动名词（doing）,和分词（done,doing）■不定式作表语①Herwishwastobecomeanartist.她的愿望是成为一位艺术家。②Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.最重要的是要把理论应用到实践。③Ouraimistohelpthem，nottoteachthemalesson.我们的目的是帮助他们，而不是教训他们。总结：不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容，如①；表示将来的动作，如②；表示目的，如③。因此，在表示"目的，愿望，梦想，需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式■动名词作表语①Myjobisteaching.(Teachingismyjob.)总结：动名词作表语，表示抽象概念。动名词作表语一般用来表示"身份，职业”等。大部分时候主语与表语可以互换，如①。此外，还要注意主语与表语的一致性，如②。例②还可以说成：Toseeistobelieve.试比较：一般来说，表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词作表语;表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式.寸Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他们的工作是盖房子.寸Ourtasknowistodevelopoureconomy我们的任务是发展经济。总结：surprise,interest,excite,puzzle,disappoint,astonish,encourage,inspire,shock,move等及物动词用作表语时，要看其与主语的关系。如果与主语为主动关系，则用-ing形式，表示主语的特征。如果是被动关系，用-done这种形式，表示主语的状态。寸Thenewsastonishedus.这句话就表明了thenews与astonish为主动关系。astonish与us为被动关系。那么就可以直接得出以下两个句子：寸Thenewswasastonishing. 寸Wewereastonished(bythenews)考向2非谓语动词作定语高考对非谓语动词作定语的考查主要包括以下几个方面的内容：不定式作定语①不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被thefirst/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。寸Sheisalwaysthefirst(one)tocomeandthelasttoleave.②如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词.寸Let’sfirstfindaroomtolivein/toputthethingsin.寸Wehavenothingtoworryabout.(=Thereisnothingforustoworryabout.)③不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时，若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语，则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。寸Ihavealotofthingstodotoday.(I...do...things)寸Haveyougotanythingtosayatthemeeting?(you...say...anything)寸HereisalettertobetakentoMr.Li.在therebe句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。比较：-ing分词作定语①单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置，说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。asleepingcar(=acarforsleeping)asleepingchild(=achildwhoissleeping)theboystandingthere(=theboywhoisstandingthere)Thegirlsingingismyclassmate.②-ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。寸Doyouknowtheboytalking(=whoistalking)totheteacher?寸Didyounoticetheboysitting(=whowassitting)atthisdeskyesterday?寸Themanshaking(=whoisnowshaking)handswithMr.Livisitedourclassyesterday.比较：【误】Heisthemanvisitingourclassyesterday.【正】Heisthemanwhovisitedourclassyesterday.-ed分词作定语-ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作。adeveloped/developingcountryHeisastudentlovedbyalltheteachers.ThebuildingbeingbuiltwillbethethirdTeachingBuildingofourschool.考向3非谓语动词作补语.带to的不定式(todo)作宾补的动词常见的有：ask,invite,tell,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,callon,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。寸Theteacheraskedustofinishourhomework.老师叫我们完成家庭作业。寸Shewantedhimtosingforherfriends.她想让他为她的朋友唱歌。寸Thepolicemantoldtheboysnottoplayinthestreet.警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍。.常见的接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词：一感：feel二听：hear,listento三让：let,make,have四看：see,watch,notice,observe半帮助：helpsb.todo/dosth.表示某人做某事的全过程或某事发生的全过程，强调事物的发生和结束。寸Isawhimleaveafewminutesago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。寸TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglishspokenasmuchaspossible.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地找机会听英语。寸Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到他。.V-ing形式作宾补V-ing形式作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是主动的逻辑主谓关系。寸Ihearsomeoneknockingatthedoor.寸I’msorrytokeepyouwaitingforalongtime..V-ed形式作宾补着重动作完成，表明动作的结果，它与宾语之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系。寸Hesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.R’mgoingtohavemyhaircut.考向4非谓语动词作状语.不定式作状语⑴作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。寸Tokeepthemselvesawaketheysatonthefloorandtoldeachotherstories.为了不至于睡着，他们坐在地板上轮流讲故事。(2)作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，经常与only连用。寸Wehurriedtothestation,onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。⑶作原因状语①形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。寸We’r(proudtobeyoungpeopleofChina.作为中国青年我们感到自豪。②在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+todo”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，difficult，important，interesting，pleasant，comfortable，dangerous等。寸Thechairisverycomfortabletositon.这把椅子坐上去很舒服。【解题技巧】动词的不定式用法口诀：.分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)⑴作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。寸Satisfiedwithwhathedid，theteacherpraisedhiminclass.由于老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。(2)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形离havingdone)。寸Havingcleanedthedesks，webeganreading.擦完桌子后，我们便开始看书。⑶若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(havingbeendone)。寸Havingbeenshowntheclassrooms，weweretakentoseethelibrary.我们被领着看了教室后，又被带去看图书馆。(4)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。寸Seenfromthetopofthemountain，thecityisverybeautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。寸Seeingfromthetopofthehill，wefindtheparkevenmorebeautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。独立主格结构(一)独立主格结构的形式独立结构可分为两部分，一部分事名词或代词(主格)，起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。.名词/代词+形容词寸Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident,myheartfullofworry.我听说她在这次事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。寸Hestoodsilentinthemoon-light,hisdooropen.月光下，门开着，他默默地站在那儿。.名词/代词+现在分词寸Wintercoming,itgetscolderandcolder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。寸Therainhavingstopped,hewentoutforawalk.雨停了，他出去散散步。.名词/代词+过去分词寸Moretimegiven,weshouldhavedoneitmuchbetter.如果给我们更多时间，我们会做的更好。寸Theboystoodthere,hisrighthandraised. 那个男生站在那里，右手高举。.名词/代词（主格）+不定式争Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.这是前俩卷，第三卷将于下雨问世。寸Thetwoboysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotohisfriends.两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。.名词/代词+介词短语寸Thehuntsmanenteredtheforest,guninhand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。注意：这里guninhand还可以说成withaguninhand。但不可以说aguninhand或guninhishand。.名词/代词+副词寸Nobodyin,thethieftookalotofthingsaway. 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。寸Lunchover,heleftthehouse.Buthewasthinking. 午饭结束，他离开了路。但他还在考虑。.名词/代词+名词寸Hefoughtthewolf,astickhisonlyweapon.他和狼搏斗着，唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。.with复合结构它的构成是："with+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾语由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。寸HolmsandWatsonsatwiththelightonforhalfanhour.福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）寸Heusedtosleepwiththedooropen.他过去常开着门睡觉（形容词）寸Withaboyleadingtheway,theystartedtowardsthevillage.由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）寸Withtheworkdone,hewenthome.工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）寸Withyoutohelpus,wewillfinishthetaskintime.有你来帮忙，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）寸HongKonglooksmorebeautifulwiththou-sandsoflightsonnight.夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）从以上例句可以看出：在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态是，用现代分词：当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是，用过去分词：当这种主谓关系表示将来意义是，用不定时：当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。（二）独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。.作时间状语寸Theworkdone（=Aftertheworkhadbeendone）,wewenthome.工作完成后，我们才回家。.作条件状语寸Weatherpermitting（=Ifweatherpermits）,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。.作原因状语寸Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow（=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow）,theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。.作伴随状语寸Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead（=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead）.他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。.表补充说明Ahuntercamein,hisfaceredwithcold(=andhisfacewasredwithcold).一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。Thegreathallwascrowdedwithmanypeople,(include)manychildren(seat)ontheirparents,laps.It'ssaidthattheOlympicGames(hold)inLondonin2012willcovermoreeventsthananyotherOlympicsdid.There(be)norainforalongtime,mostofthecropsinthisareadiedfromlackingwater.Yesterdayastreet-beggarboughtalotteryticketpurposelessly,(make)himamillionaireovernight.InthefaceofthebigfireinOct.inCalifornia,manypeopleinthefire-strickenareasmovedout(escape,burn)Takingthismedicine,if(continue),willofcoursedogoodtohishealth.Thelittleboystillneedsthe(remain)20dollarstodowithsomethings(settle)(consider)hisage,thelittleboyreadquitewell.(judge)fromtheappearance,itisverypeaceful;butinfact,awarwillbreakoutsoon.-Tomenjoys(play)basketballonSundayafternoon,doesn,the?---Yes,hedoes.Butwhathissisterenjoys(dance)Hissister,(address)tothewrongnumber,reachedmelate.TheSpaceShuttleColumbiabrokeintopiecesoverTexasasitreturnedtotheearthonFebruary1st,2003,(kill)allsevenastronautsaboard.Therearelotsofplacesofinterest(need,repair)inourcity.-Whatcausedthepartytobeputoff?-Tom's(delay,send)theinvitations.Iwasafraid(talk)backtomycustomersbecauseIwasafraidof(lose)them.Standingonthetopofthehill,Iwouldnotdoanythingbut(enjoy)thefollowingofthesmogaroundme.-IsTomagoodtalker?-No,heneverspeakstomeotherthan(ask)forsomething.Ican'tgetmycar(run)oncoldmornings,soIhavetotry(fill)theradiatorwitsomehotwater.Thedrunkenhusbandknockedagainstthetableandsentthebowls(fly)inalldirectionsbeforehewassent(sleep)byhiswife.Whenwegotbackfromthecinema,wefoundthelamp(burn)onbutthedoor(shut).Wefoundthestudentsseatedattablesandhadtheireyes(fix)onthelaunchofShenzhouVspaceship.Adoctorcanexpect(call)atanyhourofthedayornight.Theboyoftengivesasatisfactoryanswertotheteacher'squestion,(think)justaminute.Sohe'susuallytheteacher'spet.Thepolicemancameuptothelonelyhousewiththedoor(open),(stand)thereforawhileandthenenteredit.(drive)alongthequietroadatfortymilesanhour,andthenanoldmansuddenlystartedtocrosstheroadinfrontofme.Mr.Smithwasmuchsurprisedtofindthewatchhehadhad(repair)wasnowheretobeseen.Whatdidthelibrarian(forbid,take)outofthelibrary?-Mum,whydoyougivemesomuchpopcorn?--(kill)theboringtime.WhatYangLiweiwantedtodowhenhegotoutofthespaceshipwas_(share)thejoywithalltheChinese.Whenhewasaloneathome,Maryneededafriendwithwhom(play)with.(see)thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthetree(frighten)otoflife.Thecompetitorneverdreamedofthere(be)achanceforhimtowinthefirstprizeinthe100-meterrace.(except)everythingtogowronginadvance,andyouwon'tfeelquitesobadwhenitdoes.---You(benottake)partinthepartyontime.一Sorry,Iwasdelayedbytheaccident.When(compared)withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesrftseemhighatall.(dress)inherbestsuit,thegirltriedtomakeherself(notice)attheparty.Thematter(relate)toyourstudysurelyrequires(deal)withcarefully.Her(notcome)backmadeherparentsworriedalot.Everything(take)intoconsideration,theybelievedthemselvesmoreandreturnedtotheirpositions.Hemovedawayfromhisparentsandmissedthemtoomuchtoenjoythe (excite)lifeinNewYork.-Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?-It,seasiersaidthan(carry)out.ManybusinessmenattendedtheBOAOForumbecausetheyknewwhat(get)fromtheforum.Therewasafamouspersonatthepartywhomeveryonewouldlike(introduce)tothemselves.-WereyouathomelastSunday?——Yeah!Idevotedthewholedayto (review)theEnglishgrammar.Once(catch,steal)attheshop,youwillbedismissedimmediately.Pricesofdailygoods(buy)throughacomputercanbeloweredthanstoreprices.Thesummervacation(be)over,Johnreturnedtoschoolfromhishometown.(suppose)shecan'tco0me,whowilldothework?-Isthereanythingyouwantfromtown?--No,thankyou.ButIwouldliketogetthoseletters(mail).Aftertheguestsleft,shespentasmuchtimeasshecould(tidy)uptherooms.选用括号内合适的内容补全下面句子。(Polluted,Polluting)waterandairareharmfultopeople'shealth.(Blinded,Blinding)bythesnow,almost(freezing,frozen)afterthelongjourney,theexplorercouldnotevenstrikeamatch.Sherylforgot(bringing,tobring)herpurse,soIlenthertendollars.Lydiareallyregrets(todrop,dropping)outofhighschool.Shehasreallyhadtostruggletomakealivingbecauseofthatdecision.Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety, (beingconsidered,tobeconsidered)unpopularwithallmembers.Althoughhe'sateenager,Fredcouldresist(beingtold,havingbeentold)whattodoandwhatnottodo.用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文。AAccesstoaclean,reliablewatersupplyisessentialtooursurvival.1.(cover)over70%percentoftheearth'ssurface,waterisapparentlyplentiful.Butinfact,lessthan1%ofallthewateronearthisaccessibleforhumanuseinlakes,riversandreservoirs.Renewedbyrainandsnowfall,thiswatersupplyisavailabletousasafinite(有限的)butsustainableresource.Asthedemandforaccesstothis2.(limit)supplyincrease,itisthoughtthatasmanyas5billionpeoplecouldexperiencewatershortagesby2025.Aworldwidewatermanagementplanisvital.Aninternationalcampaignmustbeintroduced3.(raise)publicawarenessoftheimportanceof4.(save)and5.(recycle)thispreciousresource.Furthermore,industryandagriculturemustbemade6.(reduce)theirwaterconsumption.Onlyinthiswaycanwater-relatedinternationalconflictsbeavoided.BTherearedifferentcommentsonthebookHelpingChildrentoSucceed.IfoundHelpingChildrentoSucceedtobea(n)1.(inspire)book.Whatwasthemost2.(fascinate)tomewastheresearchfindingthatchildrenfromwealthyfamiliesarenomorepreparedforasuccessfulindependentfuturethanchildrenfrompoorerfamilies.Theauthorshowsthatchildrenfromallbackgroundsneedtolearnnotonlyhow3.(work)hardbutalsohow4.(deal)withfailurewithout5.(fall)topieces.Thebookshowsconvincinglyhowpoorchildrenaswellasmiddleclasschildrenandthosefromwealthierhomesarecapableof6.(learn)theseskillsnecessaryforfuturesuccess.Thishasmademe7.(feel)veryoptimisticthatnochildwillfailbecauseoftheirfamilybackgroundandthatsomethingcanbedone8.(increase)thelifechancesofpoorchildren.IenjoyedHelpingChildrentoSucceed,butinmanywaysIalsofoundit1.(disappoint).2.(finish)readingthebook,Ithinkthetitleitselfis3.(mislead)becauseitfocu