英语词汇学备用1市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

Chapter1

TheBasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary第1页第1页Language,linguistics&lexicology

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.Languageisasystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofthestructuredarrangementofsounds(ortheirwrittenrepresentation)intolargerunits,e.g.,morphemes,words,sentences,utterances.Language第2页第2页Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.Linguistics第3页第3页Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inshort,itisthestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords.Whatislexicology?第4页第4页Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.第5页第5页Aimsofthecourse:GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.第6页第6页Thetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.Allthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Allthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Whatisvocabulary?第7页第7页speakingvocabulary---activevocabularywritingvocabulary---activevocabularyreadingvocabulary---passivevocabularyguessvocabulary---passivevocabulary

One’spersonalvocabularycanbedividedinto:第8页第8页WhatIsaWord?Awordisaminimalfreeform;Awordhasasound;Awordismeaningful;Awordissyntacticallyfunctional.

Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.第9页第9页DefinitioninChinese:词，今指语言组织中基础单位，能独立利用，含有声音，意义和语法功效。（《辞海》，1984，375页，上海辞书出版社）第10页第10页SoundandmeaningAsfortherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,therehasbeennoagreement.OneiscalledtheNaturalists(自然派)，theotheriscalledtheConventionalists(规约派).Theformerthinksthereexistsanintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsense,whilethelatterthinks“thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”.Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.第11页第11页●Arbitrary

Awordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.Thesymbolicconnectionisalwaysarbitrary,andthereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandtheideaitself.e.g.dog,book第12页第12页What’sinaname?Thatwhichwecallarose.Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.---Shakespeare:RomeoandJuliet(II,ii,1-2)InShakespeare’sopinion,ifweuseanotherwordinsteadoftheword“rose”.Thiskindof玫瑰花smellssweet,too.

第13页第13页●Conventional

Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisconventional.

Indifferentlanguages,ontheonehand,thesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.e.g.woman,frau(Ger),femme(F),fùnǚ(妇女)ontheotherhand,thesamesoundcanbeusedtodenotedifferentthingsinonelanguage.e.g.[mi:t]meet,meat,mete第14页第14页SoundandformItisgenerallyagreedthatthesoundshouldbeconsistentwiththeform.ButinEnglish,therearemoredifferencesbetweenthetwo.Thereasonsforthedifferencesare:●

TheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,anditdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustworktogetherincombination.●Thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingoveryears.E.g.sum,cum,wuman,wunder,munksome,come,woman,wonder,monk第15页第15页●

Theborrowinghascome.Earlyborrowingswereassimilated,lateronesdonotconformtotherolesofEnglishpronunciationandspelling.E.g.stimulus,denouement,fiesta,eureka,kimono.

fishghoti

gh

likethefinlaugh,

olikethei

inwomen,

tiliketheshinnation.Hymn,condemn,bomb

hymnal,condemnation,bombard第16页第16页

ClassificationofEnglishwords

Englishwordsmayfallinto:Intermsofusefrequency:thebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary

Intermsofnotion:contentwordsandfunctionalwordsIntermsoforigin:nativewordsandborrowedwordsIntermsofmorphology:simplewords,

compoundsandderivedwords.

第17页第17页thebasicwordstock

nonbasicvocabulary

Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.WordsthatdonotbelongtothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage

第18页第18页Thecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock(1)allnationalcharacterWordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.第19页第19页

(1)AllNationalCharacter

Naturalphenomena:

rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,spring,wind,hill;

Humanbodyandrelations:

head,foot,hand,face,father,mother,brother,sister,son,daughter;

Namesofplantsandanimals:

oak,pine,grass,pear,apple,tree,horse,cow,sheep,cat,dog,chicken

Action,size,domain,state:

come,go,eat,hear,beat,carry,good,evil,old,young,hot,cold,heavy,white,blackNumerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:

one,ten,hundred,I,you,your,who,in,out,under,and,but,till,as第20页第20页(2)StabilityWordsofthebasicstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies.Astheydenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.e.g.man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moon;However,stabilityisonlyrelative,e.g.arrow,bow,chariot,knight

moveout,electricity,machine,car,plane,computer,radio,television,internet

entered.第21页第21页(3)ProductivityMostrootwordsormonosyllabicwordscanbeusedaloneortoformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot:footage,football,footpath,footfall,footed,footloose,footling,footman,footing,footprint第22页第22页(4)Polysemy:Pluralityofmeanings.e.g.

take:

a.tomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother,b.toremoveorusewithoutpermissionorbymistake,c.toseizeorcapture,d.togetforoneself,e.togetholdofsth.withthehands,f.tobewillingtoaccept,g.tobearorendure,h.toneed(astatedamountoftime),i.toperformtheactionconnectedwith,j.totestormeasure,k.towritedown,l.tohavetheintendedeffortortoworksuccessfully第23页第23页

(5)CollocabilityWordsenteranumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.

e.g.heart:achangeofheart;afterone’sheart;aheartofgold;atheart;crossone’sheart;cryone’sheartout;eatone’sheartout;haveone’sheartinone’smouth;heartandhand;heartandsoul;takesomethingtoheart;wearone’sheartuponone’ssleeve;withallone’sheartetc.第24页第24页Terminology(术语):technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.medicine:hepatitis肝炎,indigestion,penicilin;mathematics:algebra,trigonometry,calculus;music:symphony,orchestra,sonata,concerto;education:audiovisual,megauniversity,microteaching;Nonbasicvocabularyincludes第25页第25页Jargons(行话)：thespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.abearmarket熊市

abullmarket牛市CAPI（CommunicationApplicationProgramInterface）通信应用程序接口CPI(ConsumerPriceIndex)

PPI

(ProducerPriceIndex)第26页第26页Slangs(俚语)：thesub-standardlanguages,whichareusedbyspecificgroupsofthepopulation.cancerstick:cigarettefeelnopain:bedrunkinthesoup:inserioustroublebringdown:disappointkickthebucket:dieegghead第27页第27页tart:loosewomangat:pistolchicken:cowardsmoky:policedame:womanbloke:fellowswell:greatblue:fightfull:drunkbeaver:girlp.14Ex.7第28页第28页Argots(黑话)：asecretlanguageusedbyvariousgroups—including,butnotlimitedto,thievesandothercriminals—topreventoutsidersfromunderstandingtheirconversations.

can-opener=all-purposekeydip=pick-pocket雷子/扳子=警察上天窗，下平台，掏底兜，插马后（南京小偷暗语）找光阴=掏包皮子=钱包第29页第29页Dialectalwords(方言词)：

wordswhichareusedonlybyspeakersofthedialect.beauty（AuE=excellent,great)auld(Scot=old)瘪三=BegSir乞丐Archaisms(古词/古语/古语词):wordswhichwereonceincommonuse,butnowarerestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.Theyarefoundmainlyinolderpoems,legaldocumentsandreligiouswritingorspeech.thou/thee=youwilt=will第30页第30页p.14Ex.8haply=perhapsmethinks=itseemstomesooth=truthtroth=pledgequoth=saidbillow=wave/thesea albeit=althougheke=alsomorn=morningere=beforehallowed=holybade=bid第31页第31页Neologisms(新词语/新词/旧词新义)：newlycreatedwordsandexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.glocalization=globalization+localizationMicroelectronics;futurology;databank;memory;thePill,AIDS;internet

最新《当代汉语词典》第六版收录近3000新词：黄金周雷人宅男宅女劈腿给力低碳搞掂八卦达人北漂碰瓷蚁族香蕉人MBA

第32页第32页ContentwordsFunctionalwordsdenoteclearnotions,knownasnotionalwords,including:nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numerals.donothavenotionsoftheirown.Knownasempty

words

orformwords,

including:prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries,articles.第33页第33页Nativewords

BorrowedwordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.Althoughnativewordsaresmallinnumber,theyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstock.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowings.第34页第34页Besidesthecharacteristics(allnationalcharacter,stability,productivity,polysemyandCollocability),nativewordshavetwootherfeatures:1)NeutralinstyleSincenativewordsdenotethecommonestthingsinhumansociety,theyareusedbyallpeople,inallplaces,onalloccasions,andatalltimes.Sotheyarenotstylisticallyspecific.2)FrequentinuseNativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.Althoughnativewordsaresmallinnumber,theirpercentageinuserunsusuallyashighas70%to90%.Characteristicsofnativewords第35页第35页Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,borrowedwordscanbedividedintofourclassesa.Denizens(同化词)DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling.portfromportus(L)cupfromcuppa(L)changefromchangier(F)porkfromporc(F)第36页第36页b.Aliens(非同化词)Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.décor(F)blitzkrieg(G)kowtow(CH)bazaar(Per)第37页第37页c.TranslationLoans(译借词)TranslationloansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.Subdividedinto:Wordstranslatedaccordingtothemeaning:mothertonguefromlinguamaterna(L)aslipofthetonguefromlapsuslinguae(L)masterpiecefromMeisterstuck(G)blackhumourfromhumournoir(F)longtimenosee(CH)Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound:ketchupfromfanchiejiang(CHdial.)lamafromlama(Tib)

teafromt’e(CHdial.)第38页第38页d.SemanticLoans(借意词)Words

ofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheformbuttothemeaning.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedan