人体解剖学电子复习题第11章中枢神经系统（Anatomy of the human anatomy chapter 11 the central nervous system）

人体解剖学电子复习题第11章中枢神经系统（Anatomyofthehumananatomychapter11thecentralnervoussystem）1.Neuron:alsoknownasnervecell,isthebasicstructureandfunctionalunitofthenervoussystem,consistingofthecellbodyandthebulge.Synapses:aspecializedcontactareabetweentheneuronandtheneuronandtheeffector,whichcanbedividedintoelectricalsynapsesandchemicalsynapsesaccordingtothewaythenerveistransmitted.3.Nerveconductionbeam:abundleofnervefibersthatbegin,travel,andfunctioninthecentralnervoussystem,knownasnerveconductionbundles(fiberbundles).Nervefibers:theaxonsofneuronsandthesurroundingbranchesareoftensurroundedbymyelinandnervemembranescallednervefibers.Itcanbedividedintotwotypes:medullaryandnon-medullary.Whitematter:inthecentralnervoussystem,wherenervefibersgather,thecoloriswhiteandwhite,calledwhitematter.6.Graymatter:inthecentralnervoussystem,neuronalcellsanddendriticagglomeration,darkandgray,calledgraymatter.Cortex:thegraymatteronthesurfaceofthecerebellumiscalledthecortex.8.Nucleusofthenerve:inthecentralnervoussystem,themorphologicalandfunctionalneuronalcellsclusterintoamassthatisdispersedinwhitemattercalledanucleus.9.Ganglia:intheperipheralnervoussystem,thecellbodiesoftheneuronsclustertogether,formingaknotstructurecalledganglion.Therearesensoryganglionandvisceralganglion.Nerves:intheperipheralnervoussystem,nervefibersclusterintobundlesandoutsourcethemembranescallednerves.11.Reticularstructure:inthespinalcord,brainstemandotherplaces,thereisamixtureofgreyandwhitematter,calledreticularstructure.12.Limbicsystem:inthehemispheresofthecerebralhemisphere,theinterlockingringsoftheclasp,hippocampus,hook,andhippocampusarecalledmarginalleaves.Limbiclobeandwithitsadjacentcortical(insula,temporalpoleandorbitalbacktoback,etc.)andsubcorticalstructures(theamygdala,thehypothalamus,themidbraintegmentumandnucleargroupofthalamusbefore)onthestructureandfunctionhasacloserelationshipbetweeneachother,knownasthelimbicsystem.13.Internalsac:intheendbrain,thestructurebetweenthethalamus,caudatenucleusandthebeannucleus.14.Thebrainsickle:theduraofthecerebrallongitudinalfissure,whichappearsasasickle,calledthebrainsickle.15.Cerebellum:theepiduralofthecerebelluminthetransversefissureofthebrain.16.Medialhilus:thenucleusofathinnucleusandawedgenucleusandthefibersareintersectedtotherightside,andthemedialmoundisreferredtoasfoldedupward.18.Cerebellum:bulgingoftheanteriormedialsideofthecerebellum,closetotheoccipitalforamen.Corpuscallosum:thefibersofthenewcortexofthecerebralhemisphereonbothsidesofthebrain,locatedatthebaseofthehemisphere.21.Duralsinuses:theliningoftheduraislinedwithendotheliumandcontainsvenousblood30.Pyramidaltracts:descendingfiberbundlesfromthemotorcortexofthecerebralcortex,whichmanagetherandommovementofskeletalmusclesinthetrunkandlimbs,dividedintocorticalspinalcordandcorticalnuclei.31.Corticalnuclei:thefibrousbundlesthatwereissuedandstoppedatthebaseofthebrainsteminfrontofthemiddleofthemiddleofthemiddleofthecentralregionandmanagedtoexercisetheskeletalmusclesofthehead.32.Corticalspinalcord:themotorcenterissuesandstopstheanteriorangularmovementcells,andmanagesthefiberbundlesoftheskeletalmusclemovementofthetrunkandlimbs.Short-answerquestionsWhatpartsofthebrainconsistof?Whatisbrainstem?A:thebraincanbedividedintosixparts:thetelencephalon,theinterbrain,themidbrain,thebrainbridge,themedullaandthecerebellum.Themedullarymedullary,thecerebellum,andthemidbrainarecombinedwiththebrainstem.5.Whatarethebrainnuclei?Whatisthebrainnerveassociatedwiththemedulla?A:thenucleusofthemedullarynucleushasatrigeminalnucleus,solitarynucleus,lowersecretionofsalivarynucleus,hypochondria,vaginalisdorsalnucleus,subnervenucleus,hypoglossalnervenucleus.Thesebrainnucleiaremainlyassociatedwithbrainnervesinthe5th,9thand12th.Whatarethenervenucleiofthebrainbridge?Whichpairsofbrainnervesareassociatedwithit?Answer:thenervenucleusofthebrainbridgehastrigeminalnervebrainbridge(main)nucleus,trigeminalnervemotionnucleus,shownucleus,facialnervenucleus,uppersecretionsalivanucleus,vestibularnucleus,cochlearnucleus.Thebrainbridgeisassociatedwith5to8pairsofbrainnerves.Whichofthebrainisassociatedwiththebrain?Howmanypairsofbrainnuclei?A:themiddlebrainisassociatedwiththebrainnerve.Thenucleusofthebrainnucleusisthenucleusofthenucleus,thenervenucleus,thenervenucleusandthenucleusofthetrigeminalnerve.Whatarethenon-brainnucleiofthebrainbridgeandmidbrain?A:thenon-brainnucleusofthecerebralbridgehasthenucleusofthebrainbridge,andthenon-cerebralnucleusofthemiddlebrainhastherednucleus,thedarkmatter,theuppermoundnucleus,thelowercoreandtheprefaceregion.9.Whatarethefunctionsofancient,oldandnewcerebellum?Whatarethemainsymptomsofancientcerebellarsyndromeandnewcerebellarsyndrome?A:theancientcerebellumregulatesthebody'sbalanceandmaintainstheposition,theoldcerebellummaintainsthemuscletoneandmaintainstheposture,thenewcerebellumcancoordinatethevoluntarymovement.Thenewcerebellarsyndromeisthebalancedisorder,thenewcerebellarsyndromeistheataxiaoftheataxia,themuscletensionisreducedandthefineactionhappenstoshake.10.Whatpartsofthebrainareinvolved?Whatistheinternalcavity?A:theinterbrainincludesthethalamus(dorsalthalamus),theupperthalamus,hypothalamus,theposteriorthalamusandthehypothalamus.Theinnercavityoftheinterbrainisthethirdventricle.11.Whatarethevariouspartsoftheupperthalamusandtheposteriorthalamus?A:theupperthalamusconsistsoftheREINS,REINSandpinealbodies.Theposteriorthalamusiscomposedofthemedialgeniculatebodyandthelateralgeniculatebody.12.Whichpartsofthehypothalamus?Whatisthecentralpartofthehypothalamus?A:thehypothalamusincludessuprachiasmatic,optic,greynodules,funnelsandpapillarybodies.Thehypothalamusisthesubcorticallowercenteroftheautonomic(plant)nerve(thefrontistheparasympatheticcenterandtheposterioristhesympatheticcenter).Whichchannelsdothehemispheresdifferentiatefrom?Whichofthefrontallobes?A:thecerebralhemisphereisdividedintofrontal,parietallobe,temporallobe,occipitallobeandislandleavesbymeansofthecentralsulcus,lateralsulcusandoccipitalsulcus.Thefrontalgyrus,frontalgyrus,frontalgyrusandfrontalgyrusareinthefrontallobe.14.Whatarethemaintypesofparietallobesandtemporallobes?Answer:thereisacentralback,top,andlowerlobuleintheparietallobe,andthelowerlobeisdividedintotheupperandthecorners.Therearetemporal,middle,lower,andtransversegyrusinthepreleaves.15.Whatarethepartsofthecorticalcortex,theoldcortexandtheneocortex?Answer:thehippocampalanddentategyrusbelongtothepaleocortex.Theolfactorybulb,olfactorytract,olfactorytriangle,andtheanteriorpartofthehippocampusbelongtotheoldcortex;Therestbelongedtotheneocortex,about96%ofthetotalcortex.16.Testthefunctionalorientationofthecerebralcortex.Answer:themovementcenterisinfrontofthecentralfrontandthefrontofthecentralsideofthecentrallobe:thesensorycenterisinthebackofthecenterandtheposteriorlobeofthecentrallobe;Thevisualcenter(visualarea)islocatedintheoccipitalcortex,whichissurroundedbythedistance.Theauditorycenter(auditoryarea)islocatedinthetemporalgyrus.Inthelanguagecenter(languagearea),themotorlanguage(speech)centerisinl/3aftertheinferiorfrontalgyrus,andtheauditorylanguage(obedient)centerisonethirdafterthefrontalgyrus.Thevisuallanguage(reading)centersintheangulargyrusandthewritingcenterinthebackoftheforehead.Whatarethestructuresofthebasalgangliaofthebrain?A:thecaudatenucleus,thebeanshapednucleus,thescreennucleusandtheamygdala.Whatisastriatum?Whatisthenewstriatum,theoldstriatum?Whatdoesthestriatumdo?A:thecaudatenucleusandthebean-shapednucleusareknownasstriatum.Thecaudatenucleusandtheshellarecalledthenewstriatum;Thewhiteballiscalledtheoldstriatum.Thestriatumisanimportantpartoftheextrapyramidalsystem,anditsfunctionistomaintainmuscletensionandcoordinatethemovementofskeletalmuscle.19.Whichfiberbundlesarepassedineachpartoftheinnercapsule?Whatisthesensationandmovementdisorderofthebodypartoftherightinnercapsule?Answer:internalcapsuleforelimbshavebridgebeam,internalcapsulekneesaremainlyofthecortex,internalcapsulehindlimbsarebytheformerinturnbacktothethalamus,listentotheradiationandradiation,theradiationisontheoutsideofthecorticospinaltract,andpillowtemporalbridgebeam.Injurytotherightinnercapsule:sensorydisturbance:adeepsensorybarrierinthelefthalfofthebody;2.Binocularvisionwithlateralhalf-bias.Motordisorder:hardparalysisonthesideandlowerlimb.20.Thelocationanddivisionofthelateralventricle.A;Thelateralventricleislocatedinthehemisphereofthebrain,whichcanbedividedintothecentralpart(intheparietallobe),theanteriorhorn(intheupperlobe),theposteriorhorn(intheoccipitallobe),andthelowerAngle(thetemporallobe).21.Comparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetrunkandthedeep,shallowsensorypathway.A:thesimilarities:thelevelIandIIlevelshavethesameposition;Topassthroughtheposteriorextremityofthecapsule;ThefibersoftheleftandrightareallemittedbyI-gradeneurons;ThefibersofthegradeIneuronsallreachtheposteriormiddle,upperandcentrallobeofthecentrallobe,andtheprojectionpositioningofthevariouspartsofthebodyisbasicallythesame.Differences:thepositionoftheclassIneuronsisdifferent;ThelevelIfiberisdifferentinthespinalposition,andthedepthofthefiberinthedeeppartofthefiberisuptotheposteriorcord.Thefibersintheshallowpartareintersectedinfrontofthewhitematter,andthefibersofthedeepareintersectedattheintersectionsofthemedialmoundofthemedullarymedullary.Therearealsodifferencesintheprojectionarea,andthedeepdivisionisprojectedtothefrontofthecenter,theupperpartandthefrontofthecentralsideofthecentrallobe.22.Whatisthetransmissionpathwayofthesuperficialsensoryconductionpathwaysofthehead?Answer:headfacialskin,mucousmembranetouchthepainoftemperaturesensorstotrigeminalnerve,trigeminalgangliatotrigeminalnervesensoryroot,brainstemtrigeminalsensorynucleus(ponstrigeminalnerve,spinalnucleus)andthemedullaoblongataandponsincross-trigeminalthalamusbeam-thalamicventralmedialnucleusandinternalcapsuleafterhindlegstothecerebralcortexafterthelowerback.23.Trytodescribethenameandlocationofthevisualconductionpathsensorandthetertiaryneuron.Answer:isitsreceptorsintheretinaofthelight-sensitiverodandconecells,thefirstlevelneuronsforbipolarcellsintheretina,secondaryneuronsisganglioncells,thethirdlevelofneuroncellbodiesinthelateralgeniculatebody.24.Wheredoesthevisualconductionroadintersect?Whatisthefeature?A:thecross-sectionofthehypothalamusinthesuprachiasmaticcrossischaracterizedbytheintersectingofthefibrousintersectingoftheretinalnoseandhalfoftheretinalnose.Thetemporalsideishalfuncrossed,andthelateralsideofthecross.Therefore,theleftsideofthebundlecontainsfibersfromthelefthalfoftheretinalretina,andtherightsideofthebundlecontainsfibersfromtherighthalfoftheretina.25.Whathappenstotheretinaaftertheoutsidelightreachestheretina?Answer:retinalandopticnerveandopticchiasmaandoptictract-tothearm-theareabeforetheroof-bothoculomotornervedeputynuclear-parasympatheticpreganglionicfibersoculomotornerveandtheciliaryganglion-parasympatheticpostganglionicfibre-pupillarysphincterandtheciliarymuscle.26.Whentherightsideoftheopticnerve,therightsideoftheeye,andtherightsideoftheeyearedamaged,whataretheclinicalsymptoms?A:whentherightopticnerveisdamaged,therighteyevisioniscompletelyblind,andtherighteyeisdirectlyreflectedoffthelight,theindirectlightreflectionispresent,andthelefteyeindirectlyreflectsoffthelightreflection.Ontheright,therighteye,thedirectandindirectlightreflection,therighteyeballmovementdisorder.Ontherightsideofthebeaminjury,thereweretwoeyesleftfieldofvision.27.Whataretheclinicalsymptomswhenthecentralandlateralpartsofthecrossarerespectivelydamaged?A:whenthecrosscentralpartoftheeyeisdamaged,theoptictemporalvisionofthebinocularisblind.Whenthelateralsideofthecross-lateralsideofthelesionisseen,thereisahemianopsiaofthelateraleyeball.28.Wherearetheupperandlowerneuronsofthesidemuscles,onesideofthetongue,andtheupperandlowerextremitiesundermanagementoftheeye?Answer:thefacialmuscle:theupperneuronislocatedatthelowerpartoftheoppositecenteroftheoppositeside,andthelowerneuronislocatedinthelowerhalfofthelateralnucleus.Tonguemuscle:theuppernervecellislocatedinthelowerpartofthecenterofthetest,andthelowerneuronislocatedintheinferiorlingualnucleus.Theupperextremitymuscle:theuppernervecellislocatedinthemiddleoftheoppositecenteroftheoppositecenter,andthelowerneuronislocatedintheanteriorhornofthesameside.Lowerextremitymuscle:theuppernervecellislocatedatthefrontofthelateralcenteroftheoppositecenterandtheanteriorcentrallobeofthecentrallobe,andthelowerneuronislocatedintheanteriorhornofthesamelaterallumbosacralbulge.Whatarethedifferentclinicalsymptomsofneuroninjury?Answer:whenthemotorneuroninjury,themuscletensionincreases,paralysisisthespastic(hardparalysis),themuscledoesnotatrophyintheearlystage,thedeepreflexishyperactive,theoccurrencepathologicalreflection.Nowwhenmotorneuroninjury,Itismanifestedasdecreasedmuscletone,paralysisisflaccid(softpalsy),muscleatrophy,deepreflexdisappearance,nopathologicreflection.30.Whatarethestructuresofdura?Whatisthenameandflowofthedura?A:theduraformsthecerebellum,thecerebellum,andtheduralsinus.Themajorduralsinusistheuppersagittalsinus,thelowersagittalsinus,thestraightsinus,thetransversesinus,thesigmoidsinusandthecavernoussinus.Therelationshipisasfollows:thesinussinusofthenextsagittalsinusisinjectedwiththesinusandtheuppersagittalsinus.Sinusandsinusesofthecavernoussinusandsinusofthecavernoussinusarerespectivelyannotatedbysinusandsinus.Thetransversesinusisknownastheethyliticsinus,whichisassociatedwiththelowersinusandtheinternaljugularvein.31.Whatissubarachnoid,subarachnoidpool,subarachnoidgranule?A:thespacebetweenthearachnoidandthesoftmembraneiscalledthesubarachnoidcavity,whichisfilledwithcerebrospinalfluid.Insomeplaces,thecavityiscalledthesubarachnoidpool,suchasthepoolofthefootandthemedullaofthecerebellum.Thearachnoidofthebrainisformedonbothsidesofthesagittalsinusandanumberofgranulesprotrudeintothesagittalsinus,thesubarachnoidgranules.Cerebrospinalfluidistheduralsinusthroughthearachnoidgranule.32.Whatisthecerebralarteryring?Whatkindofbranchiscomingoutofthering?Answer:afterposteriorcerebralartery,thetrafficartery,internalcarotidartery,brainarteryandbeforetheendoftrafficarteriesinthebrainaroundopticchiasma,greynodulesandpapillae,anastomosisringformationcalledringofcerebralarteryfromthebrainarteryringcentralartery(a)andcorticalartery.33.Whichareasarethemainareasofcorticalbranchesofthecerebralartery?Whatimportantcentersexistinthisarea?Answer:thecorticalbranchesdistributionofmiddlecerebralarteryintheforehead,nexttime,afterthecentralfrontandbacktothemiddleandlowerpoints,temporal,andcrossbackpart,namelythecerebralhemisphereontheoutersidemostofthecentralarea,theareathereissensory,motor,language,andotherimportantseniorcenters.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthecentralarteryinthebrain?Wherearethemainareas?Whatarethesymptomsofrupturedbleeding?Answer:theyhavesmalldiameter,thinpipewall,highpressure,walkingpathlength,undersomefactors,easytorupturebleeding.Thecentralarteryofthemiddlecerebralarteryisthecentralarteryofnutrition,thestriatumanddorsalthalamus.Oncetheruptureisofteninvolvedintheinnersac,itcausesthemovementofthelateralsideandthesensoryimpairmentandthetwo-ocularvisionofthelateralhemihemianopia,the"tribias"syndrome.35.Whatarethestructuresassociatedwiththecavernoussinus?Answer:insidethelateralwallofcavernoussinushasthenerveoftheeyenerve,theblocknerve,theeyes,theupperjawnerve,insidethecavernoussinusistheinternalcarotidarteryandtheexhibitionnervepasses.36.Thepositionofthe3levelsofneuronsinthebodyandlimbofthebody.Answer:Igrade:spinalnervenode,classII:posteriorcore,classIII:thalamusposteriornucleus.37.Wherearethethreelevelsofnervecellsinthetrunkandlimb?Answer:Igrade:spinalnervenode,classII:thinnucleusandwedgenucleus,classIII:thalamusposteriornucleus.38.Whatarethepairsofbrainneuronsconnectedtothemidbrainandthebrainbridge?Answer:themiddlebrainhasthenerveandtheblocknerve,thebrainbridgehasthetrigeminalnerve,theexhibitionnerve,thefacialnerveandvestibularcochlearnerve.Whatisthebrainnerveassociatedwiththemedulla?Answer:thereisthetongueofthetongue,thevagusnerve,theaccessorynerveandthehypoglossalnerve.Whereisthecerebellum?Whatarethey?A:cerebellumislocatedintheposteriorfossa,whichcanbedividedintothemiddlecerebellumandthecerebellarhemisphereonbothsides.41.Thelocationandtransportationofthethirdandfourthventricles.A:thethirdventricleislocatedbetweenthethalamusandthehypothalamus,andthetwoventriclesareconnectedwiththeleftandrightventricles,andthefourthventricleisdownthroughthemiddlecerebralwaterpipe.Thefourthventricleislocatedinthecerebralbridge,themedullaandthecerebellum,andthethirdventriclethroughthemiddlecerebralcanal,downthecentralcanalofthespinalcord,andthemiddleofthecentralcanalandthesubarachnoidcavityofthetwolateralperforations.42.Whatarethearteriesofthenutritionbrain?Whicharterydoyoucomefrom?A:thereareanterior,middleandposteriorarteriesofthebrain.Thefirsttwocomefromtheinternalcarotidartery,whichcomesfromthebasilarartery.43.Theoccurrenceofahardparalysisisduetothedamageofstructure,Whatarethemainmanifestations?Answer:thecerebralcortexmotorareaandpyramidaltractinjurycanappearhardparalysis.Thesymptomsincludeincreasedmuscletension,hyperreflexivehyperreflexia,pathologicalreflex,andinapparentmuscleatrophy.45.Whatstructureofthelesionoccurredinthefacialnervenucleuspalsy?Whatarethemainsymptoms?A:afacialnervenucleuspalsyoccurredintheanteriororcorticalnucleus.Clinicalmanifestations:thefacialmusclesofthesideoftheside