二、非谓语动词

非谓语动词非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。非动词特征：不定式一具有n.adj.adv.的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；动名词一具有n.特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；分词一具有adj.adv.特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语区别：动名词一名词；习惯性动作不定式一将来；一次性动作分词：现在分词一动作正在进行；表主动过去分词一动作已经完成；表被动（一）不定式1形式：to+▼原形否定式：nottodo主动形式：一般式一todo进行式一tobedoing完成式一tohavedone完成进行式一tohavebeendoing被动形式：一般式一tobedone完成式一tohavebeendone1）一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。I’mgladtoseeyou.（同时发生）Theyinvitedustocometoaparty.（不定式动作后发生）2）完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother=I’mgladthatIhaveyourmotherTheenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.=Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.3）进行式:谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeovertheriver=Itissaidthattheyarebuildinganotherbridgeovertheriver4）完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。Theyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.=Itissaidthattheyhavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.。关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。Theyexpectedtheirsontodowellintheexamination.Theyexpectedtheirsontobedoingwellduringtheexamination.Theyexpectedtheirsontohavedonewellintheexamination.2不定式作用作主语Eg.Tbmasteraforeignlanguageisnoteasy.fIt’snoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.It’sthegreatesthappinessoflifetoloveandtobeloved.注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It+is/was+adj./n.+不定式（短语）其中it是形式主语（formsubject、真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）作表语Eg.Herwishistobeateacher.Sheseemstobehappy.作宾语Eg.Helovedtolistentomusic.IfinditdifficulttospeakEnglishfluently.下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语：afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,ask,care,choose,decide,desire,demand,determine,help,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,strive,tend,wish,..作定语Eg.Heisthebestmantoconsultwith.Thereisalotofworktodo.注：不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi后要加介词作状语a目的状语Eg.Istartedearlysoasto/inordertogettherebeforedark.soasto和inorderto是不定式的强调形式soasto用在句中inorderto用在句中或句首否定形式：nottodosoasnottodoinordernottodob原因状语Eg.Weareproudtobemembersofthisteam.Wejumpedwithjoytohearofthegoodnews.c结果状语Eg.Heistooyoungtogotoschool.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihurriedtotherailwaystationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.Hebehavedsofoolishlyastomakemethinkthatheisoutofhissenses.Hisstoryissosadastoarouseoursympathy.soasto/suchastoso…asto/such…astoso/such区别：so+adj.such+n.so/such排序：so+adj.+a/an+n.such+a/an+adj.+n.Eg.Hersissuchasadstoryastoarouseoursympathy.Hersissosadastoryastoarouseoursympathy.Herstoryissuchastoarouseoursympathy.作补语a宾补Eg.Chinaexpectseveryonetodohisduty.Icouldmakethemunderstandme.补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask,tell,want,expect,invite,allow,forbid,force,oblige,urge,advise,persuade..・sb.todosth.要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/letsb.dosth.helpsb.todosth.主语不直接参与动作helpsb.dosth.主语直接参与动作Eg.Thiskindofsoapwillhelpustowashtheclothesmoreeasily.Theyalwayshelpmedomyhomework.b主补Eg.Weweremadetopaythemoney.Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.注：主被动语态转换S.makesb.dosth.—sb.bemadetodosth.S.sawamanenterthehouse—Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.S.sawamanenteringthehouse.—Amanwasseenenteringthehouse.3结构与考点否定式Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语）介词+疑问词+不定式（作状语）Eg.Wheretostayhasnotbeendecidedyet.（主语）Shedoesn’tknowwhattodo.（动词宾语）Hehadnoideaofhowtodo.（介词宾语）Iaskhimwheretogetthisbook.（宾语补足语）Thequestioniswhichtochoose.（表语）Iwantaroomwithbigwindows,throughwhichtoseethesea.（状语）复合结构：forsb.todosth.Itis+adj./n.+for/ofsb.todosth.（当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用❶心如kind,wrong,polite,wise..）Eg.Thebookistoodifficultforthestudentstoread.Thereisnoneedforhertocome.It’sdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.It’skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度Eg.Tobefrank（withyou）,Idon’tcaremuchforyourproject.Theyare,sotospeak,grownupboys.（可以这么说）Heisnotabadman,tobesure.（固然）tobehonestwithyou;totellyouthetruth;分离不定式：在to与叫原形之间插入adv.Eg.Shepreparedtosilentlyaccompanyhim.4省略不定式符号to的情况（省to不定式即动词原形）①hadbetter/hadbest（not）dowouldrather/wouldsoonerdosth.than_dosth.wouldjustassoondosth.as_do・・（宁愿…也不愿…）may/might（just）aswell虫…・（还是…好；还不如…;不妨…）cannotbut剪..（不能不；不得不）Eg.Iwouldjustassoonstayas_gowithhim.Wemayaswellbeginatonce.Youmayaswelltellthetruth.Wemightjustaswellstayathome.Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.②感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make/have/let+sb./sth.+do常见感官动词：see,heai,watch,notice,observe,listento,lookat,feeletc.[注：make/have+sb/sth.+done]若连词(than,as)或介词(except,but)前有do的某种形式，省to;反之则不省Eg.Hedidnotsomuchassayhewassorry.Ididnomorethanmakeabeginning.Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.Ididnothingbut/exceptrepairthefarmtools.Mydogdoeseverythingexceptspeak.作表语的不定式，若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.Eg.AllIdidwas(to)hithimonthehead.Theonlythingwecandois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.Theonlythingtodois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.WhatI4ldois(to)tellherthetruth.(二)动名词1形式：v-ing否定形式：notv-ing主动形式：一般式v-ing完成式havingdone被动形式：一般式beingdone完成式havingbeendone复合结构：one’sdoing2作用作主语Eg.Seeingisbelieving.Thereisnodenyingthis.It’snouse/good/uselesscryingoverthespiltmilk.作表语Eg.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.作宾语动词宾语Ihavefinishedreadingthebook.介词宾语Sheisveryfondofdancing.宾补HecalledthisrobbingPetertopayPaul.Doyoufindstayinghereinteresting?^Doyoufinditinterestingstayinghere?动名词作宾补经常转换成：vt.（谓语）+it（形式宾语）+v-ing（动名词短语为真正的宾语）定语动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系Eg.sleepingpillsasleepingchild3结构及考点：否定式和复合结构否定式notv-ing复合结构：名词所有格或物主代词+动名词（作主语或宾语）名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或语中）Eg.It’snousebuyingbooksbutnotreadingthem.His/Himgoingtherewoifthelpmuch.John’s/Johncomingherewillgetusoutoftrouble.Idon’trememberhis/himgivingmebackthatdictionary.Idon’tremembermywifefs/wifecomplainingaboutprices.IheardofMissMary’s/Marycomingback.附录：1有些动词后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate,appreciate,involve,remembei;forget,forgive,forbid,imagine,keep,mind,regret,avoid,consider,discuss,encourage,finish,like,love,resist,delay,admit，risk,resume,suggest,advise,allow,permit,deny,dislike,favoGfancy,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,leaveoff,overlook,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,putoff,prevent,prohibit,quit,recommend,require,resent,recall,tolerate,understand,stop,..approachtodoing,bebusydoing,objecttodoing,feellikedoing,can’thelpdoing,preferdoingAtodoingB….2有些介词和形容词后需接动名词作宾语：approachtodoing,onthepointofdoing,busydoing,objecttodoing,feellikedoing,thereis(no)pointindoing..3有些句式要求动名词作宾语It’snouse/gooddoing..It’suselessdoing...©theretobe和therebeing作介词宾语时的区别theretobe和therebeing都是therebe的非谓语形式，并且都可以作介词宾语，二者在作介词宾语时的唯一区别在于：如果介词是for,则后面接theretobe；如果是其它介词，则后面接therebeing.Itwasunusualfortheretobesofewpeopleinthestreet.Johnwasrelyingontherebeinganotheropportunity.（三）分词1形式现在分词一般式：v-ing否定式：notv-ing主动一般式：doing主动完成式：havingdone被动一般式：beingdone被动完成式：havingbeendone过去分词一般式:v-ed否定式:notv-ed被动一般式:v-ed/done③独立（主格）结构：（with）+n./pron.+分词2作用作表语Mypencilwasbroken.（过去分词作表语f主语状态）Herspeechwasquitestirring.现在分词作表语f主语性质）作定语Alostopportunityneverreturns.Thewomansittingatthedeskishissecretary.Thematerialusediscement.注:分词（短语）作定语可以转化成定语从句作状语:分词（短语）作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致a时间状语（When）Seeingtheprofessor,thestudentssmiledandsaidgoodmorningtohim.（When）Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.b原因状语Beingill,hestayedathome.Convincedoftheaccuracyofthedata,Istucktomyopinion.c条件状语Workinghardyou’llsucceed.United,westand;divided,wefall.d让步状语Workingveryhard,hedidnotfeelalittletired.Thoughbeatenbytheoppositeteam,theplayersdidnotloseconfidence.（连词though^加强语气）e结果状语Aletterhasjustcome,relievingherfromanxiety.Newmachineswereinstalled,thus/therebyresultinginanincreaseinproduction.（thus/thereby^加强语气）f方式状语Travelingbycar,thestudentsvisitedmanyplaces.ArmedwithMarxism-Leninism,thePartysolvedtheproblemsoneafteranother.g伴随状语Theteachei;followedbysomestudents,wentontotheclassroom.Theystayedathomeallday,givingthehouseathoroughcleaning.补语a宾补IamsorryIhavekeptyouwaiting.Ihavemyhaircutonceamonth.（谓语v•多为使役v和感官v.）b主补Shewasseengoingupstairs.Theworkwaslefthalfdone.3结构与考点①分词短语作状语（其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致）Havingworkedforanhourhedidn’tfeeltiredyet.（现在分词working的现在完成式）Havingbeenquestionedforanhour,headmittedhavingstolenthemoney.（过去分词questioned的现在完成被动式）（havingstolen为动名词现在完成式）。现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别一般说来，现在分词与过去分词作句子状语时的主要区别在于：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词表示被动的意思。Pleasefillinthisform,givingyourname,address,etc.Hestoodthere,surroundedbyhisthreedaughters.。分词作状语时的时态1）一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleaveanote.=Asshesawnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleaveanote.2）完成式：分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前Havingcleanedtherooms,webegantoweedthegarden.=Afterwehadcleanedtherooms,webegantoweedthegarden.©“when/while+分词”结构如果谓语动词表示的动作发生在分词表示的动作过程之中，分词的前面通常需要加上连词when或while,这样的分词结构可以放在句子前面，也可以放在句子后面。Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.=Becarefulwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.Whilediscussingthematter,manypeoplegotveryexcited.=Whiletheywerediscussingthemattermanypeoplegot…②分词的独立主格结构分词（短语）作状语时,无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则，分词前必需有自己的主语，即用独立主格。可以说，独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式。独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。常考两种结构：1）n./pron.+（现在/过去）分词（短语）』作时间/原因/条件/方式/伴随状语2）with+n/pron.+①（现在/过去）分词（短语）一作时间/原因/方式/条件状语adj.（短语）』作伴随状语prep.phr—作伴随状语注:2）常被称为with独立主格结构解题关键:分词为『.的变化形式,先分析句子是否有谓语者有则考虑分词作状语,如果分词（短语）的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,还要考虑分词独立主格结构作状语,然后看主被动关系确定用现在分词还是过去分词撮后考虑时态和语态.Beingverypoorinthosedays,myfathercoulddtsendmetoschool.（分词短语作状语）=Becausemyfatherwasverypoorinthosedays,hecoulditsend…Nothavingreceivedananswerhedecidedtowriteanotherlettertoher.（分词短语作状语）=Becausehehadn’treceivedananswei,hedecidedtowrite…Weatherpermitting,we’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.（独立结构作状语）=Ifweatherpermits,we’llhaveanoutgoi