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2021-2022年山西省吕梁市大学英语6级大学英语六级学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________
一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.AprilFools'Special:History'sHoaxes
HappyAprilFools'Day.Tomarktheoccasion,NotionalGeographicNewshascompiledalistofsomeofthemorememorablehoaxesinrecenthistory.Theyarethelies,darned(可恨的)lies,andwhoppers(弥天大谎)thathavebeenperpetratedonthegullible(易受骗的)andunsuspectingtofulfillthatage-olddesireheldbysometoputthejokeonothers.
InternetHoaxes
TheInternethasgivenbirthtoaproliferation(增殖)ofhoaxes.E-mallinboxesarebombardedonanalmostdailybasiswithmessageswarningofterriblecomputervirusesthatcauseuserstodeletebenign(良性)chunksofdatafromtheirharddrives,orofcreditcardseamsthatenticethenaivetogivealltheirpersonalinformation,includingpasswordsandbankaccountdetails,toidentitythieves.Othere-mailsgiverisetowry(歪曲的)chuckles,whichiswherethislistbegins.
BanDihydrogenMonoxide(一氧化二氢)
CityofficialsinAlisoViejo,California,weresoconcernedaboutthedangersofdihydrogenmonoxidethattheyscheduledavotelastmonthonwhethertobanfoam(泡沫)cupsfromcity-sponsoredeventsaftertheylearnedthechemicalwasusedinfoam-cupproduction.
Officialscalledoffthevoteafterlearningthatdihydrogenmonoxideisthescientifictermforwater.
"It'sembarrassing,"citymanagerDavidJ.NormantoldtheAssociatedPress."Wehadaparalegal(律师助手)whodidbadresearch."
Indeed,theparalegalhadfallenvictimtoanofficial-lookingWebsitetoutingthedangersofdihydrogenmonoxide.Ane-mailoriginallyauthoredin1990byEricLechnerthenagraduatestudentattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,claimedthatdihydrogenmonoxide"isusedasanindustrialsolventandcoolant,andisusedintheproductionofStyrofoam(聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料)."
Otherdangerspranksters(爱开玩笑的人)associatedwiththechemicalincludedacceleratedcorrosionandrusting,severebums,anddeathfrominhalation.
Versionsofthee-mailcontinuetocirculatetoday,andseveralWebsites,includingthatoftheCoalitiontoBanDHMO,warn,tongue-in-cheek,ofwater'sdangers.
AlabamaChangesValueofPi
TheApril1998newsletterputoutbyNewMexicansforScienceandReasoncontainsanarticletitled"AlabamaLegislatureLaysSiegetoPi".ItwaspennedbyAprilHolidayoftheAssocimatedPress(sic)andtoldthestoryofhowtheAlabamastatelegislaturevotedtochangethevalueofthemathematicalconstantPifrom3.14159totheroundnumberof3.
Theersatz(假的)newsstorywaswrittenbyLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryphysicistMarkBosloughtoparody(滑稽地模仿)legislativeandschoolboardattacksontheteachingofevolutioninNewMexico.
AtBoslough'ssuggestion,DaveThomas,thepresidentofNewMexicansforScienceandReason,postedthearticleinitsentiretytotheInternetnewsgroupTalk.OriginsonApril1.(Thenewsgrouphostsalivelydebateoncreationvs.evolution.)LaterthateveningThomaspostedafullconfessiontothehoax.liethoughthehadputallrumorstobed.
ButtoThomas'ssurprise,however,severalnewsgroupreadersforwardedthearticletofriendsandposteditonothernewsgroups.
WhenThomascheckedinonthestoryafewweekslater,hewassurprisedtolearnthatithadspreadlikewildfire.Thetelltalesignsofthearticle'ssatiricalintent,suchastheAprilIdateandmisspelled"AssocimatedPress"dateline,hadbeenreplacedordeleted.
Alabamalegislatorswerebombardedwithcallsprotestingthelaw.Thelegislatorsexplainedthatthenewswasahoax.Therewasnotandneverhadbeensuchalaw.
TVandNewspaperHoaxes
BeforetheadventoftheInternet,andeventoday,traditionalmediaoutletssuchasnewspapers,radio,andtelevision,havesometimeshoaxedtheiraudiences.
A.YB.NC.NG
2.
Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto______.
3.ThepesticideDDTcanbeeffectiveagainst______.
A.malariaB.wildlifeC.animalsD.humannervoussystem
4.
Therealtherapistscanusedreamemotiontotreatpatientswhoareexperiencingunpleasantlifeevents.
A.YB.NC.NG
5.
Ifyouknowhowmanycarbohydrates,fatsandproteinsareinanygivenfood,youknow
A.howmuchenergythatfoodcontains
B.thecompilationofthesethreebuildingblocks
C.howtheenergyisacquired
D.wheredoesthefoodcomefrom
6.
Telegraphoperationisalessstressful,lessattention-demandinginformation-technologyjobincomparisonwithcomputeroperation.
A.YB.NC.NG
7.
Web-basedapplicationsareprogramsthatsit______andtalktoyouthroughaWebbrowser.
8.
Winstondeclaresthatsharpeningyourtimemanagementskillsisveryimportantandcanmakeyou_______.
9.WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoostandKaZaAaccordingtoFredrikdeWahl?
A.KaZaAbenefitedtheindustrywhichitentered.
B.KaZaAdidn'timpacttheindustrywhichitentered.
C.Joostdoesn'tthreatentheindustrywhichit'sentering.
D.Joostnegativelyimpactstheindustrywhichit'sentering.
10.WhichyearisthefewestinviolationoffederalsmogstandardsinLosAngeles?
A.1976B.1979C.1990D.2004
11.
Alternativesentencingisnowpracticedin______statesandisspreadingfast.
12.AccordingtoJohnMaynardKeynes,whencangovernmentsusedevaluationofcurrencytotakeinpeople?
A.Whenvalueisinherentinmoney.
B.Whenmetalcurrencybecomesatoken.
C.Whencashcan'tbeusedanonymously.
D.WhenMoore'slawbeginstowork.
13.
IfagoodwaycanbefoundtotrapanddisposeoftheassociatedCO2,thereisthepossibilityofcontinuingtousefossilfuelsas______.
14.
FreudlearnedfromCharcoteverythingheneededtoknowabouthowtocurementallyiiipatients.
A.YB.NC.NG
15.
Learningaboutacountry'scultureisashowofrespectandisalwaysdeeplyappreciated.
A.YB.NC.NG
16.
Howthepatientwillbetreatedwilldependontheresultofthe______.
17.
Followingitsfounder'slead,Hondahasalwaysbeenaleaderintechnology,especiallyintheareaof______.
18.
Unemploymentmeansalotoftime,especiallyforthosehard-chargingexecutiveswhoarenotusedtohavinganyfreetime.
A.YB.NC.NG
19.
Sincerainforestbacteriaandtreesdependoncactiotherforlife,therelationshiptheyform.istermed______.
20.
ColinAngleconsidersrobotsarenotsodifferentasto______.
二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.
【B11】
22.【B8】
23.(21)
A.Toimprovethestudyskillsofuniversitystudents.
B.Tosuggestchangesinthestudentgovernment.
C.Togivepeopletheopportunitytospeakwithapolitician.
D.Todiscussgraduationrequirementsforpoliticalsciencemajors.
24.听力原文:M:Richpeopledon'tuseviolencetosteal.Theyusecomputersandlawyers.
W:Atleastacomputerwon'tshootandkillpeople.Ithinkviolentcrimeismorehorriblethanwhitecollarcrime.
Q:Whatdotheytalkabout?
(14)
A.Richpeople.B.Computersandlawyers.C.Amurder.D.Crime.
25.听力原文:W:Michael,haveyouseenthenewHollywoodmovie,HannahMontana,TheMovie?Itisgreat.Ilovethestory,especiallythemusic;that'smyfavoritepart.
M:Well,itisreallynotmycupoftea.
Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?
(14)
A.Thewomanlikestheplotbest.
B.Themandoesn'ttaketothemovie.
C.Bothspeakersarefondofthemovie.
D.Themanlikesthemusicofthemovie.
26.(29)
A.Peopleshouldappreciatesuchshopping.
B.PeopleshouldmakeitaSeasonofCelebration.
C.Peopleshouldgiveouttheirbelongings.
D.Peopleshouldshowtheirkindnesstoothers.
27.(34)
A.Fromreligiousorganizations.
B.Frompublicsources.
C.Fromcorporatesources.
D.Fromresearchgrants.
28.(30)
A.Husbandshavetosharepowerwiththeirwivesandhelpwiththehousework.
B.Olderwomenarenotimportantandlivealoneaftertheirhusbands'deaths.
C.Familystructureismorecomplicatedinthenuclearfamily.
D.Womenhavetohelpsisters,grandparentswithhouseworkandchildren.
29.(25)
A.Afuelthatburnscleanly.
B.Anoiladditivethathelpscoolengines.
C.Amaterialfromwhichfiltersaremade.
D.Aninsulatingmaterialsprayedonengineparts.
30.SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.
听力原文:FromCaliforniatoConnecticut,babiessitonthelapsoftheirparentsorcaretakersandarespokentoinItalian,French,Spanishand,increasingly,Chinese.Theysitincircles,distractedbycuddlytoys;atschoolssuchastheLanguageWorkshopinNewYorkorinformalgroupsorganizedbyparents.
Therehavebeenseveralstudiesthathavefoundadvantagesinstartingchildrenoffinanewlanguageatayoungage.Researchersdon'tknowwhetheritisbiologicalorsocial,butmostchildrenwholearnalanguagebeforepubertyseemtodeveloptheabilitytospeakitasanativewould.
FrancoiswhorunstheLanguageWorkshop,hascreatedalineoflinguisticsoftwareforyoungchildren."Understandingcomeslongbeforespeaking,andspeakingbeforereadingandwriting.That'sthewayweteachthelanguages,"asFrancoissays."Andwhenwetranslateforchildrenweactuallyaddconfusion;itisnotnecessaryinourclass.Forclaritywehavetorepeattheworduntiltheideasinksin."
Someparentsfearthatwithallthesedifferentwordsandlanguages,theirchildrenwillhaveahardertimepickingupEnglishorwillgetconfused,butscientistshavefoundnosuchdisadvantagetobeingmultilingual.Thereareemergingtheoriesthatthebrainisdesignedtopickupmultiplelanguagesearlyinlife,andthatourcurrentmonolingualfocusisactuallyasetbackoftheevolution.Someresearchshows,whenpeopledevelopawindowinwhichchildrencanmostreadilyabsorbnewlanguages,forthefirst6monthsoflife,forexample,babiescanheareverysoundfromeverylanguageintheworld.
(27)
A.ItteachestheforeignchildrenEnglish.
B.Itteachesthechildrenforeignlanguages.
C.Ittrainstheteachersforforeignlanguageteaching.
D.Ittrainstheparentstoteachtheirchildrenlanguages.
31.听力原文:M:Ihearyou'retakingapaintingclass.Ididn'tknowyouwereanartist.
W:Oh,I'mnot.ButI'veneverhadanartcoursebefore,soIdecidedtotaketheplungenow.
Q:Whatdoesthewomansayshehasdone?
(13)
A.Shehasavoidedtalkingtoartists.
B.Shehasmadethedecisiontostudyart.
C.Shehastakenapaintingtoherartclass.
D.Shehasmadethepunchfortheartist'spary.
32.(18)
A.Thebookssheorderedarelost.
B.Thewomancannotreceivethepackage.
C.Thewomanshouldverifyitwiththecompany.
D.Thebooksaretemporarilyoutofstock.
33.听力原文:M:Ijustwonderwhetherit'sadvisabletospendsomuchtimepolishingmyapplicationletter.
W:Youhadbetterdoit,forit'sworthwhiletomaketheeffort.Youknowjusthowimportantitistoleaveagoodimpression.
Q:Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?
(18)
A.Themanshouldspendtimepolishinghisfurniture.
B.Themanshouldleaveheragoodimpression.
C.Themanshouldmaketheefforttoimpressher.
D.Themanshouldspendtimeonhisapplicationletter.
34.(32)
A.HumanBasicNeeds.
B.MaterialComfort.
C.Food:HumanBasicNeed.
D.BasicNecessitiesofLife.
35.(31)
A.Americanindustrialists.
B.Frencheconomists.
C.Internationalleaders.
D.CivilWarveterans.
36.(16)
A.Between19thand20thJeffersonStreet.
B.Between19thand20thJacksonStreet.
C.Between9thand10thJacksonStreet.
D.Between90thand91thJeffersonStreet.
37.(36)
A.Hisfather'sadvicehelpedhimtodecidewhichjobtotakeup.
B.Workinginthesportsteamwashismostimportantexperience.
C.Helearntmuchfromhissharedexperiencewithhisteammembers.
D.Hisexperienceasabaggageboyhadagreatinfluenceonhislaterlife.
38.
【B5】
39.(14)
A.Hereadthenewspaper.
B.Oneofhisstudentstoldhim.
C.Heattendedacabinetmeeting.
D.Helistenedtotheradioreport.
40.(24)
A.Quitthegameandgoaway.
B.Watchherpartnerplayingcards.
C.Teachthemanhowtoplaybridge.
D.Playcardsincooperationwithherpartner.
三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.
【C7】
42.(57)
43.Theinfluenzapandemicof1918to1919______.
A.wastheonlylarge-scaleepidemicinmoderntimes
B.killedaboutonethirdoftheworld'spopulation
C.hadagreatimpactontheworldeconomy
D.killedmorepeoplethanAIDSdid
44.
______mainlyleadstothelowlifeexpectancyinAmerica.
45.
Privatecompanieshavebeengrantedalargesumofmoneytolaunchcampaignsasameasureto______.
46.
WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?
A.Renewedeconomicsecurity.
B.Asenseofself-fulfillment.
C.Newconflictsandcomplaints.
D.Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.
47.
Thepassageismainlyabout______.
A.whycomputercrimesarcdifficulttodetectbysystematicinspections
B.whycomputercriminalsareoftenabletoescapepunishment
C.howcomputercriminalsmanagetogetgoodrecommendationfromtheirformeremployees
D.whycomputercrimescan'tbeeliminated
48.SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.
Forthreedecadeswe'veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobic(increasingoxygenconsumption)exercise.Medicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealth,andmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill(踏车)toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral'sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.Andasweightliftinghasgonemainstream,sohastheonceobscurepracticeknownas"SuperSlow"training.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail'space-makingeach"rep"(repeat)last14secondsinsteadoftheusualsevenyoucansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmuscles,andcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneed,assomeadvocatesbelieve,butthebenefitsareoftendramatic.
Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexerciselegpress,benchpress,shoulderpressandsoon--yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrep,deprivingyourselfofimpetus,theweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostop,youkeepgoinguntilyoucan'tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle,intense?Uncomfortable?Totally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkout,itcanbecomealmostpleasure.
Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou'reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmaymakeyousweat,butitexpendsonly100caloriespermile,anditdoesn'tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn'tburnmanycalories,either.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailure,yousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldays,itwillthickenandthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscle,yourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyand,veryquickly,youarevaporizingbodyfat.
Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods.
ManyAmericanshavetakentotreadmillforyearsbyvirtueof______.
A.itsinherentawardstotheirhealth
B.itsgreaterconsumptionofoxygen
C.thecomplimentpaidbyauthorities
D.theactualbenefitsfromtheexercise
49.SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.
Let'snowbrieflyconsideragenerallyhonoredbutsometimesmaligned(有坏影响的)typeofscientist,thetheorist.Theoristsareconsideredseparately,sincetheyaretherarest,mostfascinating,andmostimportantofthespeciesScientificus.TheirmotivationalsystemmostoftenisthatofthePlayer,althoughoccasionallyitisthatoftheOperator.
Althoughtheoristsareoftenviewedascold,rational,deliberatemachines,theyaregenerallyalmosttheoppositeofthispopularpicture.Theyareusuallyindividualsofstrongfeelingswhohavetheego(自我)ofactorsandanirrational,almostmysticattachmenttoparticularviewsoftheirdiscipline.Theappearanceofcooldeliberationistheirpublicface,whichoftenrepresentsonlytheirdisdain(轻蔑)forcontactwiththespectators.
Thereareimportantoccupationaldifferencesbetweentheoristsandotherscientists.Theoristssettheframeworkwithinwhichothersdotheirresearch.Thoseotherthanthetheoristsdotheimportantworkoffillingindetailsofexistingtheories.Non-theoristsfulfillarelativelysafeandusefulfunction.Theirworkcontributestosciencebutdoesnotthreatentheindividualscientistunlessheorshehappenstoaccumulateevidencecontrarytothestatusquo.
Whatisthegeneralpersonalitymakeupoftheorists?Aretheynormal,neurotic,orevenpsychotic?Theyrarelyfitthepatternofmiddle-classnormality,andyettheyareintenselyintouchwiththeirownreality.Perhapstheydon'tfitanyoftheusualcategories.GeorgeBernardShawoncesaid,"Thereasonablemanadaptshimselftotheworld;theunreasonableonepersistsintryingtoadapttheworldtohimself.Therefore,allprogressdependsontheunreasonableman."Perhapshismessagewastotoleratethedissenters(反对者),thefaddists,thekooks(狂人),andingeneralthosewhodisagreewithwhatweknowarerightsolongastheydon'tbecometooviolent.Toleratethem,notoutofanysenseofhumanitybutforcrassself-interest.Afewofthemareinnovators,andsocietyneedstheminfinitelymorethantheyneedsociety.
Inreviewingallthegroupofscientistsandscience-trainedindividualswehaveencountered,wefindarangeofindividualsspreadoverthewholespectrumofhumanbehavior.butwithsomeimportantcommoncharacteristics.Scientistsareneithersupermennornaivechildren.Theyarenotfoggilyabsent-mindedorunrealistic;rather,manyofthethingstheyconsiderimportantandrealareoftenquitedifferentfromthoseofthe"everyday"world.
Bydescribingtheoristsascold,rational,deliberatemachines,theauthorintendstoimplythattheoristsareactuallyindividualsof______.
50.SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.
Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,thewordamateurdoescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.
AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbyfiationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.
AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.
Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas______.
A.sociologyandlinguistics
B.literatureandpsychology
C.linguisticsandpsychology
D.physicsandchemistry
51.
Whatdoesthephrase"todevelopanidentity"(Paragraph5)mean?
52.Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion--aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:Theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:Peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:Inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersorgroups.Society'seconomicunderpinnings(基础)wouldbedestroyed:Sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.
Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.True,weconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject'sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous--hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare"good"andothersare"bad",andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife--fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexplainsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyalty,morality,pride,shame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitself.Itgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperform.importanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalandpenalsystemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.
Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat______.
A.theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjects
B.theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothem
C.theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutlove
D.theywoulddothingsthathurteachother'sfeelings
53.
Whichofthefollowingstatementscanweknowfromthefourthparagraph?
A.Distinguishedprofessorsatresearchuniversitiesshouldfocusonresearchonly.
B.Theseparationofteachingfromresearchmayaffectthequalityoffuturescientists.
C.Itisvitallyimportanttoimproveteachinginelementaryschoolsinordertotrainnewscientists.
D.Itisimpossibletocombineresearchwithteachingduetotherapiddevelopmentofmodernscience.
54.
Howdotheparentsrespondtobabies'cry?
A.Theycometodoubtit.
B.Theytakeitseriously.
C.Theyareindifferenttoit.
D.Theyarewearyofit.
55.
【C5】
56.SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.
Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thesesignsarethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationsofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeople,whenandhowtogivetips,howtogiveorderstoservants,howtomakepurchases,whentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitations,whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.
Thesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornormsareacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichareunconsciouslylearned.
Whenanindividualentersastrangeculture,allormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedorfullofgoodwillhemay
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