基于跨文化目的的美国竞争观浅析

摘要：“竞争”频繁地出现在日常生活。本文从跨文化角度，分析美国竞争观特点。目前国内研究的“竞争”课题多围绕商业竞争，对竞争观尤其是美国竞争观的分析比较缺乏，因此，此研究的意义在于有助于分析美国的竞争观，有助于增加对美国竞争观的了解。KeyWords:Competition;OutlookofCompetition;AmericanOutlookofCompetition;Reasons关键词：竞争；竞争观；美国竞争观；原因1、PartOneIntroductionSincethe“reformandopening-up”policy,Chinahasswitchedtomarketingeconomy,whichresultsthatlifeisjammedbycompetitions.However,thecollectedinformationfindsthatmostoftheconcerningresearchandtheoryfocusontheeconomicorcommercialfield.Therefore,theresearchaboutthesubjectthattheauthorhasproposedisquitenovelandworthyofexplorations.2、PartTwoTheDefinitionofCompetitionThedefinitionofCompetitionwillbedevelopedintwoways:thefirstoneistheetymologyoftheword“compete”;thesecondistopurifysomeideasfromsomeproverbsorfamouspeopleswords.Ononehand,theverbofcompetitionis“compete”originatingfromthelatinword“competere”,whichmeans“tostrivetogether”.Fromthis,oneideacanbegainedthatcompetitionistoseekforonethingtogetherandtheprocessisnotthateasy.Ontheotherhand,theideasaboutcompetitionarediverselymadebycelebrities.Somescholarsthoughtthat“Competitionisaprocesswhichisconductedbytwoormoreindividualsorgroupswithinonespecialscopetostriveforthesameneededtarget.”(宋圭武、周虎臣,2004:1)Fromthedifferentexplanationsabove,itsclearthatcompetitionexistsinboththecircleoforganismsandhumansociety.Whenonekindofscarceresourceiswantedbytwoormoreparties,thencompetitionwillbecaused.3、PartThreeAmericanOutlookofCompetitionYearsofaccumulationmakesAmericanoutlookofcompetitiongraduallyformedandendlesslymodified.However,sinceitistooabstracttoillustrate,thefollowingcontentwillchoosesomeconcreteconductstoanalyzeandpresent.3.1、TheAttitudetowardsCompetitionTheAmericanholdpositiveattitudetowardscompetition.Inotherwords,theyencourageandwelcomecompetition.Holdingthat“competitioniseverywhere”,theydontthinkcompetitionisahorribleorcruelfigure.Asiswell-known,therivalsinthesameindustryareliketheenemiesinawar,andtherefore,thebusinessplaceislikeabattlefield.However,itisdifferentinAmerica.AdidasandNikearetwofamousbrandsofthesportsshoescreatedinAmerica.Nikeestablishedin1949isalate-risingbrandcomparedwithAdidas.ItwelcomedthecompetitionactivelytoimitateAdidasbyaddingnewideas.Itsmembersareadvancingallthetime.Winninglargerpartofmarketbycreatingthesolecalled“waffle”,Nikebegantoshowitsstrengthanditinvestedgreatamountoffundintheresearchanddevelopmentoftheproducts,whichhelpeditkeepitsvigourandadvantage.【1】(圣丁，1997：427)ThepositiveattitudeiswidelyheldbytheAmericanandthatmaybeoneoftheimportantreasonswhytheU.S.Acanbecometheglobalgreatpower.3.2、TheExtentionof“PerfectCompetition”“Perfectcompetition”isaneconomictermproposedbyMichaelPorter.Itadvocatesthefreedomandequalityinthemarketanditissaidthatthisstatecanbefoundinthestockmarket.Actually,thecoreconceptofithasbeenextendedtovariousfieldsofAmericansocietyandthemindofAmericanpeople.IntheAmericansmind,competitionisboundtobefairandtheopponentscanbefriendswhentheystepoutthecompetitiveplace.Competitioncreatesaperfectopportunityforpeopletomaterializeandextendtheirindividualfreedom.Inaddition,anotherextendedthoughtofperfectcompetitionistheconceptofwin-winstrategy.Itmeansthatthecompetitorscannotonlycompetewitheachotherbutalsocooperatetowinbenefitstogether.Itconformstoonetheorycalled“non-zero-sumcompetition”.TheAmericanchoosethewin-wingamebyrespectingthepursuitofperfectcompetition.Therefore,theAmericansdontthinkcompetitionandcooperationareinconflicts.3.3、TheBasicMethodtoWinCompetitionTowinagame,twowaysarefrequentlycontained:prefecttheexistingskills;seektoinnovate.Thecoreofthemethodisthesecondone——innovation.OneDomesticPolicyCouncilOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyonFebruary,2006whichisnamedAmericanCompetitivenessInitiativesays,“America''seconomicstrengthandgloballeadershipdependinlargemeasureonourNationsabilitytogenerateandharnessthelatestinscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentsandtoapplythesedevelopmentstorealworldapplications.”(WhiteHouse,2006:3)Meanwhile,“Ourprosperityisnoaccident.Itistheproductofrisk-takers,innovators,andvisionaries.”(WhiteHouse,2006:6)Fromtheofficialwords,thevalueofinnovationisapparenttosee.4、PartFourConclusionThisthesisexplorestheAmericanoutlookofcompetitionbeginningbydefining“competition”and“outlookofcompetition”whicharethegeneralconceptsthatcanhelpbetterdevelopmentofthecontent.HopethesesuggestionswilldosomehelptotheregulationofChinesecompetition.Meanwhile,thethesisalsoaimstohelpavoidtheconflictswhenco