2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析

2015年考研英语一及答案详细解SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”as cousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(1)_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has(2)_.Thestudyisagenome-wideysisconducted_(3)1,932uniquesubjects(4)pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven cousinsbutmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourThestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexin,fornow,_(10)_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_(11)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_(13)_”functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_(14)_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexinpeople’s_(18)_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D][A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D][A]for[B]with[C]on[D][A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D][A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D][A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D][A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D][A]again[B]also[C]instead[D][A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D][A]about[B]to[C]from[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]along[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D][A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D][A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D][A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]PartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshavedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withmagnificentuniformsandmajesticTheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexinsmonarchs’continuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday–embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspthemonarchy’sreputationwithherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice–asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofusedturnenjoyhighpublicwasunpopularamongEuropeancasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals[D]endedhisreigninembarrassmentMonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropeowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectabletoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandtogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodimentWhichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraphTheroleofthenobilityinmodernThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivilegesTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becausetakesaroughlineonpoliticalfailstochangehislifestyleastakesrepublicansashispotentialfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheCarlos,GloryandDisgraceCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsJusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhethercansearchthecontentsofaphonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda duringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweerulingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychanging.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinesto,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringtheofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatdon’tviolatethe Amendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeesensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivate storemainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonableAssooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousfor toobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.Theycouldstillinvalidate Amendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfortocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoredom.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofauto useasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewal ofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatepreventsfromdeletingtheirphonesearchfors’phoneswithoutachecks’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.[D]prohibitsfromusingtheirphones.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparablegettingintoone’sgoingthroughone’sInParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernprinciplesarehardtobeclearlythecourtisgivinglessroomforphonesareusedtostoresensitiveOrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatetheConstitutionshouldbeimplementednewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.[C]California’sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealteredThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thefollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindata ysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthe‘statisticsboard’wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience’soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchweGiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“yprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingcesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthattheis“a estepforward”and“longoverdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliteandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess”.VauxsaysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify‘thepapersthatneedscrutiny’inthefirstce”.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewfewjournalsareblamedformistakesindatalackof ysisiscommoninresearchThephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningGiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREposeathreattoallitsmeetwithstrongincreaseScience’scirculation.[D]setanexampleforotherjournals.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScience ngaddstoresearchers’diminishestheroleofhasroomforfurtherimprovement.[D]istofailintheforeseeablefutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsin Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,she:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithinernment,mediaorbusinesscould eoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismanddom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes–findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge–thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,JournalistsareknowntohavebyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepoint hacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,title enormalthatwell—paidexecutivesshouldnotaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business–friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceivedtraceable,recordedAccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthephonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks’srevealedacunningcenteredontrivialwashardlywaspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrinegenerallydistortedunfairwealthamarginalizedarigidmoralWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastThequalityofwritingisofprimaryCommonhumanityiscentralnewsMoralawarenessmattersinexcitingaJournalistsneedstricterindustrialPartInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr(41) youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanreadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44) Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45) suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroveralllicyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofa alresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inys，novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.SectionIIIReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipals-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransnttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.But,theofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinteryofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipwerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.“TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.”saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.50)Thevirginwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasaveritablerealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.PartAYouaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanofabout100wordsmendingabooktotheclubmembers.Youshouldstatereasonsforyour YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMing

Donotwritetheaddress.(10PartWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressaydescribethedrawingexinitsintendedmeaning,giveyourI

[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]不是指研究的时间(when)，原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，该题的答案为what。[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，thatis 中的that是指第一句话的内容(朋友与我们上的相关性)，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容(1932分独特的受试者进行分析)判断出进行分析的对象是1932uniquesubjects。conductysison…是固定表达。[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行。因为“研究”的内容是关于朋友间上的相关性问[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]验对象，第五个空格所在句子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类。所以根据上下文语境和内容，应该选与实验对象相对应的samples(样例).因此，答案是samples。【解析】空的语境为：尽管这1%看起来似乎，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。空前后形成对比转折的逻辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家JamesFowler对这[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D] 有D[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]我们亲戚的人作为朋友。根据全文中心：上的相似性，可知本题选择A。[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]研究发现朋友与我们有1%的关系，而空所在句“thegenesforsmellweresharedinfriends”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，故答案为B[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D][A]about[B]to[C]fromto。该句翻译：它(这种相似性)吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。因此答案为to。[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse sb.inAdrive(驱使)Dlimit(限制)。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择相似的朋友，符合文章。如果选限制则为反向干扰。因此答案为drive。[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]along【答案】[Brather【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用regardlessof(不管)表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除;D选项alongwith(伴随)表顺接，故排除。故答案为ratherthan。functionalkinship(实用关系)可得出Dbenefits(利益)，前后形成呼应。Achances(机会)、Bresponses(反应)、Cmissions(使命)均不符合题意。故答案为benefits。[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D] thanothergenes(比其他进化得).根据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：humanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years(人类进化在过去三万得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有C选项understand。A选项forecast“预测”与“过去三万年”相，B选项pickpace这两个词表达的都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感彩的词，因此排除A选项“不可预测的”和D选项“破坏性的”;B而C选项“可控的”,与语意无关;因此正确答案为B选项contributory“促进的”。[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]C选项“安排”，D选项“倾向”。本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友的不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋友。因此正确答案为D。[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]【解析】结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似背景的人。C选项ethnic意为“种[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]【解析】此处动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。seethat构成固定词组，意为“务IIReadingPartAccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofusedturnenjoyhighpublicwasunpopularamongEuropeancasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment【答案】[Dendedhisreignin话提到“ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshavedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.”(在最近的欧洲中，令人尴尬的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassingscandals”是相呼应的。故D是正确答案。A、B、C均属于无中生有。MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropeowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectabletoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandtogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment【答案】[Aowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectable【解析】事实细节题。根据题干“monarchs”和“headsofstate”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“...mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.”(大多数的王室幸存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的)其中“non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure”A选项中“undoubtedandrespectablestatus”的同义置换。故A是正确答案。Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraphTheroleofthenobilityinmodernThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges【答案】[BTheroleofthenobilityinmodern【解析】事实细节题。定位在第四段的最后一句话“...itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.”(离奇的是，富有的竟然仍是现代国家的象征)其中，thesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstatestheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies的同义置换。TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becausetakesaroughlineonpoliticalfailstochangehislifestyleastakesrepublicansashispotentialfailstoadapthimselftohisfuture【答案】[Dfailstoadapthimselftohisfuture据题干专有名词Charles可定位到文章第七段“thedangerwillcomewithCharles...worstenemies”。本段“自于，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著;并且他没有君B意为，对待建议的生活方式改变失败，文章中提到生活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式;选项C意为：视人为潜在盟友，文章中提到，人并非最大的敌人，并未指明把人视为盟友，属于偷换概念，选项D意为：适应未来失败，文章项D表述吻合，故为正确答案。WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheCarlos,GloryandDisgraceCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats【答案】[CCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropean牙国王Carlos切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论的，即可排除选项B“—继位焦虑”和D“—应对缓慢”，而选项A“卡—荣辱并存”和C“—欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中，选项A属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项C可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章词Monarch只有在选项C中TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatepreventsfromdeletingtheirphonesearchfor phoneswithoutachecks’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.[D]prohibitsfromusingtheir 【答案】[C]checks’phonecontentswithoutbeing【解析】这是一道事实细节题，根据题干TheSupremeCourt回文定位到第一段的第二句话，“TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhethercansearchforthecontentsofa phonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda duringanarrest”,一一比对选项，原文中的“cansearchforthecontentsofa phonewithoutawarrant”与选项C“checks’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized”是同义替换，其他选项均是以定位到文章第四段第一句“TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargument…”。由第四段第一句话中的“discard(抛弃)”和“lame(没有说服力的)”可以看出作者对于California’sargument是不支持的态度，因此选A。Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparablegettingintoone’sgoingthroughone’s【解析】根据题干theauthorbelieves和“exploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparableto”可回文定位到文章第四段第三句“Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome”，选项A语义与之一致，其中，gettingintoentering对应，one’sresidence与hisorherhome对应，故A选项为正确答案