2016语言mti初试真题可能是

大部分搬运自备考群里“Ken”“A衰”的整理，补充了翻译英语的阅读文章和题目、以及英译汉译文。祝好PartOne(10PartTwo(20PartThreeReading(404分。ntcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm"succession"torefertothechangesthathappeninntcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalntcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges-inntnumbersandthemixofspecies-arecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Anecologistwhostudiesapondtodaymaywellfinditrelativelyunchangedinayear'stime.Individualfishmaybereced,butthenumberoffishwilltendtobethesamefromoneyeartothenext.WecansaythatthepropertiesofanecosystemaremorestablethantheindividualorganismsthatcomposetheAtonetime,ecologistsbelievedthatspeciesdiversitymadeecosystemsstable.Theybelievedthatthegreaterthediversitythemorestabletheecosystem.Supportforthisideacamefromtheobservationthatlong-lastingclimaxcommunitiesusuallyhavemorecomplexfoodwebsandmorespeciesdiversitythanpioneercommunities.Ecologistsconcludedthattheapparentstabilityofclimaxecosystemsdependedontheircomplexity.Totakeanextremeexample,farmlandsdominatedbyasinglecroparesounstablethatoneyearofbadweatherortheinvasionofasinglepestcandestroytheentirecrop.Incontrast,acomplexclimaxcommunity,suchasatemperate,willtolerateconsiderabledamagefromweathertopests.Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat"stability"means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Eventhekindofstabilitydefinedassimplelackofchangeisnotalwaysassociatedwith diversity.Atleastintemperatezones, umdiversityisoftenfoundinmid-successionalstages,notintheclimaxcommunity.Oncearedwoodmatures,forexample,thekindsofspeciesandthenumberofindividualsgrowingonthefloorarereduced.Ingeneral,diversity,byitself,doesnotensurestability.Mathematicalmodelsofecosystemslikewisesuggestthatdiversitydoesnotguaranteeecosystemjusttheopposite,infact.Amorecomplicatedsystemis,ingeneral,morelikelythanasimplesystemtobreakdown.Afifteen-speedracingbicycleismorelikelytobreakdownthanachild'stricycle.Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunity's todestruction,aswellasitsManyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe"patchiness"oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfromcetocesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.Alocalpopulationthatgoesextinctisquicklyrecedbyimmigrantsfromanadjacentcommunity.Evenifthenewpopulationisofadifferentspecies,itcanapproximayfillthenichevacatedbytheextinctpopulationandkeepthefoodwebintact.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxTheyoccurattheendofaTheylastlongerthananyothertypeofThenumbersofntsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotTheyremainstableforatleast500yearsataWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5about elessstableastheyTheysupportmanyspecieswhentheyreachTheyarefoundintemperateTheword"adjacent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningArchitectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.The whopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturalteam.ThemediocredesignofmanycontemporarybuildingscanbetracedtobothsandInorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworld’sarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeyzedintermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardscreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithstandthesofcompression(pushingtogether),tension(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredago.Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipment,similartothebody’svitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.Muchoftheworld’sgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonebecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,andavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingstoneupon.Someoftheworld’sfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossiblebycingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbe eandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwasthearch,acurvedstructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareachieflyforundergrounddrains,butitwastheRomanswhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofstone.Asamethodofspanningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,wheretheweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthecenturies.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmaterialsusedintheconstructionofBecausenewbuildingmaterialsarehardtofind,constructiontechniqueshavechangedverylittlefrompastgenerations.TheavailabilityofsuitablebuildingmaterialsnolongerlimitsthetypesofstructuresthatmaybeTheprimarybuildingmaterialsthatareavailabletodayarewood,stone,andArchitectsinearliertimesdidnothaveenoughbuildingmaterialstoencloselargeInparagraph4,whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutmodernTheyoccupymuchlessspacethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsTheyarenotverydifferentfromthebuildingofafewgenerationsTheweighlessinrelationtotheirsizethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsTheytakealongtimetobuildasaresultoftheircomplexconstructionAccordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoftheTheRomanswerethefirstpeopletousethestoneTheinventionofthearchallowednewarchitecturalformstobeThearchworkedbydistributingthestructuralofabuildingtowardthecenteroftheTheRomansfollowedearlierpracticesintheiruseofThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It’sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromiseofthe20thcentury.Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffoodwarmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmany ernmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogrammesfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S.).Labourunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions.?Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.Formillenniatheaverage ’sstancetowardprovidingforhimselfhadbeen.UltimayI’monmyown.Nowitbecame,Ultima yI’llbetakencareof.Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.business petitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendedit’sno-layoff.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimply prehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labour-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.Clintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon’tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionns,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinedcontribution ns,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contribution nisthe401(k).thesignificanceofThe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityfora ’seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintotheneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit’sworthwhentheemployeeretires.WhichbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees’401(k)accounts.Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithstock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasabie,sincenothingcompelsa tomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthe ’sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethe changednadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid.TheEnronemployees’’retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That’swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI’ll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon’tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustinlectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandces,they’reontheirownwhydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning“ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory…”? hasgoneBecausesucheventswouldneverhappenBecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementBecauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicAccordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsby ernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangeinpeople’slifeChangesinpensionschemeswerealsopart ernmentcutsinwelfarethewarningpoweroflaborsWhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnron401(k)assetsshouldbecedinmorethanoneinvestmentEmployeeshavetotakeupresponsibilitiesforSucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople’sEconomicsecuritywon’tbetakenforgrantedbyfutureyoungSection2:（简答题WhydoestheauthorthinksaladmakespeopleHowtoaddressthisPassage2theevolutionofhappinessinthewestDescribetheprocessoftheevolutionofhappinessintheWhydoestheauthorbelievehappinesscanbeadangerousPartFourWriting(30：Islanguagejustatool.Whyorwhynot?Morethan450words.（注意作文只给了一个，没subprimemortgageCrowdShaleFuelInterestofcarbon(ofemissionreduction)会被扣多少分。翻译不当的地方还有很多，大家性地看吧。）PassageA:Modernscholarship,systematicallycomparingthemythsandritesofmankind,hasfoundjustabouteverywherelegendsofvirginsgivingbirthtoheroeswhodieandareresurrected.ischock-fullofsuchtales,anditstoweringtemples,veryliketheAztecones,representagainourmany-storiedcosmicmountain,bearingParadiseonitssummitandwithhorriblesbeneath.TheBuddhistsandtheJainshavesimilarideas.And,lookingbackwardintothepre-Christianpast,wediscoverinEgyptthemythologyoftheslainandresurrectedOsiris;inMesopotamia,Tammuz;inSyria,Adonis;andinGreece,Dionysos:allofwhichfurnishedmodelstotheearlyChristiansfortheirrepresentationsofChrist.Nowthepeoplesofallthegreatcivilizationseverywherehavebeenpronetointerprettheirownsymbolicfiguresli lly,andsotoregardthemselvesasfavoredinaspecialway,indirectcontactwiththeAbsolute.EventhepolytheisticGreeksandRomans,Hindusand,allofwhomwereabletoviewthegodsandcustomsofotherssympathetically,thoughtoftheirownassupremeor,attheveryleast,superior;andamongthemonotheisticJews,Christians,andmmedans,ofcourse,thegodsofothersareregardedasnogodsatall,butdevils,andtheirworshipersasgodless.Mecca,Rome,Jerusalem,and(lessemphatically)BenaresandPekinghavebeenforcenturies,therefore,eachinitsownway,thenaveloftheuniverse,connecteddirectly--asbyahotline--withtheKingdomofLightorofGod.However,todaysuchclaimscannolongerbetakenseriouslybyanyonewithevenakindergarteneducation.Andinthisthereisseriousdanger.Fornotonlyhasitalwaysbeenthewayofmultitudestointerprettheirownsymbolsli lly,butsuchli llyreadsymbolicformshavealwaysbeen--andstillare,infact--thesupportsoftheircivilizations,thesupportsoftheirmoralorders,theircohesion,vitality,andcreativepowers.Withthelossofthemtherefollowsuncertainty,andwithuncertainty,disequilibrium,sincelife,asbothNietzscheandIbsenknew,requireslife-supportingillusions;andwherethesehavebeendispelled,thereisnothingsecuretoholdonto,nomorallaw,nothingfirm.Wehaveseenwhathashappened,forexample,toprimitivecommunitiesunsettledbythewhiteman'scivilization.Withtheiroldtaboosdiscredited,theyimmedia ygotopieces,disintegrate,and eresortsofviceanddisease.Todaythesamethingishappeningtous.Withouroldmythologicallyfoundedtaboosunsettledbyourownmodernsciences,thereiseverywhereinthecivilizedworldarapidlyrisingincidenceofviceandcrime,mentaldisorders,suicidesanddopeaddictions,shatteredhomes,impudentchildren,,murder,anddespair.Thesearefacts;Iamnotinventingthem.Theygivepointtothecriesofthepreachersforrepentance,conversion,andreturntotheoldreligion