雅思语法班讲义

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！.或.2.()..../....越.+.即....I...Ia.....a.I.).a..Aa.a.aaaaaa.aAa.aa.aaa./a;aadinner)些.a/aa:a/aaaaaaaa....a由/////.//./..a..//..a..///....///a;;;a;aIaa×;×;;×;aa×;;;III×;×a;;aaa/;/;/A;A;//;;a/;a;;×;a/;a;aa;/名词的分类二aaa四五:(六:I.IaaAaaa一I,，，、、、、、二一)二)三)aa四)///any/much作主语时动词的数BothEither每一个每一个≥2≥3单数单数单数单数Every一)为为为aaaI也。Ia和和和，或”ia二)Iaapen)“”。aaIaaa有”和I”三)aa与a作，”a作、”aaAa，a，aa四)///m）和any/much)”III””）和)/与””是a或II）和：))aa//和：aaaaaa但a/aa;aa;;;—I———a——a——I;;;;;;——;;I——I三1.全部肯定all,both,everyone(body),everything,表示全部肯定2.全部否定noone,none,nothing,nobody,no...any表示全部否定3.部分否定not+表示全部肯定的词=表示部分否定一1.修饰名词（1）复合词hard-working，man-made,world-famous,time-consuming,five-star,three-legged,ready-made,kind-hearted,ordinary-looking)aa．D．如，)aIaaaa以2.作表语I3.作状语,二1.as…as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so…。Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.2）当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。as形容词+a单数名词as+many/much名词Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.4)倍数+the+n+of倍数+as+adj.+asThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.5)数量词+senior/junior+toHeissevenyearsseniortohiswife.Iamthreeyearsjuniortomyeldersister.２、morethan结构1）要避免重复使用比较级。错)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.对)Heisclevererthanhisbrother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。错)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）程度词abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等词可修饰比较级。除外，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以上词除byfar)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。而byfar一般置于比较级之后和最高级之前。3：ThenumberofpeoplepresentattheconcertwasExercise:_______thanexpected.Thereweremanyticketsleft.（04福建）．muchsmallerC．muchlargerB．muchmore．manymore３、ofthetwo结构问题1：Ofthetwoshirts,I’dliketochoose_____one.A.thelessexpensiveB.themostexpensiveC.lessexpensiveD.mostexpensive问题2：Ifthemanagerhadtochoosebetweenthetwo,hewouldsayJohnwas________choice.A.goodB.thebestC.betterD.thebetter在、++a=a错)对)/++==：：BAABAB=不多最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配一般现在现在进行now,for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inthepastyears,always,recentlythismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlastevening…when,while过去将来多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后的动作一、一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now客观状况。知识扩展：一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在时间或条件句中。WhenBillcomes不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.二、一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?IsawTominthestreetyesterday.IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.Heusedtoactlikethat.3）用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。（）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwantedtoaskyouaboutthat.Didyouwanttospeaktomenow?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.（）情态动词could,，例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。IfIwereabird,IwouldflytoBeijing.Ifhewereherenow,wecouldturntohimforhelp.注意比较下列句型：◎Itistimeforsb.todosthItistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。◎Itistimesb.didsth.Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。◎would(had)rathersb.didsth.I'dratheryoucametomorrow.一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.含义：她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.含义：她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)三、一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIread？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beaboutto不定式，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。beaboutto☆begoingto/will的用法之比较：用于条件句时，begoingto表将来，will表意愿。例如：Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.☆beto和begoingto的用法之比较：beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoingto则表示主观的打算或计划。例如：Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.客观安排)I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)四、现在进行时1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.2.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith.3.表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.4.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.知识扩展：不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如：have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysister.2)know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateIneedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.3)瞬间动词。如：accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.Iacceptyouradvice.4)系动词。如：seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired.五、过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有：thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while例句：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.1.—Look!Howwonderfulmycaris!Oh,Jack.Whatareyouthinkingabout?Don’tyoulikeit?—I’msorryI______anyremarkaboutitintime.Icertainlythinkit’ssmart.A.wasn’tmakingC.won’tmakeB.don’tmakeD.didn’tmake2.TofindthestreetwhereIlivedinmychildhoodisnoeasytaskbecausethecity______sorapidlyalltheseyears.A.ischangingB.haschangedD.willchangeC.willhavechanged3.He______quitewell,buthehasn’thadtimetoswimsincethissummer.A.willswimB.haveswumC.swamD.swims4.Jimmysaidthathewouldcometopickmeup,buthe____bynow.A.hasn’tturnedupC.won’tturnupB.doesn’tturnupD.hadn’tturnedup5.I’mterriblysorryforbeinglate,butI_____thewrongbus.A.catchB.hadcaughtC.caughtD.catching7.Thetruth,sir,isthattheoldman_______acrosstheroadwhenmycarhithim.A.wastowalkC.walkedB.hadbeenwalkingD.waswalking8.Ireallydon’tthinkRosewillbeupset,butIwillgoandseeherincaseshe_____.A.isB.doesC.willbeD.hasbeen9.Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedtheroleinthemarketsthatthey_________.A.wereplayingB.weretoplayD.playedC.hadplayed10.—Kateisinhospital.—Oh,really?I_______.________visither.A.didn’tknow;I’llgoandC.don’tknow;I’mgoingtoB.don’tknow;I’llgoandD.didn’tknow;I’mgoingto11.—Where_______theguidebook?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I_______itrighthere,butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveputC.haveyouput;putB.hadyouput;haveputD.wereyouputting;put14.—Doyouliveinthiscity?—No,we______itforholidays.A.justvisitB.justvisitedC.arejustvisitingD.havevisited15.—Howistheoldmannow?—Sorry,he______thoughtheydidalltheycouldtosavehim.A.wasdeadB.haddiedC.hasbeendeadD.died16.Thelakewillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures______.A.willbetakenB.aretakenC.weretakenD.hadbeentaken17.I’mafraiditwillbetwomonths______.A.whenIcomebackC.beforeIcomebackB.whenI’llcomebackD.beforeI’llcomeback18.Theworkers_____busilywhenthebosscametolookforsomethinghe______intheoffice.A.hadworked,hadleftC.working;hadleftB.wereworking;hadleftD.hadworked;left21.Thenotice______“Nosmoking”.A.istoldB.readsC.tellsD.isread六、现在完成时1．现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词注：has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他所有人称。2．现在完成时的用法：（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词，already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如：①Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.②Haveyoueverriddenahorse?③Shehasalreadyfinishedthework.④Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.⑤I’vejustlostmysciencebook.有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某如：for和sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等。①Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.②ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.③Theyhavelivedheresince1990.④WhathashappenedtotheUSAinthelast350years?注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。（3）现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来某时完成的动作，例如：I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.（4）havebeen和havegone的区别：★have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。★have/hasgone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。试比较：HehasbeentoBeijing.他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在这儿）HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去了北京。一般过去时与现在完成时之比较1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。◎一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。◎共同的时间状语有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,，before,already,，lately等。◎现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,等不确定的时间状语。一般过去时与现在完成时之比较1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。◎一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。◎共同的时间状语有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,，before,already,，lately等。◎现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,等不确定的时间状语。请大家认真分析比较下列各例句：Isawthisfilmyesterday.Ihaveseenthisfilm.ShehasreturnedfromParis.Shereturnedyesterday.HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.在团内的状态可延续)HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,lastweek,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。表结果)I'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……”Hedidn'tcomebackuntilteno'clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno'clock.他一直睡到10点。1.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmet2.---I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasB.havemetC.metD.meetD.willbe七、过去完成时的用法1、概念：表示过去的过去。-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->那时以前那时现在其结构是：had+过去分词2、过去完成时的用法：（）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.（2）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.（3）在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.（4）在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.（5hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose"原本…，未能…"Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.（）过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.用一般过去时代替完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.2)两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.八、过去将来时一、基本概念：过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。1)Hesaidhismotherwouldbuyabikeforhim2)Mybrothertoldmehewouldn’tbelieveJackanymore.二、基本形式：／should＋动词原形（其中would用于各种人称，should例如：Theyweresuretheywouldwinthefinal．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。Hedidn'texpectthatwe（）allbe．他没想到我们都在那里。上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语wouldwin和（）分别与其主句谓语和weresuredidn'tshouldwouldbe相对应。expect三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：1．／＋going＋动词原形Hesaidhewasgoingto．他说他准备试试。2．／＋＋动词原形TheysaidtherailwaywastobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay．他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。3．／were＋动词原形Wewereabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain．我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。4．过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如，，begin等）也可用于表示将来。Ididn'tknowwhentheywerecoming．我不知道他们什么时候再来。四、用法注意点：1．在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如：Hesaidhewouldcometoseeyouwhenhehad．他说他有时间就来看望你。2．＋动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，都可用。Whenhewasachildhewouldgetup．他年幼时，总是很早起床。考例精练：1．Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe____office．．leaves．wouldleaveC．left．hadleft2．—Alice,whydidn'tyoucome？—I____，butIhadanunexpected．．had3.Theoldman_____twodaysafterhehadbeensenttohospital.A.diedB.woulddieC.haddiedB．wouldC．wasgoingto．didD.hasdied4.OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,butsoon______tohisoldways.A.returnedB.returnsC.wasreturningD.hadreturned5.I_____myson_____adoctor,buthewasn’tgoodenoughatscience.A.hoped;wouldbecomeC.hadhoped;willbecomeB.hadhoped;wouldbecomeD.hope;willbecome6.I_____totakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn’tabletogetaway.A.hopeB.havehopedC.hadhopedD.hoped7.Helen_____herkeyintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband_____home.A.hasleft;comesC.hadleft;cameB.left;hadcomeD.hadleft;wouldcome九、将来进行时（1）将来进行时概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。She'llbecomingsoon.I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.（2）将来进行时的用法：a)表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如：ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoGuangzhou.明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。Whatwillyoubedoingateighttomorrowmorning?明天上午八点钟你将做什么?Ihopeyouwon'tbefeelingtootired.我希望你不要太累。We'llbewatchingtelevisionallevening.我们整个晚上都将看电视。b)表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。如：We'llbehavingteaafterdinnerasusual.像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。Theleaveswillbefallingsoon.树叶很快就会脱落。Weshallbehavingameetingtomorrowmorning.我们明天要开一个会。I’llbetakingmysoon.我不久即将度假。注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志"，不能说I'llbehavingatalkwithher.（3）将来进行时常用的时间状语:soon,tomorrow,this，onSunday,bythis，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.十、将来完成时将来时间或将来时间连用，也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的从句连用。例如：Bytheendofthisweek,Ishallhavefinishedthebook.到本周末，我将读完这本书。Bythistimetomorrowtheywillhaverepairedthemachine.明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。Thechildrenwillhavegonetosleepbythetimewegethome.到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。Whenyoucometonightateight，Ishallhavewrittenmypaper.你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了。BynextyearourteacherwillhavetaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。注意：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后；叙述前面的动作或状态，动词要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。Wewillhavecompletedtheworkbeforeyoucome.Wewillhaveplayedballwhenyoucome.（或whenyoucome,wewillhaveplayed）Hesaysthathewillhavegraduatedfromauniversitybeforeyoureturnhome.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A.havefoundB.willbefoundD.arefindingC.willhavefoundTheconference____afullweekbythetimeitends.A.musthavelastedC.wouldlastB.willhavelastedD.haslasted十一、现在完成进行时的用法Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours.我等了你两个小时。动作不再延续下去)Ithasbeenrainingforthreehours.雨已经下了三个小时了。动作可能延续)“HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?”“IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortwoyears.”你英语学多久了?----我学了两年了。动作可能延续)“Whyareyousodirty?”“I'vebeenplayingfootball.”你身上怎么这样脏?----我刚才踢足球了。动作不再延续下去)有些不能用现在进行时态的动词，如behaveknowseehear等，同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而只能用现在完成时。如：Shehasbeenillforalongtime.她已经病了好久了。Ihavenotseenyouforages.我好久没有见到你了。1.Hesteppedintotheoffice,_____downandbegantofillintheforms.A.sittingB.tositC.satD.havingit2.Shesaidshewouldtelephonebutwe_____fromhersofar.A.haven’theardB.didn’thearC.hadn’theardD.won’thear3.WhenIgottothecinema,thefilm____fortenminutes.A.hasbegun4.I’llgowithyouassoonasI____myhomework.A.willfinishB.finishC.amfinishing5.Ifit_____tomorrow,Iwon’tgotothecinema.A.willrainB.rainsC.israining6.Sheisgoingtobeanursewhenshe_____up.B.hadbegunC.hadbeenonD.wasD.finishedD.rainedD.grewA.isgoingtogrowB.growsC.growing7.“这本书我已经买了三个月了。，下列哪一句不对？A.Ihavehadthisbookforthreemonths.B.Ihaveboughtthisbookforthreemonths.C.Iboughtthisbookthreemonthsago.D.ItisthreemonthssinceIboughtthisbook.8.—Comein,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.—Oh,howniceofyou!I_____you_____tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingC.didn’tthink;weregoingB.neverthought;weregoingD.had’tthought;weregoing9.WhenIwasatcollegeI_____threeforeignlanguages,butI_____allexceptforafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgotten10.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse_____andalotofthings____.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen11.Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit____.A.willrain12.Mary_____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingB.rainsC.rainedD.israiningD.makes13.Thestudents_____busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe_____intheoffice.A.hadwritten;leftB.werewriting;hasleftD.werewriting;hadleftC.hadwritten;hadleft14.—Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?—Noyet,therooms_____,A.arebeingpaintedC.arepaintedB.arepaintingD.arebeingpainting15.—Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose____toher?A.washappeningC.hashappenedB.tohappenD.havinghappened16.—Doyouknowourtownatall?—No,thisisthefirsttimeI_____here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming17.—Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation.Itwassonear.—Yes,Ataxi_____atallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeD.won’tbe18.Ifcitynoises_____fromincreasing,people_____shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoD.donotkeep;haveto19.Tom_____intothehousewhennoone_____.A.slipped;waslookingC.slipped;hadlookedB.hadslipped;lookedD.wasslippping;looked20.ThelasttimeI_____Janeshe____cottoninthefields.A.hadseen;waspickingC.hadseen;pickedB.saw;pickingD.saw;waspicking第六课时非谓语动词动名词一动名词的形式二.功能及用法1．动名词（短语）做主语，如：Writingthebookhastakenupallhissparetime.Seeingisbelieving.注①：动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：a.It’snousesendinghimover.It’stoolatealready.It’snogoodtalkingalotwithoutdoinganything.It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.b.There’snojokingaboutsuchmatters.There’snosayingwhathe’llbedoingnext.notellingwhathe’sgoingtodo.注②：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.抽象)Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswasnouse.具体)在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：a.当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.b.动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：It’snousedoing…It’snogooddoing…It’sawasteoftimedoing…例如：It’snousegoingtheretoday;hewon’tbeathome.It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.而在It’simportant…/It’snecessary…/It’sadvisable…/It’sessential…/It’sfitting…这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：It’simportanttolearnforeignlanguages.It’squitenecessarytoreaditmanytimes.2．动名词（短语）作表语，如：Theirjobisbuildinghouses.Hisjobisraisingpigs.注①：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：Myfavouritesportisswimming.Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.注②：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别：动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very,quite等副词来修饰，如：Myjobislookingafterthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeopleheartandsoul.Thesituationisencouraging.Thiscakeisveryinviting.Thevolleyballmatchwewatchedwasveryexciting.3．动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，如：Hearingthewords,shecouldn’thelpthinkingofherpastbitterness.Weallavoidedmentioningthatmatter.★能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid,admit,consider,delay,advise,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,giveup,can’thelp,imagine,keep(on),don’tmind,miss,practise,putoff,stop,goon,resist,suggest等，如：Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow?另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin,cannotbear,continue,forget,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,try,want,need,can’tafford等。上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：A.在begin,start,cease,continue,cannotbear,hate,like,love,prefer,propose无大的出入，如：Shecan’tbearbeinglaughedat/tobelaughedat.但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：a.在wouldlike/love/prefer/hate后表示一个特定的新动作时：I’dliketobuyasuit.I’dhatetodisappointthem.b.当谓语动词已用进行时态时：Thewaterisbeginning/startingtoboil.I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.c.在beginShebegantobelievehisstory.Hebegantorealizethathewaswrong.d.当主语是物，不是人时：Thewaterstarted/begantoboil.Theicestarted/begantomelt.B.在need,want,deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无Thedoorneedsoiling/tobeoiled.C.有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：IforgottoclosethedoorbeforeIlefttheroom.Iforgothavingclosedthedoor.Hetriedtowritebetter.尽量努力地写)Hetriedwritingwithabrush.(用毛笔试着写)Icouldn’thelpfinishingit.不能不结束某事)Icouldn’thelptofinishit.不能帮助结束某事)Theyleftofffishing.停止钓鱼)Theyleftofftofish.离开某处出发去钓鱼)Iregrettosaythatthereisnowineinthebottle.对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)Iregretnottakingyouradvice.后悔)★动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：insiston/thinkof/dreamof/objectto/hearof/prevent…from/keep…from/stop…from/feellike/beengagedin/lookforwardto/dependon/thank…for/excuse…for/devote…to/setabout/spend…in/get(be)usedto…/befondof/beafraidof/betiredof/succeedin/beinterestedin/beproudof/burstout/giveup等，如：Heinsistedonseeingushome.Theyallobjectedtoputtingthemeetingoff.Areyouinterestedingoingtotheshow?thinkingofgoingtotownthisafternoon.Idon’tfeellikeeatinganything.Sheisafraidoffallingbehindtheothers.Hefinallygottiredofdoingofficework.ShedevoteshourstohelpingMotherwithhouseworkonSunday.4．动名词（短语）可以和about,against,at,before,after,by,for,besides,from,in,on,upon,等介词构成短语，在句中作状语，如：Theybrokeinloudcheersonhearingthenews.Hewarnedmeagainstswimmingthere.Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.Besidescookingandsewing,shehadtotakecareofthechildren.Hefeltuncomfortableaboutacceptingthegift.Theyweresurprisedatyourdoingthat.5．动名词（短语）可以和介词构成短语作定语，如：Hehasn’tmuchexperienceinrunningfactories.What’stheirforcancellingtheEnglishevening?Haveyouanyobjectiontogoingthereonfoot?Hehaslittlehopeofpassinghisexaminations.Theydon’tapproveofhiswayoflookingatthings.I’mgladtohavethisopportunityofcomingtovisityourcountry.6．动名词还可以作定语，如：singingcompetitiondiningcarswimmingpoolopeningspeechdrinkingcuptypingpaperwritingdeskfrying-panlivingroomwaitingroomwashingmachinesleeping-pillwalkingstickteachingmethod注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。三动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。有时为了