中国文化教程

中国文化教程第1页/共69页Unit21CustomsandcharmsofOldBeijing第2页/共69页Lead-inTextstudyExercisesContent第3页/共69页Lead-in第4页/共69页Lead-inAdditionalInfoThecityofBeijingissituatedatthenorthernapexoftheroughlytriangularNorthChinaPlain.ThelargermunicipalityisalmostcompletelysurroundedbyHebeiprovince,exceptfortwoshortstretchesborderingTianjinmunicipalitytothesoutheast.TheYanMountainsliealongthemunicipality'snortheasternside,andtheJunduMountainsoccupyitsentirewesternregion;togethertheseformaconcavearcthatcirclestheBeijinglowlandfromthenortheasttothesouthwesttoformwhatisknowntogeologistsasthe“BayofBeijing.”第5页/共69页Lead-inAdditionalInfo北京位于华北平原西北边缘。毗邻渤海湾，上靠辽东半岛，下临山东半岛。北京与天津相邻，并与天津一起被河北省环绕。西部是太行山山脉余脉的西山，北部是燕山山脉的军都山，两山在南口关沟相交，形成一个向东南展开的半圆形大山弯，人们称之为“北京弯”，它所围绕的小平原即为北京小平原。第6页/共69页Lead-inAdditionalInfo北京是中国“四大古都”之一，拥有6项世界遗产，是世界上拥有文化遗产项目数最多的城市，是一座有三千余年建城历史、八百六十余年建都史的历史文化名城，拥有众多历史名胜古迹和人文景观。注：“四大古都”即西安、南京、北京、洛阳。北京六项世界文化遗产包括长城、故宫、天坛、颐和园、明十三陵、周口店北京猿人遗址。第7页/共69页IntroductionFoodinOldBeijingAlleyandHawker’sCriseBustlingTianqiaoTextstudyTempleFairsinOldBeijngLeisureLifeinOldBeijing第8页/共69页IntroductionMentionOldBeijingandpeoplemayinstantlyenvisioncaravansofcamelsatthefootoftheFrontGate,thecrowdedandnoisyTianqiaoarea,alleysfilledwithhawkers’(沿街叫卖的小贩)

cries,lifeinthecourtyards,anassortment

(各种各样)

ofsnackssuchasjelliedtofuandfermentedsoybeanmilk(豆汁儿),crosstalkcomedians,Beijingmusicalstorytellingaccompaniedbyasmalldrumorasingle-stringedinstrument-allimagespiecingtogetheranancientsongechoingfarintothemistsoftime.第9页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingQuanjudeRoastDuckRestaurantthemostfamousrestaurantinBeijingandfundedbyYangQuanren(杨全仁)in1866.Afull-duckbanquetconsistsofcoldandhotdishes,allpreparedwithduck.第10页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingDonglaishunAmuslinrestaurantrenownedforitshotpotmutton.ItsfunderisDingDeshan

(丁德山).Besideshotpotmutton,therestaurantalsoservespieswithminced(切碎的)mutton,riceporridgeanddumplings—allpopularwithcustomersfromallwalksoflife.第11页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingShaguoju

Setupin1741.Threespecialities:deep-drieddishesofpigliverordeertail,stewedpig’shead,andslicesofmeatpreparedsimplywithwater.砂锅三白Three-whitehotpot第12页/共69页FoodinOldBeijing砂锅居砂锅居开业于清乾隆六年。砂锅居的“烧”、“燎”、“白煮肉”最有名。“烧”是指各种油炸的小碟，如炸肥肠、炸卷肝、炸鹿尾；“燎”是用木炭烧猪头、肘子外皮，燎成金黄色，然后再煮；“白煮肉”即白肉片，可以加酱油、麻油、蒜泥、辣椒油蘸着吃，也可以做成砂锅白肉。水晶肘子braisedporkknuckleshapedascrystal九转肥肠deep-firedpig'slargeintestinesAdditionalInfo第13页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingBarbecueji(烤肉季)ItwasfoundedbyJiDecai(季德彩)

in1848,severingbarbecuemutton,usingdate

(海枣树),pineandcypress

(柏树)woodasfuel.烤羊肉barbecuemutton第14页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingBarbecueWan（烤肉宛）北京人提到烤肉，必提及“南宛北季”。“南宛”即是烤肉宛。北京经营烤肉的餐馆数烤肉宛的字号最老，创建于清康熙二十五年（公元1686年），至今已有320多年历史。烤肉宛的烤牛肉，溢油，荡香，鲜嫩有“赛豆腐”的美称。烤牛肉barbecuevealAdditionalInfo第15页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingFangshanRestaurant

(仿膳饭庄)OpenedbyZhaoRenzhai

(赵任斋),aformerservantoftheQingcourt,andlocatedonthenorthernshoreofBeihai

(北海北岸).ThedishesarepreparedaccordingtorecipesusedbytheQingcourt,withparticularattentionpaidtothecolor,aroma,taste,andform.第16页/共69页FoodinOldBeijingTanFamilyCuisine(谭家菜)An“officialcuisine”restaurantinBeijing.ItsfounderTanZongjun

(谭宗浚)

wasamemberoftheImperialAcademyoftheQingDynasty.ItfallsunderGuangdongcuisine,withseafoodsuchasabalone(鲍鱼)andseacucumber(海参)asthemainfeature.清汤燕窝

bird’snestinclearwater扒鲍鱼stewedabalone第17页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseTheglamorofOldBeijingcomesnotonlyfromthemagnificentcitygatetowers,butalaofromthosenarrrowalleys,orhutong,astheyarecalledintheBeijingdialect.第18页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseScholarZhangBoilstheSea《张生煮海》“…youcancomelookformeinZhuantarHutong…”剧中写潮州儒生张羽寓居石佛寺，清夜抚琴，招来东海龙王三女琼莲，两人生爱慕之情，约定中秋之夜相会。至期，因龙王阻挠，琼莲无法赴约。张羽便用仙姑所赠宝物银锅煮海水，大海翻腾，龙王不得已将张羽召至龙宫，与琼莲婚配。作品反映了古代劳动人民征服大自然的幻想，表现了青年男女勇于反对封建势力、争取美满爱情的斗争精神。这一近似神话故事的剧作，为世代所传诵，改编成各种地方戏盛演不绝。清初，李渔又据以改编为传奇《蜃中楼》。《张生煮海》插画AdditionalInfo第19页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseAlleysorHutongAlleysinOldBeijinghadtheirownspecialflavor,andtheirnamesalonewereperhapspoeticenoughtogiveflighttopeople'simagination,orpracticalenoughtoreflectthelifestyleofordinarypeople.北京居民的门墩Gatepiertonamejustafew—ApricotFlowerDayAlley(杏花天胡同),FlowerTwigAlley(花枝胡同)andMoonlightAlley(月光胡同)；TeaLeafAlley(茶叶胡同),AlcoholAlley(烧酒胡同)andEggplantAlley(茄子胡同)第20页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseAlleysorHutongMoreinterestingly,accordingtotherecollectionsofelders,differentalleyshaddifferentsmells.Forexample,MoneyandGrainAlley

(钱粮胡同)smelledofcabbage,HatAlley(帽儿胡同)ofsugar-coatedhawsonsticks

(冰糖葫芦),andSedan-chairAlley

(轿子胡同)offermentedsoymilk(豆汁).第21页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseAlleysinOldBeijingalsoechoedwiththecriesofvendorshawkingtheirwaresandthesoundsofparticularpercussioninstruments.metallicclicks

(响铁),gongs

(铜锣),woodenclappers

(木头梆子),drum-shapedrattles

(拨浪鼓)Hawker’sCries

(货声)第22页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseHawker’sCries

(货声)Particularattentionwaspaidtothetonesandstylesofalleycriestoattractcustomers.Thecrieshadtobevital,thevoicecrisp,thewordsclearlyarticulated,andthetonemelodiouswithfloralembellishment(修饰)andsmoothness,aswellasadraggingtune,especiallyonthelastword.ThecriesusingtheBeijingdialectwerehencerichwithalocalflavor.Besidesbeingmusical,thecriesofvendorspossessedliterarycharm,withrhymingandexaggeratedmodesemployedtoexpressjoyorhumor.第23页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCriseHawker’sCries（货声）Forexample,awatermelonvendorhawked:“Comehaveabite,ofthisice-cold,crispfruit,amoon-shapedslice,asbigasaboat,pulp(瓤)

assweetasaMid-autumnmoon-cake,palmleavesfailtoshooaway(用嘘声赶走)

beestakingitforahive;sweetenyourmouthforjustapenny!”Suchcriesbrimmedwiththejoyandhumorofordinarypeople.DoyouknowwhatisitsChineseversion?第24页/共69页AlleyandHawker’sCrise——“吃来呗弄一块尝，这冰人儿的西瓜脆沙瓤儿；三角的牙儿，船那么大的块儿，冰糖的瓤儿；八月中秋月饼的馅儿，芭蕉叶轰不走那蜜蜂在这儿错搭了窝；沙着你的口甜呐，俩大子儿一牙儿。”第25页/共69页BustlingTianqiaoTheTianqiaoareainOldBeijingwasaplacefamousforspotlightingBeijing‘sfolkcustoms,withtheatersspecializingindifferenttypesoffolkperformances,amusementplaygrounds,tavems,teahouses,foodstands,andkiosks(小亭)sellingdailynecessities.第26页/共69页BustlingTianqiao天桥位于宣武区东部正阳门外。原有汉白玉石桥一座，三梁四栏。桥下为由西向东的小河龙须沟。因明清两代皇帝祭天坛时必经之路而命名天桥。其范围包括正阳门大街，经东西珠市口而南，迄天坛坛门之西北，永定门之北地区。后来逐渐形成另有“京味”特色的天桥市场。“酒旗戏鼓天桥市，多少游人不忆家”——《天桥曲》（清末民初的著名诗人易顺鼎）AdditionalInfo第27页/共69页BustlingTianqiaoAmongtheentertainersofTianqiao,themajoritywereengagedinacrobatics(杂技)andquyi

(曲艺)(Chinesefolkvocalartformsrichinlocalflavor,includingballadeering(喝民谣),storytelling,comictalk,clappertalk,crosstalk,etc.),alongsidethoseinlocaloperas,circusesandmartialarts.“eighteccentrics

(八大怪)”“EverybodyHappy”—“FiveKidsMakingTroubleatSchool”

(《五子闹学》)第28页/共69页BustlingTianqiaoAmongthemwerethreegroupsofentertainerswithuniqueappearance,speechandbehavior,andmostofall,superbperformingskills.Theywerecalledthe“eighteccentrics

(八大怪)”,engagingincomictalk,vocalmimicry(模仿)，balladeering,andqigong.“eighteccentrics”

(八大怪)注：原名朱绍文，清同治、光绪年间在天桥卖艺，死于光绪二十五年。穷不怕以说单口相声为主，也会唱。上地时带一副竹板，板上分别刻着一副对联，上联“满腹文章穷不怕”，下联“五车书史落地贫”。这是他的自我写照，穷不怕的艺名即由此而得。每天上地开说之前，他用白沙子在地上撒字。他常撒的一副对联是“画上荷花和尚画，书临汉字翰林书”。他不但撒的字潇洒漂亮，说的段子也都是自己编撰的。天桥八大怪之一——“穷不怕”第29页/共69页BustlingTianqiaoJesterKing

(傻王)

他生得粗壮高大，质朴憨厚，

脸上总是带着一副憨笑，一副

傻呵呵的样子，因此人们称他

为“傻王”。他是练硬气功的，主要表演压石、开石、断石。他有三个拿手的节目：一是躺在地上，让好几个人抬着百十斤重的大石磨七、八块，压在他的胸上。傻王绷足了劲，纹丝不动。二是用指断石。他拿来大石头，让观众画记号，画哪儿用手指断哪儿。三是以胸碎石。他脱去上衣，赤膊袒腹，手捧石头，猛砸胸部，石碎而胸无恙。他还能将三百多斤的大磨盘拴上绳子套在脖子上放到背后，直着身子绕场走动。他的表演常博得围观者的叫好。

AdditionalInfo第30页/共69页BustlingTianqiao“FiveKidsMakingTroubleatSchool”Atthebeginningoftheperformance,theaudiencecouldhearthesnoring

(鼾声)

ofpeoplesoundasleep,followedbyacockcrowingatdawn,awomanwakingupherhusband,breastfeedinganinfant,theeldersongettinguptopee,thehusbandyawning,goingtothemilltopullthedonkeyout,dooropeningandclosing,thudding

(砰的一声)ofthedonkey‘shoovesonthe第31页/共69页BustlingTianqiaoground,bellsclanking,thewomanurginghersontogotoschool,theeldersonaskingformoneytobuysteamedbunsforbreakfastandsingingonhiswaytoschool,readingsbychildrenatschool,whispers,laughter,wailsandbickering(争吵声)aftertheteacherleavestheclassroom,scolding—allsoundscleverlyreproducedandremarkablytruetolife.Howmanykindsofvoiceisperformedinthisshow?第32页/共69页BustlingTianqiao“五子闹学”“五子闹学”是按时间和空间的顺序模仿多种更为复杂声音的优秀节目。场地内并无屏障隔断观众视线，只靠一把折扇遮掩即可演出。

表演一开始，先学众人睡觉时的鼾声，然后是晨鸡报晓声，女人喊醒丈夫，小孩吃奶，大孩子下地小便，男人打哈欠声，下床到磨房拉驴出门，门扉的开合声，驴蹄声，铃铛声，妇人催孩子上学声，要饽饽钱时的对话声，大儿子上学路上唱歌走路声，学堂里学生们念书声，先生走后学生的议论声，笑声，哭声，口角声，责打声······种种声音，无不模仿得惟妙惟肖。AdditionalInfo第33页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingTemplefairsinOldBeijingwereregularlyheldaroundlargeandwell-knowntemples,whichhadtheirparticularflavorsandstyles.VisitingtemplefairswasamajorpastimeinthelivesofBeijingresidents.

Ditan(地坛)TempleFair第34页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingTheLongfuTempleFair“TheLongfuTempleFairstartsrightoutsidethestreetsthatleadtothegateofthetemple.Alongthemgatherallsortsofstandsandstores,sellingsecond-handgoods,rarebirds,dogsandcatsofrarebreeds,books(age-oldbooksnotcommonlyseenoutsidethefair),andtea.Insidethetemple,therearethreestreets…”—WengOuhong(翁偶虹)第35页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingTemplefairswereentertainmentvenuesforordinarypeople,therefore,everythinginthemwascloselyrelatedtodailylife.Yettemplefairsalsostoodoutbeyondeverydaylife,thusgivingbothphysicalandspiritualpleasuretovisitors,betheymaleorfemale,youngorold.第36页/共69页LeisureLifeinOldBeijingTheleisurelivesofpeopleinOldBeijingwererefined,balancedandcarefree,brimmingwiththecharmoftheancientcapital.“Beijingersliketohavefun,andaregoodatlookingforfun.”—ChenJiangong(陈建功)第37页/共69页LeisureLifeinOldBeijingToraiseabirdisfun,toflyakiteisfun,tosipwinewithapieceofgarlicisfun,andtosinganariaofPekingOperaorlistentoitisalsogreatfun.themostcommonwayofenjoyingaleisurelylifeforordinaryBeijingersistodrinkteaandwine.京剧PekingOpera第38页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingPeoplewouldstoptorestatateahouseontheirwaytoexercisetheirpetbirds.Theywouldeitherhangthecagesonapoleorputthemonthetable,sippingteawhileenjoyingthecreatures.Ateahousewasapublicplaceforsocializing,aswellasacompactsocietywherecomediesandtragediesofeverydaylifetranspired

(发生)．老舍茶馆LaoSheTeahouse

第39页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingAlargenumberofrestaurantswerescatteredthroughoutthecityofOldBeijing,butmostofthelargeoneswerelocatedinbusinessareas,whilesmalltavernsweresetupattheentrancetoalleys.第40页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingThesetavernsusuallyhadsimpledishestogowithwine,suchasboiledpeanuts,driedtofu,preservedeggs,smokedfish,andfriedshrimps.Insidethetaverns,therewereusuallyseveralbigvats

(缸),theirmouthscoveredwithbiglidspaintedred,whichservedastables,hencethesetavernswerenicknamed"BigWineVats".第41页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingBesidesdrinkingteaandwine,Beijingershadotherwaystoenjoylife,suchasraisinggoldfishandpigeons,flyingkites,raisingcrickets

(蟋蟀)

andgrasshoppers,collectingporcelainware,facialmasks,pottedplants,clayanddoughfigurines…Theycouldfindpleasureinalltypesoftrivialthings,tomaketheirlivesmoreinterestingandjoyful.第42页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingBeijingerslikedtoraisegoldfish,ahobbydevelopedasearlyastheJin(1115-1234)andYuandynasties.Theyenjoyedsettingupgoldfishtanks,which,togetherwithpomegranatetrees,becameanindispensabledecorationforatraditionalcourtyardknownassiheyuan.第43页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingWangShixiang(b.1914),afolklorist,remarkedthatthesoundofpigeonwhistleshadbecomeasymbolofBeijing.Hesaid,“InBeijing,beitinwarmspringorhighsummer,clearautumnoricycoldwinter,whistlingsoundscanbeheardinthesky.Thickatonemoment,thinatanother,remoteornear,highorlow,quickorslow,atalltimestheyhoverandecho,likerefreshingmusicfromheaven.”Headded,“Thisappealingsoundwakespeopleupfromtheirdreams,drawstheireyesupintothedistantfirmament

(苍穹),andbringsjoytochildrenandadultsalike,forwhoknowshowmanytimes.”第44页/共69页LeisureLifeinOldBeijing飞在北京老屋上的鸽子WhitepigeonsovertheroofofanoldhouseinBeijing第45页/共69页TempleFairsinOldBeijingFollowingthechangesofthetimes,thelifestyleofBeijingpeoplehasalsochanged.Attheendofthe20thcenturyandthebeginningofthe2lstcentury,thereappearedBarStreetinSanlitun,GuijieStreetinDongzhimen,andanotherBarStreetAroundShichahaiLake,forpeopletoenjoythemselvesintheirsparetime.第46页/共69页LeisureLifeinOldBeijing三里屯酒吧夜景ViewofBarStreetinSanlitunatnight第47页/共69页LeisureLifeinOldBeijing什刹海风景ViewofShichahai第48页/共69页ExercisesComprehensionCommunicationApplication第49页/共69页ComprehensionRestaurantsFoundersFoundingTimeSpecialtiesQuanjudeRoastDuckRestaurantDonglaishunShaguojuBarbecueJi

FangshanRestaurantTanFamilyCuisineI.SkimmingandScanning

1.Gothroughthepassage1-9quicklyandfillinthefollowingtable.第50页/共69页ComprehensionRestaurantsFoundersFoundingTimeSpecialtiesQuanjudeRoastDuckRestaurantYangQuanrenin1866theroastduck;full-duckbanquetDonglaishunDingDeshan\hotpotmutton;pieswithmincedmutton,riceporridgeanddumplingsShaguoju\in1741deep-frieddishesofpigliverordeertail,stewedpig'shead,andslicesofmeatpreparedsimplywithwater第51页/共69页ComprehensionRestaurantsFoundersFoundingTimeSpecialtiesBarbecueJiJiDecaiin1848barbecuemuttonFangshanRestaurantZhaoRenzhaiin1925nearly100famousdishes:stewedabalone,stewedvenison,stir-friedchicken,arhatshrimp,etcTanFamilyCuisineTanZongjun\seafoodsuchasabaloneandseacucumber第52页/共69页ComprehensionNamesHighlightsExamplesAlleysTianqiaoTemplefairsLeisurelifeI.SkimmingandScanning

2.Gothroughthepassage10-31quicklyandfillinthefollowingtable.第53页/共69页ComprehensionNamesHighlightsExamplesAlleyspoeticnames;differentsmells;criesofvendorsandsoundsofparticularpercussioninstrumentsApricotFlowerDay;MoneyandGrainAlleysmelledofcabbage;eveningcriesforsellingfruitTianqiaodifferenttypesoffolkperformances,amusementplaygrounds,taverns,teahouses,foodstands,andkioskssellingdailynecessitiesPekingOpera,HebeiBangzi,PingxiOpera,puppetshows,shadowplays,comictalk,acrobatics,magicperformances;jelliedtofu,seasonedflourmush,deep-friedtofu,cakes;dentalclinics,drugstores,fortunetellers,barbers第54页/共69页ComprehensionNamesHighlightsExamplesTemplefairseverythinginthemcloselyrelatedtodailylife,yetstandingoutbeyondeverydaylifestallssellingdailynecessitiesandsnacks,aswellasarenasforentertainment,suchasflagpolewaving,comicduets...;standssellinggoldfish,shuttlecocks,sparepartsofmusicalinstruments...Leisurelifehavingfundrinkingteaandwine,raisinggoldfishandpigeons,flyingkites,raisingcrickets...;BarStreetinSanlitun...第55页/共69页Comprehension1)ThefirstparagraphpaintsapictureofOldBeijingby_______________________________.2)Inadditiontothethreespecialties.Shaguojualsoserves__________________________________________________.3)ThedifferencebetweenBarbecueJiandBarbecueWanisthat______________________________________.listingthevariedcustomsandspecialtiesofitthree-whitehotpot,meatballhotpot,braisedpreservedcabbage,etctheformerservesmuttoninsteadofvealasthelaterII.CarefulReading

1.Readthepassagecarefullyandfillinthefollowingblankswiththemissinginformation.第56页/共69页Comprehension4)IfyouwanttotrydifferentBeijingsnacks,youshouldgoto___________Restaurant.5)XiaoQianisanexampleof______________________________________.6)ThehistoryofZhuantarAlleycanbetracedbacktothe____Dynasty.7)Wecaninferthat____Alleywasrichinsugar-coatedhawsonsticks.theFangshanthemanywhomissthefoodsandsnacksofBeijingYuanHat

第57页/共69页Comprehension8)Thevendors'midnightcriesweretosell_____________________________.9)Thevendors'criesbearthesecharacteristics:____________________________________________________________________________________________________.10)"JesterKing",whocouldbreaka20cm-thickstonewithhispalm,wasamong__________________.noodles,steamedbunsandwontonsoupthevoicecrisp,thewordsclearlyarticulated,andthetonemelodiouswithfloralembellishmentandsmoothness,aswellasadraggingtune.the“eighteccentrics”第58页/共69页Comprehension11)In1930,therewere20templefairs___________and16in________.12)Peopleshouldgodown______streetattheLongfuTempleFairinordertowatchperformances.13)ThemostimportantwayforBeijingerstospendtheirleisuretimeisto_____________.downtownareasthesuburbsmiddledrinkteaandwine第59页/共69页Comprehension14)Ifpeoplewantedtogoforadrink,theywouldgoto__________________________________.15)Thetypicaldecorationsofsiheyuanare___________and______________.16)Atthebeginningofthenewcentury,theemergenceof________changedthelifestyleofBeijingers.smalltavernssetupattheentrancetoalleysgoldfishtankspomegranatetreesbarstreets第60页/共69页Comprehension2.MatchthefollowingChinesenamesoffoodstuffwiththetranslation.Seasoners:酱油

mincedgarlic芝麻油（香油）

chillioil蒜泥

soysauce辣椒油

sesameoilFoods:猪肝

finevermicelli粉丝

driedshrimp海米

pigliver海参

seacucumber第61页/共69页ComprehensionSnacks:豌豆黄

buckwheatcake芸豆卷

"donkey"roll/soybeanflourcake窝头

pea-flourcake肉末烧饼

corn-flourbun扒糕

wonton驴打滚

jelliedtofu糖葫芦

cakeswithmeatfillings馄饨

sugar-coatedhawsonsticks豆腐脑

kidney-bean-flourroll面茶

seasonedflour