高级英语写作讲义

句子结构及段落写作Sentencestructureandparagraphwriting句子结构Simplesentences:Runningforthechairmanofthestudentsunionheldourattentionformorethanthreehours.Passengersstoodinlinesintheticketbookinghallwaitingfortheirturnstobuytraintickets.Thepoliceofficerstoppedthepickpocketfromstealingacustomer’swalletbyseizinghishands.Itwasdecidedtobringupthemattertothestudentsmeetingfordiscussion.Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Howmuchdoesitcosttohaveallthesepagesphotocopiedinthatstore?Nostretchofimaginationcouldvisualizeanythinghalfsolovelyandsobeautiful.Ihaveenoughtodotoattendtomyfirstforeignlanguage,tosaynothingofattemptingasecond.Byhersignificantlookshehasasgoodastoldthesecret.Compoundsentences:Thegiantmotordoes,nodoubt,playthekeyrole,butthetinyscrewmaydeterminequiteasmuch.Troubleisthenextbestthingtoenjoyment;thereisnofateintheworldsohorribleastohavenoshareineitheritsjoysorsorrows.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem.Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.Complexsentences:Mancannomorehelpcravingforexpressionthanbirdscanhelpsinging.Iftheycanfinishitinthreehoursweshouldhavenodifficultyinaccomplishingitinasfew.TheschoolboyaddressedtheaugustaudiencewithnomorefearthanifhehadbeentalkingtoagroupofhisplaymatesWhathesaidjustnowiswhatIwanttosay.Compoundcomplexsentences:Theexpresselevatorisnotoperatingtoday,sotheelevatorsthatstopateveryfloorwillhandleallthepeople.Thedifferencebetweenusliesinthatwethinkindifferentways,maybethegenerationgap,butthedifferencebetweenyoutwoliesinthatyoudothingsindifferentwaysandthinkinthesameway.Ashewalkedalong,hesangtohimself,forhefeltespeciallystrongandhappythatday.Iaskedamanwhohasawifeandanineteen-year-olddaughterwhodidthecookingathomeandherepliedthatwhoevercamehomefromworkfirstdidit.段落写作练习Whatmakesagoodparagraph?FiveElementsofaParagraphAwellwrittenparagraphcontainsfiveelements:AtopicsentenceSupportingsentencesConcludingsentenceUnitycoherenceParagraphStructure1.Atopicsentence2.SupportingsentencesSupportASupportBSupportC3.ConcludingsentenceLookatthefollowingparagraphs:tolocatethetopicsentenceandtoanalyzehowitisorganized.GoldGold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrous(glowing)beautythatisresistanttocorrosion.(Chemicaldamage).Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheadshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.TheTopicsentenceThetopicsentencestatesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Itconsistsoftwoparts:thetopicandthecontrollingideas.Thetopicnamesthesubjectormainideaoftheparagraph.Thecontrollingideamakesaspecificcommentaboutthetopic,whichindicateswhattherestoftheparagraphwillsayaboutthetopic.Itlinksorcontrolsthetopictooneortwospecificaspectsofthetopictobediscussedinthespaceofasingleparagraph.Thetopicsentenceisacompletesentence.Itcontainsasubject,averbandusuallyacomplement.Identifythetopicsentenceintheparagraph.Whatisthetopicandwhatisthecontrollingidea?E.g...Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Gold(thetopic),apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics(controllingidea).Inthisexample,thetopicisnamed:gold.Andspecificcommentisthenmadeaboutthetopic:twoimportantcharacteristics.Fromthissentence,thereaderimmediatelyknowsthesupportingsentencesintheremainderoftheparagraphexplainthetwocharacteristicsandperhapsgivesomeexamples.Onemoreexample:Conveniencefoods(thetopic),areeasytoprepare(controllingidea).Inthisexamplethetopicisnamed:conveniencefoodsandspecificcommentisthenmadeaboutthetopic:theyareeasytoprepare.Fromthissentence,thereaderimmediatelyknowsthesupportingsentencesinthereminderoftheparagraphwillexplainorprovehowquickandeasyitistoprepareconvenientfoods,andperhapsgivesomeexamples(fromdinners,cannedsoups,etc)Studythefollowingparagraphs:tolocatethetopicsentenceHurricanesHurricanes,whicharealsocalledcyclones,exerttremendouspower.Theseviolentstormsareoftenahundredmilesindiameter,andtheirwindscanreachvelocities(speed)ofseventy-fivemilesperhourormore.Furthermore,thestrongwindsandheavyrainfallthataccompanythemcancompletelydestroyasmalltowninacoupleofhours.Theenergythatisreleasedbyahurricaneinonedayexceedsthetotalenergyconsumedbyhumankindthroughouttheworldinoneyear.SynonymsSynonyms,wordsthathavethesamebasicmeaning,donotalwayshavethesameemotionalmeaning.Forexample,thewordsstingyandfrugalbothmean‘carefulwithmoney.’however,tocallapersonstingyisaninsult,whilethewordfrugalhasamuchmorepositiveconnotation.Similarly,apersonwanttobeslenderbutnotskinny,andaggressivebutnotpushy.Therefore,youshouldbecarefulinchoosingwordsbecausemanyso-calledsynonymsarenotreallysynonymousatall.MedicalMiraclestoComeBytheyear2009,avaccineagainstthecommoncoldwillhavebeendeveloped.Bythesameyear,thefirsthumanwillhavebeensuccessfullycloned.Bytheyear2014,parentswillbeabletocreatedesignerchildren.Generictherapywillbeabletomanipulategenesforabilities,intelligence,andhair,eye,andskincolor.By2020,mostdiseaseswillbeabletobediagnosedandtreatedathome,andby2030,cancerandheartdiseasewillhavebeenwipedout.Thesearejustafewexamplesofmedicalmiraclesthatareexpectedinthenextfewdecades.PositionofthetopicsentenceThetopicsentencemaybethefirstorlastsentenceinaparagraph.Thetopicsentencemayalsobethefirstandlastsentenceoftheparagraph‘sandwich-style’Asandwich-styleparagraphisespeciallyhelpfultoyourreaderiftheparagraphisverylong.Thesecondtopicsentenceinthesandwich-styleparagraphalsoservesasaconcludingsentence.Twomoreexamplesofparagraphs:topicsentences+supportingsentences:Topicsentence:Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.Support: 1.anaveragesmokersmilesonepackaday,whichcostsaboutfiveYuan.2.TheannualexpenseforthissmokerisY5x365=Y1825 3.Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpeting,furnitureandcloses.Topicsentence:Thetownshipresorthasnearlysolvedourlocalemploymentproblem.Support:Theunemploymentratehasdroppedfrom19%in2003to5%in2007.Thetouristindustryhascreatedmanyjobs.Threenewhotelshaveopenedupintown.FivenewstoreshaveopeneduponBeachTourist-relatedindustrieshaveopenedupsuchas…Theresorthasattractedtwonon-touristcompanies.Practice:I.Studythefollowinggroupsofsentences.Circlethenumberofthebettertopicsentence.TherearemanythingsthatmakelearningtheEnglishlanguagedifficult.WhatmakesEnglishparticularlydifficulttolearnispronunciation.Enrollingincollegeisnotaneasytask.RegistrationatStateCollegeisapainfulprocess.GonewiththeWindmaybeanoldmovie,butitisstillagoodmovie.TheactinginGonewiththeWindwassuperb.ThewidevarietyofmerchandisemakesSearsconvenient.Thehome-repairdepartmentinSearsisconvenient.ThearchitectureinChicagoreflectstrendsinmoderndesign.Chicagoisaninterestingcitybecauseofitshistory,architectureandsportsactivities.Studythefollowingsentences.Ifthesentencecanbeusedasatopicsentence,writeYesintheblank;ifitcannot,writeNo._________WhatIknowaboutouruniversityandourcollege._________ThedifferencesbetweenMandarincuisineandHunancuisine._________IwouldliketodiscussmyviewsontheOlympicGames._________Knowingaforeignlanguagecanbebeneficialtoanyone._________WhydoIwanttobealawyer?_________BeingapunctualpersonisveryimportantinAmerica._________Iamgoingtodescribemyhometown._________Studentsshouldbeallowedtomanagethebookstore._________TherearemanysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenNewYorkandHongKong._________WhenIfirstcametotheUnitedStates,Iwasn’tusedtoeatinginfast-foodplaces,andIwasamazedattheshoppingcenters._________Cowsproducemilk._________Themilkcowsproduceisnotalwaysfitforhumanconsumption._________Theadvantagesofgoingtouniversityfaroutweighthedisadvantages._________Herfearofthedarkhasmadeherlifemiserable.Studythefollowingstatements,whichcannotbeusedastopicsentences.Rewriteeachofthemtomakeitatopicsentenceandthenprovidetwosupportingsentencesfortwothreeofthem.IamgoingtoexplainwhyIdecidetogotocollege.Thehazardsofstoringchemicalwastes.Therearemanyadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflivinginthecountryandinthecity.NewYorkisthelargestcityintheUnitedStatesUniversitiesintheU.S.shouldrequiredmorehumanitiescourses;theyshouldalsohavemoresocialactivities.SupportingsentencesSupportingsentencesdevelopthetopicsentence.Theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons,examples,facts,statistics,andquotationsdependingonthepurposesofthewriting.Forexample:SomeofthesupportingsentencesthatexplainthetopicsentenceabouttheGOLDare:Firstofall,goldhasalustrous(glowing)beautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.AnotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscienceThemostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.TheconcludingsentenceTheconcludingsentencesignalstheendoftheparagraphandleavesthereaderwithimportantpointstoremember.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.Aconcludingsentenceservesthreepurposes:1.Itsignalstheendoftheparagraph.2.Itsummarizesthemainpointsoftheparagraph.3.Itgivesafinalcommentonthetopicandleavesthereaderwiththeimportantideastothinkabout.TwotypesofconcludingsentencesThefirstoneparaphrasesthetopicsentence;thatistheconcludingsentencerepeatsthemainideaofthetopicsentenceindifferentwordsasintheparagraphSynonymsThesecondexamplesummariesthattwomainpointoftheparagraph,whichwerenotspecificallystatedinthetopicsentenceintheparagraphGoldUnityUnitymeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparagraph.Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence,andtheneachandeverysupportingsentencedevelopsthatideadirectly.If,forexample,youannounceinyourtopicsentencethatyouaregoingtodiscusstwoimportantcharacteristicsofthegold,discussonlythose.Donotdiscussanyotherideas,suchasthepriceofgoldorgoldmining.Youshouldavoidirrelevantsentences,thesentencethatis“offthetopic”.Forexample,ifyouarewritingaparagraphaboutthehighcostofcollegetuition,youcouldmentioninflationasafactor.However,ifyouwriteseveralsentencesaboutinflation,youaregettingoffthetopicandyourparagraphwillnothaveunity.Let’slookatanexampleofanununifiedparagraph.TheEskimosinthefarnorthernpartofAlaskausedtoplaydominoesforveryhighstakes.Chessisalsoapopulargameinmanypartstotheworld.SometimesanEskimowouldevenputuphiswifeasstakeandloseher.Yetagoodwifewouldoftenmanagetochangethissituation.Shewouldsitdowntoplaydominoesandwinherselfbackforherformerhusband.Questions:Doesthisparagraphstateonlyonesinglethought?Isthereanyideathatdoesn’taddtoaparagraph’smain?Ifthereis,shoulditbeleftout?InthisparagraphwereadaninterestinganecdoteaboutEskimoculture.Yetwecanfindthattheparagraphdoesnotreadassmoothlyasitshouldbe.Infact，weshouldremovethesecondsentencefromtheparagraph.Keepinmindthat:Eachparagraphmuststateonlyasinglethought.Allthefacts,examples,andreasonsinaunifiedparagraphshouldexplainthisthought.Anyideathatstraysawayfromtheparagraph’smainideashouldberemoved.Anexampleofparagraphwithunity.Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.Nosinglebeatischaracteristicofthemusictoday.Yeteachsonghasaneasilyrecognizablerhythm.Asyoulistentoasong,yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.Beforelong,yourentirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.Yourheadpoundswiththebeat,andthereisnoroomforthought.Onlythesurgeofthemusicisimportant.Initsownway,rockmusicisasdominantastherockofGibraltar.Itsmessageisanoverpoweringemotionalone.Questions:Whatisthetopicsentence?Thetopicandthecontrollingidea?Isthisparagraphawellunifiedone?Answers:Thefirstsentenceoftheaboveparagraphisthetopicsentence,andtheword‘beat’givesusthecontrollingidea.Noticehowwellthewritertieseverysentencetotheideaofthebeatofrockmusic.Thewriterdoesthisbywordrepetition.Theword‘beat’isrepeatedinsentences2,4,and6.‘rhythm,’anotherwayofsay‘beat’,appearsinsentence3.‘Surge’alsoasynonym,isinsentence7.thepronoun‘it’insentence5refersbackto‘beat’.Inthelasttwosentences,thewritersumsuptheopeningstatementaboutrockmusic.Fromthefirstsentencetothelast,thisisatightlyunifiedparagraph.PracticeBothofthefollowingparagraphsbreaktheruleofunitybecausetheycontainoneormoreirrelevantsentences—sentencesthatdonotdirectlysupportthetopicsentence.Identifythetopicsentenceineachparagraph.Findtheirrelevantsentence(s).Paragraph1Adventuretravelisthehottrendinthetourismindustry.OrdinarypeoplearenolongercontenttospendtheirtwoweeksawayfromtheofficerestingonasunnybeachinHawaii.Moreandmoreoften,theyarechoosingtospendtheirvacationsraftingdownwildrivers,hikingthroughsteamyrainforests,climbingtheworld’shighestmountains,ortraversingslipperyglaciers.PeopleofallagesarechoosingeducationalstudytoursfortheirvacationsParagraph2Daredevilsportsarealsobecomingpopular.Youngpeopleespeciallyareincreasinglywillingtorisklifeandlimbwhilemountainbiking,backcountrysnowboarding,orhigh-speedskateboarding.SoccerisalsobecomingpopularintheUnitedStates,whereitwasnotwellknownuntilrecently.Oneoftheriskiestnewsportsisskysurfing,inwhichpeoplejumpoutofairplaneswithgraphiteboardsattachedtotheirfeet.SkysurfingrivalsskydivingandbungeejumpingfortheamountofthrillsandriskyCoherenceCoherencemeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandbecauseyoursupportingsentencesareinsomekindoflogicalorderandyourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitionsignals.Forexample,intheparagraphaboutgold,therearetwosupportingideas:Goldisbeautiful,andgoldisuseful.Eachofthesesupportingideasisdiscussed,oneaftertheother,andanexampleisgivenforeachone.Thisisonekindoflogicalorder.Furthermore,therelationshipbetweenideasisclearlyshownbyusingappropriatetransitionwordsandphrasessuchasfirstofall,forexample,anotherimportantcharacteristic,andinconclusion.Studythefollowingparagraphtoseehowthecoherenceisachieved.Ifweendeavor尽力toformourconceptionsuponhistoryandlife,weremarkthreeclassesofmen.Thefirstconsistsofthoseforwhomthechiefthingisthequalitiesoffeelings.Thesemencreateart.Thesecondconsistsofthepracticalmen,whocarryonthebusinessoftheworld.Theyrespectnothingbutpower,andrespectpoweronlysofarasitisexercised.Thethirdclassconsistsofmentowhomnothingseemsgreatbutreason.Ifforceintereststhem,itisnotinitsexertion发挥，运用,butinthatithasareasonandalaw.Formenofthefirstclass,itisanaturepicture;formenofthesecondclass,itisanopportunity;formenofthethirdclass,itisacosmos宇宙,soadmirable,thattopenetratetoitswaysseemstothemtheonlythingthatmakeslifeworthliving.Thesearethemenwhomweseepossessedbyapassiontolearn,justasothermenhaveapassiontoteachandtodisseminate传播，散布theirinfluence.Iftheydonotgivethemselvesovercompletelytotheirpassiontolearn,itisbecausetheyexerciseself-control.Thosearethenaturescientificmen;andtheyaretheonlymenthathaveanyrealsuccessinscientificresearch.Thesentencesinthisparagrapharelogicallyarrangedandflowsmoothly.Thewriterhasprovidedverbaltiestoconnecttheideas.Weareabletofollowtheparagraphbecauseofseveralcoherencedevices:Order:Theparagraphisstructuredclimacticallylistingthetreetypesofmen,thethirdbeingtheonethatthewriterwishedtoemphasize.Repetitionofkeyterms:Thewriterrepeatswordssuchas‘men’and‘class’.Useofpronouns:Insentence2,‘those’isusedfor‘men’;in3,‘these’forpracticalmen,and‘it’forpower;in6,‘it’forforce;Andsoforth.Transitionalmarkers:first,second,thirdParallelism:Somesentencestructuresareusedrepeatedly,suchas,“Thefirstconsistsof...”,formenofthefirstclass,itisa...Studythefollowingpairstoseethedifferences:Topicsentenceandsupportingsentence1.Englishstudyisofgreatsignificanceforus.FirstifyoucanmasterEnglish,youcancommunicatewithpeopleallovertheworld,notjustfriendsinChina.Inaddition,youcangetmoresalaries.Englishstudyisofgreatsignificanceforus.FirstgoodEnglishenablesyoutohavemorecommunicationwiththeoutsideworlddirectly.IfyoucanmasterEnglish,youcancommunicatewithpeopleallovertheworld,notjustfriendsinChina.Inaddition,agoodcommandofEnglishcanhelpyoutolocateagoodjob.Youcangetmoresalaries.2.Englishstudyisverydifficultinspeakingformiddleschoolstudents.Firstofall,thepronunciationofChineseisdifferentfromEnglishsothattheycannotspeakoutsmoothly.Secondly,theirvocabularyislimitedandtheycannotexpressthemselves.Englishstudyisverydifficultinspeakingformiddleschoolstudents.Firstofall,thepronunciationisabigproblemfortheChinesestudents.ThepronunciationofChineseisdifferentfromEnglishsothattheycannotspeakoutsmoothly.Smallvocabularyisanotherbigproblem.Theirvocabularyislimited,whichmakesitdifficultforthem/preventsthemfromexpressing/makesitimpossibletoexpressthemclearly/fully/freely.3.Joiningsocialactivitiescanhelptoimprovetheabilitiesofcommunications.Andbroadenourhorizon.Forexample,duringdialogue,wecanlearnhowtoexpressouropinion.Whenwemakenewfriends,whichtheycomefromdifferentareas,wecanlearnlotsofnewknowledge.Joiningsocialactivitieshelpsusinmorethanoneway.Firstofall,itcanhelptoimproveourabilitiesofcommunications.Forexample,duringdialogue,wecanlearnhowtoexpressouropinion.Inaddition,itcanhelptobroadenourhorizon.Whenwemakenewfriends,whichtheycomefromdifferentareas,wecanlearnlotsofnewknowledge.4.Abroadlearningexperiencebenefitsusalot.Firstofall,ourEnglishbecomesmorefluentandwecanexpressouropinionfreely.Secondly,welearnaboutthecultureofforeigncountries.Abroadlearningexperiencebenefitsusalot.Firstofall,ithelpstoimproveourlanguageabilityeffectively.OurEnglishbecomesmorefluentandwecanexpressouropinionfreely.Secondly,ithelpstobroaden/enlargeourhorizons.Wecanlearnmoreabouttheculturesofforeigncountries.5.Nowadays,thesocialsituationisveryserioustothegraduatesforjob-hunting.Ontheonehand,thefinancialcrisis.ShockedtheChineseenterprisesdeeply.Ontheotherhand,thenumberofthegraduatesisgrowingyearbyyear,butthejobpositionsarelimited.Nowadays,thesocialsituationisveryserioustothegraduatesforjob-hunting.Ontheonehand,thefinancialcrisisaffectsthedemandofnewemployees.Shockedthefinancialcrisis,manyChineseenterprisesandjoint-venturesareeitherindangerofbankruptcyorarefacingbusinessreduction……Ontheotherhand,thegrowingnumberofgraduateseachyearmakesthesituationforjob-huntingevenworse.Thenumberofthegraduatesisgrowingyearbyyear,butthejobpositionsarelimited.====================================================================ThereasonswhyIdecidetogotocollegearecomplex./It’sdifficultformetodecidewhethertogotocollegeornot.There’remanyshortcomingstostorechemicalwastes./Storingchemicalwastesishazardous.Livinginthecountryismoreadvantageousthanlivinginthecity.NewYorkUniversitiesintheU.S.shouldrequiremorehumanitiescourses./UniversitiesintheU.S.shouldhavemoresocialactivities.专业论文写作概述（一）AGeneralIntroductiontoAcademicWritingPartOne（I）论文题目（Titleofanessay)Anessayhasatitle,whichisthefirstthingwrittenintheupperpartofthefirstpageandcentered.Rulesfortitlesareasfollows:1.Agoodtitleisclear,conciseandprecise;allextrawordsshouldbeexcluded.2.Atitleisoftenafragmentratherthanasentence.3.Quotationmarksarenotused.4.Capitalizationisnecessary.（II）论文结构（Structureofanessay)1.IntroductoryparagraphThisistheopeningparagraphcalledtheintroduction,whichintroducesthetopictobediscussedandthecentralideaoftheessay.Attheendoftheparagraphcomesthethesisstatement.2.DevelopmentalparagraphsThesearethebodyparagraphsthatdevelopthetopicandcentralidea.Theymayexplain,define,orillustratethethesisstatement.Theymaynarrateordescribe.Theymaydiscussprocesses,classificationorpointsofcomparisonandcontrast.Eachbodyparagraphcontainsatopicsentence,anumberofsupportingsentences,andaconcludingsentence.3.ConcludingparagraphThisistheendingparagraphcalledtheconclusion,whichcompletestheessaybyconcludingthethoughtdevelopedintheessay.Aconcludingparagraphisusuallynotlong.（III）命题句（Thesisstatement)1.定义与位置：Intheintroduction,thesentencecontainingthecentralideaiscalledthethesisstatement.Itisatorneartheendofthefirstparagraph.(Theintroductoryparagraph)2.作用:Itgovernsthecontentandstructureofthewholeessay.Itstatesthepurposeoftheessay,conveysthecentralideaoftheessay,andoftenindicateshowthecentralideawillbedeveloped.3.重要性:Itisthemostgeneral,mostimportantsentenceintheessay,foritlimitsanddirectstherestoftheessay.Agoodthesisstatementtellsnotonlywheretheessayisgoingbutalsohowitisgoingtogetthere.4.与主题句的异同:Similartothetopicsentence,thethesisstatementalsoexpressesanattitude,opinion,orideaaboutatopic.Bothofthemaresignalsofwhattocome.Butathesisstatementisbroaderandgovernstheentireessay,whereasatopicsentenceguidesusuallyoneparagraph.5.命题句的要点（Therequirementsforathesisstatement）:1)Athesisstatementshouldbestrongandclear,notvagueorambiguous.*Peoplefromthosecountriesarealike.*Peoplefromthosecountriesarealikeinrace,religionandsocialcustoms.2)Athesisstatementisnotaquestion,foraquestioncontainsnoattitude.#Wouldareductionintaxesstimulateinvestment?3)Athesisstatementshouldbeexpressedinacompletesentence.#theproceduresofworkingonthatmachine.4)Athesisstatementshouldnotbeasentenceoftellingthefact.Itexpressesanopinion.#thesupermarketsellsmilk.*Themilkthesupermarketsellsisnotfitforbabies5)Athesisstatementshouldnotsimplyannouncethetopictheessaywilldevelop.#Iamgoingtodescribemyhometown.#Iwouldlikesayafewpointshere.6)Athesisstatementshouldnotexpressmorethanoneidea.#Ifeelitmonotonoustoworkinofficedayafterday,andvisitingtheWorldParkinBeijingcanbefun.（IV）论文首段常用的四种格式（TheFourTypesoftheIntroductoryParagraph）1.TheFunnelType2.TheTurnaboutType3.TheDramaticEntranceType4.TheRelevantQuotationTypeStudythefollowingfourparagraphs,pointoutthethesisstatementineachofthem,andidentifywhichtypeeachparagraphbelongsto.1.Peopleliketravelingtoaforeigncountryinordertodelightinseeinginterestingsights.Everycityhassomesightstosee:apalace,abridge,amuseum,orapark.Everyonethereisproudofthemandinterestedintalkingaboutthem.Eachyear,millionsoftouristscometoChina,andthefirstcitytheywanttovisitisBeijing.Beijingisacitywhereyoucanfindsomeofthemostinterestingsightsyouwilleversee2.TodaymanyChinesepeopleprefertoworkandliveinbigcitiessuchasShanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqingandsoon.Itistruethatlifeincitiesismoredevelopedthanthatinruralareas.Inbigcities,therearemorejobchances,andbettercommunication,transportation,educationandmedicalservices.Theruralarea,however,isstillthebesttypeofenvironmentformetolivein.3.“Fishandvisitors”,wroteBenjaminFranklin,“begintosmellafterthreedays.”Lastsummer,whenmysisterandherfamilycametospendtheirtwo-weekvacationwithus,IbecameconvincedthatFranklinwasright.Afteronlythreedays,Iwasthoroughlysickofmybrother-in-law’scornyjokes,mysister’sendlesscomplaintsaboutherboss,andtheirchildren’sconstantinvasionsofourprivacy.4.Theroarofthehurricanenowisoverwhelming.Rainpoursdown,lightningstreaksacrossthedarkrestlesssky,andthunderpoundstheroofandwallsofthehouse.Thehouseissinking,andtheceilinginehlivingroomblowsinwithanexplosivesound,andgun-likereportsasotherupstairswindowsdisintegratedcanbeheard.Waterin