中英具有混合纤维增强塑料片的混凝土梁–柱联接部位的加固节选

PAGE49-外文翻译1外文原文出处：KennethZammit,UniversityofMalta.June2003具有混合纤维增强塑料片的混凝土梁–柱联接部位的加固（节选）摘要：本篇文章描述了对加固后标准尺寸混凝土结构试件进行试验的结果，该试件代表平面框架结构中的梁–柱联接部位。设计试验的目的是为了研究在静载条件下纤维增强塑料被应用到梁–柱联接部位外表面附近时对所测试件的影响。特别令人感兴趣的是在静载条件下应用纤维增强塑料对增强梁–柱联接部位所起的作用。作为研究的关键，为了从外部对混凝土的连接部分进行加固，设计了带有E玻璃无捻粗纱布和碳布的混合纤维增强塑料复合物，并且该复合物结合了短贴原丝毡和带有乙烯基酯树脂的玻璃纤维带。结果显示，对于应用纤维增强塑料改进过的混凝土结构的关键部分能够对混凝土结构的强度和硬度起到增强的作用，同时也能够起到在不同类型荷载条件下增强它们的效果。同时，本篇文章也讨论了为改进和增强混凝土结构的强度和硬度而如何选择纤维增强塑料和结构类型。关键词：混凝土结构；加固；修复；混合纤维增强塑料；绕接技术1.前言为了对混凝土结构进行改进，一个被广泛采用的技术是使用钢外套管放置于现有混凝土柱的周围，这种使混凝土产生侧向限制的技术已经被广泛的研究[1，2]；而且已经显示重缩载重承载量和混凝土柱的延性增加。然而，这一个技术的缺点是它在实际的应用受到来自腐蚀和固有的缺点。另一方面，纤维增强塑料日益被采用来加固混凝土，砖石和木结构。通过关键部分的外表面采用纤维增强塑料来加固结构，能够很明显提高结构的载重量和结构的效用。最近几年，纤维增强塑料的材料类型更加的广泛，有玻璃纤维、碳纤维等。它们提供给设计者一个使用的、有效的构造材料，这些材料具有范围很广的模数和强度的特性。和传统的加固技术相比，纤维增强塑料复合物具有特别高的强度和硬度，以及设计上的灵活性、在不利的环境中的可替代性、较强的韧性等优点。通过优化材料组成和结构，使得纤维增强塑料达到最好的加固效果是可能的，同时也是必要的。为了在实际的加固过程中充分利用纤维增强塑料的优点，优化组成材料和结构是非常必要的。研究表明，正方形混凝土柱周围的碳纤维/环氧基树脂能够使其负载能力增加8%—22%，而这种能力的增强是依赖于大量纤维的使用以及对基层表面的处理。树脂注入技术的使用表明其对绕接效果的改进起了非常重要的作用,研究表明，当使用玻璃无捻粗纱布来增强绕接效果时，不仅能显著提高混凝土的负载能力同时也能够增加混凝土短支柱的变形抵抗能力。此外，通过使用带有环氧树脂的玻璃/碳混合增强材料来加固混凝土，当对混凝土柱进行反复的试验来检测它的最初性能时，发现它的负载能力进一步的提高了。根据复合物弯曲的方位和厚度，表明在套箍位置处进行加固会产生更好的效果。尽管已经进行了大量的研究，但是大多数研究中都存在一个不足之处，即他们所做的试验仅限于形状较小较简单的结构，如混凝土圆柱体，而不是真正的结构。此外，有必要根据成本其中包括材料和处理方法来研究使组合结构达到最优化。这就表明，当使用纤维增强塑料来进行基础加固时，应该使用各种材料的优点，不仅仅是带有环氧树脂的碳纤维，同时也应该包括玻璃纤维或带有其它聚合树脂的碳/玻璃纤维的复合物，在这个试验中为了加固一个典型的建筑部分，即梁–柱联接部位，设计了一个带有乙烯基酯树脂的碳/E玻璃复合物。为了研究帖有纤维增强塑料对构件的影响，在静载条件下，分别对通过纤维增强塑料加固后的试件和没有加固的试件进行了大量的试验。研究报告是一个合作研究项目的一个组成部分，该项目是有悉尼理工大学、高级材料技术中心和悉尼大学共同合作研究的关于应用高级纤维复合物来增大混凝土的强度和硬度，由此来对混凝土结构进行加固。4．结论作为研究的结果，列出了以下结论：1．对加固后标准尺寸混凝土结构试件进行试验已经被成功地处理，所设计的试件代表了平面框架结构中的梁–柱联接部位。通过平衡校核证明了由该试验所得出的结论。2.由无捻粗纱布、碳布、短贴原丝毡和玻璃纤维带组成的复合物有效地证明了纤维增强塑料对混凝土结构试件的加固效果。试验的结果表明由于使用了纤维增强塑料复合物使得混凝土的硬度和负载能力有了明显的提高。结果也表明用较低的成本加强混凝土结构并且使其达到较好的效果，使结构达到最优化是很重要的。3.静载试验的结果也表明具有较低弹性模量的混合碳/E玻璃纤维复合物可能会提供更好的连接。然而，这需要被更多的试验证明。4．研究也表明应该进行进一步的研究，其中包括加固被破坏的混凝土结构试件，循环荷载和使用不同的结构类型。外文原文1Reinforcementofconcretebeam–columnconnectionswithhybridFRPsheetKennethZammit,UniversityofMalta.June2003Abstract：Thepaperdescribestheresultsoftestsonprototypesizereinforcedconcreteframespecimenswhichweredesignedtorepresentthecolumn–beamconnectionsinplaneframes.Thetestsweredevisedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceoffibrereinforcedplastic(FRPreinforcementappliedtoexternalsurfacesadjacenttothebeam–columnconnectiononthebehaviourofthetestspecimensunderstaticloading.OfparticularinterestunderstaticloadingwastheinfluenceofFRPreinforcementonthestrengthandstiffnessofbeam–columnconnection.Asakeytothestudy,thehybridFRPcompositesofE-glasswovenroving(WR)andplaincarboncloth,combinedwithchoppedstrandmat(CSM),glassfibertape(GFT)withavinyl-esterresinweredesignedtoexternallyreinforcethejointoftheconcreteframe.TheresultsshowthatretrofittingcriticalsectionsofconcreteframeswithFRPreinforcementcanprovidesignificationstrengtheningandstiffeningtoconcreteframesandimprovetheirbehaviourunderdifferenttypesofloading.TheselectionsoftypesofFRPandthearchitectureofcompositesinordertoimprovethebondingandstrengthoftheretro-fittingwerealsodiscussed.AuthorKeywords:Concretestructure;Strengthening;Rehabilitation;HybridFRPcomposite;Wrappingtechnique1.IntroductionAwidelyadoptedtechniqueforretrofittingconcretestructureistousesteeljacketsplacedaroundexistingconcretecolumns[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"1and2].Theuseofsteelencasementtoprovidelateralconfinementtotheconcreteincompressionhasbeenstudiedextensively[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"3andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"4],andhasshownincreaseinthecompressionloadcarryingcapacityandductilityoftheconcretecolumns.However,theshortcomingsofthistechniquearethatitsuffersfromcorrosionsaswellasinherentdifficultiesduringpracticalapplications.Fibrereinforcedplastic(FRP),ontheotherhand,isincreasinglybeingusedtoreinforceconcrete,masonryandtimberstructures.TheloadcarryingcapacityandserviceabilityofexistingstructurescanbesignificantlyaugmentedthroughexternallyretrofittingcriticalsectionswithFRPsheeting.InrecentyearsFRPmaterialswithwiderangeoffibretypesofglass,aramidorcarbonprovidedesignerswithanadaptableandcost-effectiveconstructionmaterialwithalargerangeofmodulusandstrengthcharacteristics.Comparingwithtraditionalrehabilitationtechniques,theFRPcompositeshavehighspecificstrength/stiffness,flexibilityindesignandreplacementaswellasrobustnessinunfriendlyenvironments.WithFRPcompositesitispossibleandalsonecessarytoachievethebeststrengtheningresultsbyoptimisingtheconstitutematerialsandarchitecture.OptimisationoftheconstitutematerialsandarchitecturebecomesessentialinordertoutilisethesuperiorityofFRPcompositesinapplicationofrehabilitation[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"5,HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"6,HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"7,HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"8andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"9].Itwasfoundthatwindingofcarbonfiber/epoxycompositesaroundsquareconcretecolumnscanincreasetheloadcarryingcapacityby8–22%,dependingontheamountoffibresusedandtreatmentsofsubstratesurface[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"10].Theuseofresininfusiontechniquewasshowntocontributetosubstantialimprovementsincompositewrappingefficiency,andtheuseofwovenglassroving,asthereinforcementincompositeswrapping,wasfoundtosignificantlyincreasebothloadcarryingcapacityanddeformationresistancecapacityoftheconcretestubs[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"2].Furthermore,throughtheuseofglass/carbonhybridreinforcementswithanepoxyresin,replicationofinitialperformanceofconcretestubssubjectedtodeteriorationwasshownpossible,withasimultaneousfurtherimprovementinloadcarryingcapacity.Intermsoftheeffectsoforientationandthicknessofthecompositeswarps,itwasfoundthatthepredominantuseofreinforcementsinthehoopdirectionwouldresultinhighefficiency[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"11].Despitethelargenumberofresearchcarriedout,oneshortcomingofmoststudieshasbeenthattheywerelimitedtosimplesmallsizecomponents,suchasconcretecylinders,ratherthanrealstructures.Furthermore,itisessentialtostudytheoptimisationofcompositesarchitecturesintermsofcosteffectivenessincludingmaterialsandprocessingmethods.ThisimpliesthatthereinforcementofinfrastructurewithFRPcompositesshouldutilisetheadvantagesofvariousmaterials,notonlycarbonfiberswithepoxyresin,butalsoglassfiberorhybridofcarbon/glassfibreswithotherpolymerresins.Inthisexperimentalinvestigation,ahybridofcarbon/E-glasswithvinyl-esterresincompositesjacketwasdesignedtoreinforceatypicalbuildingcomponents,namelyacolumn–beamconnection.StatictestswerethenconductedonFRPreinforcedandnon-reinforcedspecimenswithextensiveinstrumentationtostudytheinfluenceofthedesignedcompositereinforcement.TheinvestigationreportedinthepaperformspartofacollaborativeresearchprogrambetweentheUniversityofTechnology,SydneyandtheCentreforAdvancedMaterialsTechnology,theUniversityofSydneyinrelationtoapplicationofadvancedfibrecompositestostrengthen,stiffenandhencerehabilitateconcretestructures.2.ExperimentalproceduresThreeprototypesizereinforcedconcreteframespecimens,representingtypicalconcretecolumn–beamconnection,weredesignedforthisstudy.GeometryofthespecimenswithlocationofFRPcompositereinforcementisillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.Amongthreespecimens,twoofthemareas-isconcretebeam–columnconnectiontype(nonecomposites-reinforced(Non-CR)specimens)andonespecimenwasreinforcedbythehybridofcarbonfiberandglassfibrecompositesaroundthecolumn–beamjoint(composites-reinforced(CR)specimen).Allthreespecimenswerepre-castusingstandardcommercialmixgrade40concrete.ThesteelreinforcementoftheconcretespecimensarealsoshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.ConcretecompressiontestsbasedontheAustralianStandard(AS1012–1986)wereconductedonthesamplestakenduringtheconcretepourinordertodeterminethemodulusofelasticityandultimatecompressionstrength(UCS)oftheconcrete.HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_image=fig1&_ba=1&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=5568&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=0c49402791786537eb846748ffedb64c"Fig.1.Geometrydetailsoftestspecimens(notoscale).2.1.CompositesarchitectureOneofthethreeconcreteframespecimenswasreinforcedwithhybridcomposites.Thehybridcompositesconsistsoffourbasicarchitectures,namelyE-glasswovenroving(WR/600g/m2),choppedstrandmat(CSM-300g/m2),carboncloth(plainweave-200g/m2)andglassfibretape(GFT-250g/mm2).ThedetailsofthecompositesarchitectureareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Table1andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.2.Detailsoflay-upareillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.3.WRandcarbonclothareamulti-directionalreinforcementwithbiaxialplainweavingwhichprovideequivalentstrengthinbothaxialandhoopdirections.Theyplaythebasicreinforcementroleinthiscompositesarchitecture.GFTapplyingathoopdirectionprovidesverygoodconfinementandenhancesstructuralintegrity.Theselectionofresincuringsystemsismainlyconcernedwiththeresingel-timeatambienttemperature,whichiscriticaltowrappingprocess.Ingeneral,coldsettingresinsystems(ambienttemperaturecuring)canbeusedwhenwetlay-upprocessisapplied.Sincenolay-upmachineisavailableforthewrappingprocessdescribedinthisstudy,thehandlay-upmethodwasused.Thevinyl-esterresin,Dastar-R/VERPVE/SW/TP,wasmixedwith1.5%ofMEKP(methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide),0.4%ofCoNap(Cobaltnapthenate),and0.5%ofDMA(Dimethylaniline)atambienttemperature.Theresincuresatambienttemperature.Theweightratiobetweenresinandfibrelayerswas1:1.5forWR/CSMlayersand1:0.8forcarboncloth,respectively.Theconcreteframewaswrappedbyalames-woolrollerandaconsolidatingroller.Beforelayingthefirstfibrelayer,theconcretesurfaceswerecleanedupusingacetone,andathinresincoatwasappliedtosealmicroholesonthesurfaceofconcretecolumns.However,furthersurfacetreatmentsuchassandingsurfacetoexposetheaggregateswasintentionallyavoided.Eachcompositelayerwaswettedwiththeresinandrolledontotheconcreteframetoensurefullconsolidation.Table1.DetailsoffivecompositesystemswithacompositearchitecturesFig.2.SchematicillustrationofFRPcompositesarchitectureusedinthisstudy.Fig.3.SomedetailsofFRPcompositeslay-up.2.2.DesignofstatictestsThestatictestsoftheconcreteframespecimensweresetupinahorizontalplane.Thethreesupportsoftheconcreteframe(noloadapplied)wererollertypeasshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.4.Theendatwhichloadwasappliedwasalsoarollertypesupport,however,horizontalmovementswereobviouslynotprevented.Inordertoprovidetheidealrollertypeboundaryconditionsateachendasdesigned,aspecialsetupwasdevelopedwithcombinationofrollersandaswivelheadateachsupporting/loadingpoint(HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.5).Four1000-kN-hydraulicjackswereusedinthetests.Amongthem,theonlyactivejackwasthejackthatappliedloads,whileothersweresimplyactingasadjustablepackingtoprovidingthereactions.Fig.4.Illustrativesketchoftestset-upforstatictest.Fig.5.Set-upforstatictestofconcreteframe.2.3.InstrumentationanddataloggingAppliedloadaswellasreactionforcesweremeasuredusingfour998.8kNloadcellslocatedineachoffoursupporting/loadingpositions.Inordertoobtaindetailedflexuraldeflectioncurvesfortheconcreteframespecimens,twelvelinearvariabledisplacementtransducers(LVDTs)witharangefrom±2.5to±50mmwereusedatstrategiclocationstomeasuretheflexuraldeflections.ExtensivestraingaugingwasdesignedtocapturethestressdistributionofthetestingspecimensinordertovalidatetestsandgainaninsightintothebehaviouroftheconcreteframewithorwithoutFRPreinforcement.Thetotalnumberofstraingaugeswas56foreachspecimen,inwhich28straingauges(5mm)werelocatedonsteelrebarsandtherest(30mmstraingauges)werelocatedontheexternalsurfaceoftheconcreteframespecimens.Locationsofthestraingaugeswerearrangedsothatthestrainsonvariouspointsofthecrosssectionscouldbecaptured.AtypicalstraingaugearrangementformostmeasuredcrosssectionsisshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.6.LocationsofstraingaugesinsidethesectionareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.7.Fig.6.Locationofcrosssectionsoftheconcreteframeforstraingauging.Fig.7.Locationofstraingaugesinbothbeamandcolumnsections.2.4.TestprocedureDesignationsoftestspecimensandabriefdescriptionaregiveninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Table2.Priortobeingformallytestedatserviceloadlevel,thefirstnon-CRspecimenwassubjectedtoaseriesofinvestigativetestsmostlyloadedattheserviceloadlevelof40kNwithonesingleoverloadupto50kN.Thesecondnon-CRspecimenandtheCRspecimenswerenotsubjectedtoanyloadinguntiltheinitialserviceloadleveltests.Allultimateloadtestswereconductedaftereveryspecimenwasexposedtoabout100cyclesofcyclicloadingatserviceloadlevels.Table2.Appliedloadandreactionsfortypicaltests(unit:kN)3.ResultsandanalysisInordertodeterminetheinfluenceofFRPcomposites,fivesetsoftestswereconductedonthethreespecimensincludingthreetestsatserviceloadlevelsandtwoat