精校版语言学名词解释

完整word版语言学名词解释编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（完整word版，语言学名词解释）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为完整word版，语言学名词解释的全部内容。IntroductionLinguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage。langue：Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.parole：Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualpetence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage。performance:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication。designfeatures：Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication14。arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandductivity:Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore。duality:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound，whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning。displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace。culturaltransmission:Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct。Phonologyphonicmedium：Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication。phonetics：Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld'slanguages。articulatoryphonetics：Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker'spointofview，i。e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.auditoryphonetics：Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer'spointofviewi.e。howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer。acousticphonetics：Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother。voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords。voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol，togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.diacritics：Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.IPA：shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabetsasystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics，usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.aspiration:Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsoundmannerofarticulation:Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.placeofarticulation：Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated。consonant:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother。vowel：aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction。monophthong:theindividualvowel。diphthong：Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone。phone：Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage。phoneme：Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds。oallophone:anydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.22ophonology：Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning。phonemiccontrast：twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishplementarydistribution:allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.minimalpair:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundandoccursinthesameposition。Thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.sequentialrules:Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.assimilationrule：Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme，thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.deletionrule:Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented。suprasegmentalfeatures：Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments syllable,word,sentence。tone:Tonesarepitchvariations，whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation，theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation。Chapter3：Morphologymorphology:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation。openclass:Agroupofwords，whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems，andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.closedclass：Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions，prepositionsandpronouns，andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem。morpheme:Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.affix：aletteroragroupofletter，whichisaddedtoawore，andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix。suffix：Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword。prefix：Theaffix，whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword，andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite。boundmorpheme：Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g。-ment。freemorpheme:amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.derivationalmorpheme:Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword。inflectionalmorpheme:Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.morphologicalrules:Thewayswordsareformed.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformpoundwords：Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasasinglewordsinflection：themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodification,e°g.inTherainscame,rainisinflectedforpluralityandcameforpasttense.Chapter4:Syntaxsyntax：Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences。category：Itreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb。6。phrase：syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase，thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt。head：Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.specifier:Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasplement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplementsphrasestructurerule:Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.coordination:Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination。subcategorization：Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedplementizer：Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedplementclause：Thesentenceintroducedbythecomplementizeriscalledacomplementplementphrase：theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.matrixclause：thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause。20omodifier:theelementwhichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.20omodifier:theelementtransformation：aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanotherinversion：theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject，iscalledinversion。Doinsertion：Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.deepstructure:AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPrule.surfacestructure:Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationafterapplyingthenecessarysyntacticmovement,i.e。,transformation，tothedeepstructure。（05）universalgrammar：theinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanlanguages。Chapter5：Semanticssemantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform。Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde——contexturalized。 Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.reference：Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld。Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience。5。synonymy：Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning。Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms。6。dialectalsynonyms:synonymsthatareusedindifferentregionaldialectso7.stylisticsynonyms:synonymsthatdifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.8ocollocationalsynonyms:Synonymsthatdifferintheircolllocation,i.e.,inthewordstheygotogetherwith.9opolysemy：Thesamewordhasmorethanonemeaning。10ohomonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,ie。,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.ohomophones：Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.ohomographs:Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.ocompletehomonymy:Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms。hyponymy：Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword。superordinate：Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate。16oco-hyponyms:Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponyms.17。antonymy:Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning.relationalopposites：Pairsifwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites。Forexample,husband wife,father son,buy sell,let rent,above below。entailment:therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofoneisinferredfromthetruthoftheother.E°g。Cindykilledthedogentailsthedogisdead。presupposition:Whataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemassagealreadyknowsoe.g.SometeahasalreadybeentakenisapresuppositionofTakesomemoretea.Chapter6：Pragmatics1。pragmatics：Thestudyofhowspeakersusessentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2ocontext:Thegeneralknowledgesharedbythespeakersandthehearers.3osentencemeaning:Themeaningofaself-containedunitwithabstractandde——contextualizedfeatures。4outterancemeaning：Themeaningthataspeakerconveysbyusingaparticularutteranceinaparticularcontext.utterance:expressionproducedinaparticularcontextwithaparticularintention。SpeechActTheory:ThetheoryproposedbyJohnAustinanddeepenedbySearle,whichbelievesthatweareperformingactionswhenwearespeaking。7oconstatives：Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable.8operformatives：Performativesaresentencesthatdon'tstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.locutionaryact:Theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbyvirtueofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.illocutionaryact：Theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionandperformedinsayingsomething.perlocutionaryact:Theactresultingfromsayingsomethingandtheconsequenceorthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.12。representatives:Statingordescribing，sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue。directives:TryingtogetthehearertodoerativePrinciple：Theprinciplethattheparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperateinmakingconversation，otherwise，itwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthetalk.conversationalimplicature：Theuseofconversationalmaximstoimplymeaningduringconversation。Chapter7：LanguageChangeacronyms：Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveraltolanguage:Theoriginalformofalanguagefamily,whichhasceasedtoexist。Languagefamily:Agroupofhistoricallyrelatedlanguagesthathavedevelopedfromacommonancestrallanguage.Chapter8：LanguageAndSocietysociolinguistics:Thesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinsocialcontexts.speechcommunity:Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandshareatleastonespeechvarietyaswellassimilarlinguisticnorms。speechvarieties:Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers。regionaldialect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.sociolect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeople,whobelongtoaparticularsocialclass.registers：Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.idiolect：Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.linguisticreportoire：Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire.registertheory：AtheoryproposedbyAmericanlinguistHalliday，whobelievedthatthreesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister,namely，fieldofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourseandmodeofdiscourse。fieldofdiscourse：thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicativebehavior..tenorofdiscourse：Itreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion：whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother。modeofdiscourse:Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.standarddialect:Asuperposedvarietyoflanguageofacommunityornation,usuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage。formality:Itreferstothedegreeofformalityindifferentoccasionsandreflectstherelationshipandconversations.AccordingtoMartinJoostherearefivestagesofformality，namely，intimate,casual,consultative,formalandfrozen.Pidgin:Ablendingofseverallanguage，developingasacontactlanguageofpeople，whospeakdifferentlanguages，trytocommunicationwithoneanotheronaregularbasis。Creole:Apidginlanguagewhichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakersusedinthisdailylife.bilingualism：Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay，andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.(07C)diaglossia：Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.LinguaFranca：Avarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople，whospeakdifferentnativelanguagesordialectscode-switching:themovementbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesordialectswithinthesamesentenceordiscourse。Chapter10：LanguageAcquisitionlanguageacquisition：Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.tongue,languageacquisitiondevice（LAD）:Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.UniversalGrammar:Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.motherese：Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch，richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc。 又叫childdirectedspeech，caretakertalk.CriticalPeriodHypothesis：Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodandpubertyisthecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition，duringwhichchildrencanacquirelanguagewithoutformalinstructionsuccessfullyandeffortlessly。6。under——extension：Useawordwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.over-extension:Extensionofthemeaningofawordbeyonditsusualdomainofapplicationbyyoungchildren.telegraphicspeech：Children'searlymultiwordspeechthatcontainscontentwordsandlacksfunctionwordsandinflectionalmorphemes.contentword:Wordsreferringtothings,quality，stateoraction，whichhavelexicalmeaningusedalone.functionword：Wordswithlittlemeaningontheirownbutshowgrammaticalrelationshipsinandbetweensentences.taboo:Wordsknowntospeakersbutavoidedinsomecontextsofspeechforreasonsofreligion,politenessetc.atypicaldevelopment：Someacquisitionoflanguagemaybedelayedbutfollowthesamerulesoflanguagedevelopmentduetotraumaorinjury。Chapter11:SecondLanguageAcquisitionsecondlanguageacquisition：Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage。targetlanguage:Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner。secondlanguage：Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages。foreignlanguage:Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinaerlanguage:Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners，whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguageandthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpressions.fossilization：Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.overgeneralization：Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations，inwhichtheyareunacceptable.cross——association：somewordsaresimilarinmeaningaswellasspellingandpronunciation.Thisinternalinterferenceiscalledcross-association16.error:theproductionofincorrectformsinspeechorwritingbyanon—nativespeakerofasecondlanguageduetohisincompleteknowledgeoftherulesofthattargetlanguage.mistake：mistakes,definedaseitherintentionallyorunintentionallydeviantformsandself-corrigible，suggestfailureinperformance。input:languagewhichalearnerhearsorreceivesandfromwhichheorshecanake：theinputwhichisactuallyhelpfulforthelearner。InputHypothesis:AhypothesisproposedbyKrashen,whichstatesthatinsecondlanguagelearning,it’snecessaryforthelearnertounderstandinputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence。Eventuallytheabilitytoproducelanguageissaidtoemergenaturallywithoutbeingtaughtdirectly.21。acquisition：Acquisitionisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage.ItisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrulesLearnersarehardlyawareoftheirlearningbuttheyareusinglanguagetocommunicate.Itisalsocalledimplicitlearning,informallearningornaturalprehensibleinput:Inputlanguagewhichcontainslinguistic