hot disk说明书-中英文对照版

PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION介 TERMINOLOGY术 INSTALLATION安 Softwareinstallation软件安 Hardwareinstallation硬件安 Quicktestusingthestainlesssteelverificationsamplesd使用提供的不锈钢样品进行快速测 Summary总 AvailableHotDisksensors探 Powder/pastesampleholder粉末/糊状样品支 HotDiskTPS HotDiskTPS500 HotDiskTPS HotDiskTPS HotDiskTPS2500 HotDiskTPS HotDisk Solidmaterials固体样 Repeatedexperiments重复实 HintTexts提示文 MeasurementSection测量部 InformationSection信息部 FileTab文件 HardwareConfiguration硬件配 Schedule计划程 TemperatureControl温度控 ScheduledMeasurements,CalculationandExport计划测量，计算和输 ExporttoExcelorText输出Excel或者Text格 Files文 Parameterselection参数选 MeasurementTime测量时 TemperatureDrift温度漂 APPLICATIONS应 Applicationnotes应用笔 HighTcsuperconductor1:2:3compoundTc（１:２:３混合物）77 Polystyrenewithadensityof40kg/m3密度为的聚苯乙烯..Powder-sandwithanapproximateparticlesizeof1mm粉末-粒径大约为1毫米的沙 Summary总 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS标准特征 SUPPORT支 Latest Checkingfor Applicationsettings应用程序设 Configurationfiles配置文 MeasurementProblems测量问 SoftwareBugs软件错 Fatalerror致命错 REFERENCES参考文 APPENDIXA–SUPPORTING PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION简 INSTALLATION安 HARDWARE硬 SAMPLEPREPARATION样品准 SOFTWARE软 MeasurementSetup测量设 APPLICATIONS应 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS标准规 REFERENCES参考文献 一维测 INTRODUCTION简 HARDWARE硬 SOFTWARE软 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS标准规 TheThinFilm 薄膜模 PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION介 INSTALLATION安 ReferenceMeasurement参照测 ConcludingRemarks结束 APPLICATIONS应 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS标准规 PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION简 INSTALLATION安 SAMPLEPREPARATION样品PARAMETERSELECTION参数选 Measurementtime测量时 ReferenceMeasurements参照测 APPLICATIONS应 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS标准规 REFERENCES参考文献 TheSlabModule平板模 PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION引 HARDWARE硬 SAMPLEPREPARATION样品 PerformingMeasurements执行实 APPLICATIONNOTE STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS标准规 REFERENCES参考文 PREAMBLE序Youareabouttostartusingastate-of-the-artsystemformeasuringthermaltransportpropertiesofmaterials.OnceyougettoknowthesystemandhowitworksyouwillcometoappreciatetheeaseandtheflexibilityoftheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.Tolearnhowthesystemoperatesitisimportantthatyoufollowtheinstructionsofthismanual.Beforeproceedingtoexperiments,itisstronglysuggestedthatyoufamiliarizeyourselfwithitscontents.Bestresultswillbeachievedifthemanualisreadinchronologicalorder.您将开始使用测试材料热传导性能的最先进系统。一旦您了解了我们的系统以及如何操作它，您就会被HotDik热常数分析仪的可操作性和灵活性所感动。学习如何操作本系统需要您遵照本操作说明。开始实验之前，我们建议您认真并持续不断的研读，以得到最佳实验效果和结果。INTRODUCTION介TheTransientneSource(TPS)methodistodayarguablythemostpreciseandconvenienttechniqueforstudyingthermaltransportproperties.Itisanabsolutetechnique,yieldinginformationonthermalconductivity,thermaldiffusivityaswellasspecificheatperunitvolumeofthematerialunderstudy,inaccordancewithISO22007- 全新的技术，能够提供被研究样品的导热系数，热扩散系数以及体积比热容,遵循国际标准ISOTheTPSmethodisbasedontheuseofatransientlyheatednesensor,andisinitsmostcommonadaptationreferredtoastheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.TheHotDisksensorconsistsofanelectricallyconductingpatternintheshapeofadoublespiral,whichhasbeenetchedoutofathinmetal(Nickel)foil.Thisspiralissandwichedbetweentwothinsheetsofaninsulatingmaterial(Kapton,Mica,etc.).这种方法基于瞬态加热平面探头的使用，也被广泛的称为的HotDisk热常数分析仪，HotDisk探头由可导电的双螺旋结构绕线组成。此绕线采用的是光刻的金属箔(镍丝)，被夹在两绝缘薄层(聚酰亚胺，云母等)之间。Whenperformingameasurement,aneHotDisksensorisfittedbetweentwopiecesofthesampleeachonewithanesurfacefacingthesensor.Byrunninganelectricalcurrent,strongenoughtoincreasethetemperatureofthesensorbetweenafractionofadegreeuptoseveraldegrees,andatthesametimerecordingthe(temperature)increaseasafunctionoftime,theHotDisksensorisusedbothasaheatsourceandasadynamictemperaturesensor.HotDisk探头既被用作热源，也被用作动态温度探头。ThesolutionofthethermalconductivityequationisbasedontheassumptionthattheHotDisksensorislocatedinaninfinitemedium,whichmeansthatthetransientrecordingmustbeinterruptedassoonasanyinfluencefromtheoutsideboundariesofthetwosamplepiecesisrecordedbythesensor.热导方程的解建立在HotDisk探头处于无限大媒介中的假设上，这意味着一旦探头所记录的两块Typicalsamplesizesarebetween1and10cm3butcaninspecialsituationsbereducedto0.01cm3.Thesamplepreparationislimitedtothecuttingofonenesurfaceoneachoneofthetwosamplepieces.FromwhatissaidaboveitisimportanttonotethatthesizeoftheflatsamplesurfacesshouldbeappreciablylargerthanthediameteroftheHotDisksensorinordertoallowfornottooshortatransient典型样品尺寸在1至10cm3之间，但是特殊情况下可低至001cm3。样品的预处理只限于将两个样品切出一个平面即可。综上所述，测量中需要着重注意的是，为了延长瞬变记录，被测样品的平面尺寸必须大于HotDisk探头的直径。TheHotDiskThermalConstantsyserhasbeenusedforstudyingalargenumberofdifferentmaterialssuchasMetals,Alloys,Minerals,Ceramics,Glasses,Powders,stics,BuildingMaterials,BiomaterialsInVivoorInVitro,Liquidsetc.CommerciallyavailableHotDiskelementsmakemeasurementspossiblefromcryogenictemperaturesupto1000K.Thehighesttemperaturesreachedsofarwithspeciallydesignedsensorsarebetween1700Kand1800K.HotDisk热常数分析仪已被用来测量很多不同的材料，比如金属、合金、矿石、陶瓷、玻璃、粉HotDisk超低温到1000K。通过设计的特殊探头使用温度可以达到1700或1800K。TERMINOLOGY术 Excelspreadsheet微软 ）电子表格程序Experimenttype

Typeofmeasurementandcalculationusedtoobtainthermalproperties.Whenyouselectexperimenttypeandsettingsforthattype,themethodwillbeselected用于获得热性能的测量和计算类型。当你选择试验类型和设定时相应的方被自动的选定； NumberofPowerLineCyclestheinstrumentintegratesover,foreachmeasurementduringthetransient. TemperatureCoefficientofResistivityofthe Transientne INSTALLATION安Foracorrectinstallationofthesystemitisimportanttofollowtheinstructionsinthissection.Beforeproceedingwiththeinstallation,makesurethatyouhavereceivedallstandardcomponentsoftheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.Theseincludes,atleast,thefollowingitems:在这一部分中，为了保证正确的系统安装，需要遵循安装指南。在安装以前首先要确保已经拥有HotDisk热常数分析仪的所有标准配置，至少包括以下几项：HotDiskThermalConstantsyser(HotDiskTPS500,TPS500S,TPS1500,TPS2200,TPS2500SorTPS3500)HotDisk（HotDiskTPS500,TPS500STPS1500,TPS2200TPS2500HotDiskHotDiskSeelatestversionof“InstallationofHotDiskTPS7TheHotDiskThermalConstantsysercanmeasurethethermalconductivityofmaterialsrangingfrom0.03to500W/m/Kbyutilizingthestandardisotropicmeasurementmoduleandthehighlysensitivecomponents.Thesystemdetectstemperaturedifferenceswithanaccuracybetterthan0.1mK,thereforeitisimportantthatthesystemisinstalledinastableenvironment.Thelocationshouldpreferablybeisothermal,ofvibrationsandmaintainconstanthumidity.HotDisk0.03500W/mk0.1mk，因此在一个相对稳定的环境下安装仪器显得尤为重要。推荐安装在恒温ConnecttheUSBcablebetweenthecomputerrunningtheHotDisksoftwareandtheTPSinstrument.连接电脑与TPS仪器之间的USBConnectthepowerlinecablesfirsttotheTPSinstrumentandthenthemains.Switchthesystemon(thepowerswitchislocatedonthebacksideofthe连接TPS设备和主机的电源，打开系统的开关（开关在设备后面板LaunchtheHotDisksoftwareonceallUSBdeviceshavebeensuccessfullydetectedandinstalled.确定所有的USB设备都连接好后，打开HotDiskEnsurethatthecorrectHotDiskinstrumentandthesensortype(HotDisk)areselectedinthedrop-down (Instrumentandsensortype)atthebottomoftheExperimentalTypeselectionwindow.ThenclosethewindowwiththeXinthetoprightcornertoproceedtothemainsoftwarewindow.在“实验类型选项”界面底部“仪器和探头类型”下拉框中选择正确的设备型号和探头型号，点击右上角的X关闭按钮进入软件的主界面。NowclickFileandthenHardwareConfigurationtoopenthefollowing点击“文件”Makesurethatthecorrectinstrumentisdetected.IfnothingisdetectedpressScantoanupdate.确定设备是否被检测到，如果没有点击“扫描IfaTPS1500,TPS2200,TPS2500SorTPS3500isbeinginstalledyouwillhavetomanuallyupdatetheResistorBridgeReference .TodothisclickResistorbridgeinthelist(notpresentforTPS500orTPS500S)andrecethedefault10ΩvaluewiththeinstrumentspecificRsvalue.TheRsvalueisfoundintheTestProtocol,locatedintheServiceManual.YouwillhavetoconfirmtheenteredvaluewhenclickingOK.Pleasemakesurethatthevalueiscorrectlyentered,sinceanyerrorherewillbereflectedinyourcoming如果是安装的设备是TPS1500、2200、2500S或者是3500，需要手动更新电阻桥参考阻值。点击“电阻桥”，用具体的阻值替换掉默认的10Ω；相应的参数在服务手册的estprotool中；替换完成后点击“确认”，请确保这一数值正确，因为任何错误都将会影响接下来的测量。WhenexitingtheHardwareConfigurationwindowyouwillhavetoconfirmthePowerLineFrequency,whichiseither50Hzor60Hzdependingonyourterritory.当退出硬件配置窗口，您需要确认当地的电源频率是50Hz还是60HzThisconcludesthehardwareinstallationandyouarereadytoproceedwith以上内容是硬件安装，接下来就可以进试了GETTINGSTARTED开始测ThissectionisaimedatgivingyouabriefintroductiontotheuseandfunctioningoftheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.Inlatersectionsyouwillgaindeeperinsightintotheoperationofthesystem,moredetailedinformationabouttheindividualcomponentsanddifferentsystemsapplications.这一部分将向您简单介绍HotDisk热常数分析仪的使用和功能。在后面的章节您将得到关于系统Quicktestusingthestainlesssteelverificationsamplesd使用StartingtheHotDiskTurnontheinstrumentwiththeswitchonthebacksideoftheunit.Undernormalexperimentalconditionstheunitshouldbeswitchedon60minutespriortomakinganexperiment.启动主机后面板上的电源开关。为了使准确，HotDisk测试装置至少应该预热60分钟。BootuptheStarttheHot ysisTheExperimenttypeselectionwindowwillbedisyed.Forfigureseechapter8.3.显示“实验类型选择”窗口(如图见8.3EnsurethatthecorrectHotDiskinstrumentandthesensortype(HotDisk)combinationareselectedinthedropdown (Instrumentandsensortype)atthebottomofthewindow.ClickonBulk(typeI).Thesamplesetupwindowwillthenbedisyed.Previouslyusedexperimentsettingsaredisyed(installationdefaultsthefirsttime).点击“1”HotDiskPreparationoftheStainlessSteelSelectaKaptonsensor(transparentyellowishcolour)thatcoversonlythecentralpartofthenesurfaceofthesamplepiecestoallowenoughmaterialbetweenthesensorandtheoutsideboundariesofthesample.Itisadvisedthatthediameterofthesamplenotbelessthantwicethatofthesensorandthatthethicknessofthesamplenotbelessthantheradiusofthesensor).Inthiscasewe mendasensorwitharadiusofabout6-7mm,forexamplesensor5501.选择只能覆盖一部分样品平面的聚酰亚胺探头（浅棕色），以此在探头和样品的外边界之间提供足够的材料。我们建议您的样品直径至少要是探头直径的两倍，厚度至少与探头的半径相同。这次我们推荐使用6-7毫米半径的探头，编号5501。Figure1.Makesurethesensoriscentredandcethesecondsamplehalfontopofthesensorsothatitistotallycovered,formingasample-sensor-samplesandwichasseeninFigure1.如图1-确保探头在样品中间，然后第二个样品放置于探头上方使其被完，形成如图1所示的三明治结构；Figure1.MountingthesampleandcentringtheClampthepiecesfirmlytogetherandmakesurethatthereisnoairgapbetweenthesensorandthesamplesurfaces,sincethismightcauseoverheatinganddamagethesensorduringtheexperimentalrecording.夹紧样品，确保探头与样品表面之间没有空气间隙，因为这也许会引起探头的过度加热并在实验记录过程中损坏探头。Thesampleshouldbekeptatthesameambienttemperaturelongenoughtoavoidanytemperaturedriftbeforeandduringtheexperiment.Forametalsample15minutesisnormallyenoughtoequalisethetemperature.样品应该被保存在恒定的外界温度中足够长的时间来避免实验前以及实验中的温度漂移。对于金属样品，15分钟通常足够平衡温度。InthesamplesetupwindowunderSample,pleaseenter“StainlessSteel”Sample在主界面中的“样品设置”窗口下“”中输入 Steel”Enter“15.00”asAvailableProbing“可使用的探测深度”中输入“Thesefirstsettingsareintendedforyourowninformationandarenotusedforcontrollingtheexperiment.NowselecttheTest选择“测试”CheckthatSensortypeissettoHot设置“探头类型”为“HotSetSensorMaterialTypeto设置“材料类型”为“Kapton（聚酰亚胺SetSensortothesensorchosenatpoint2.a.根据上 2.a.的描述选择并设置“探头 PleasesetTestsampletemperaturetoyourcurrentroomtemperature.MatchingTCRwillautomaticallybecalculated.请把“样品温度”设定到您现在的室温。仪器将会自动计算相应 TCR（温度电阻数Theselectionofmeasurementtimeandheatingpowerisveryimportantforachievingreliableresultsandrequiressomeexperience.However,aParameterWizardhasbeendevelopedtogeneratesuggestedvaluesandsofacilitatetheoperationoftheHotDisksystem.测量时间和加热功率的选择对于得到可靠的结果是非常重要的，这需要一些经验。但是，我们为您制定了参数选择器来方便您HotDisk系统的使用。SelectingMeasurementtimeandHeatingpoweristypicallydoneinaccordancewithoneofthefollowingscenarios:可以通过以下方法选择测量时间和加热功率Youmayhaveperformedsimilarexperimentspreviouslyandknowdirectlywhatparameterswillachievepreciseandreliable您也许之前做过类似的实验，知道什么参数可以达到精确的可靠的实验结果。YoumayhaveavailabletwosamplepiecesofamaterialwithpropertiessimilartoanyofthematerialslistedintheParameterYoumaynotknowanythingasyetaboutthethermalpropertiesofthematerial.Insuchcase,pleasefollowtheitionproceduresuggestedbytheParameterWizard.您也许对于样品材料的热性能一无所知。这样的话，请参照参数选择器中的给出的结果。WiththeStainlessSteelsampleavailablefortestingthesystem,wecouldchoosetoconsulttheParameterWizard.However,forthisquicktestletusemploythefollowinginputparameters:对于使用不锈钢样品测试系统的情况，我们可以选择参考参数选择器。但是，对于快速测试我们可以使用下列的输入参数：Heatingpower加热功率1WMeasurementtime10s.PerformingtheClickontheOKbuttontoconfirmyourselectionsandlaunchthemainwindowoftheHotDiskysissoftware,seechapter0forfurtherinformation.Hereyoucanreviewyoursettingsintheparameterwindow.点击“OK”确认进入HotDiskysis软件的主界面，您可以在主界面下面看到您设ClickontheStartbuttononthetopleftonthescreentolaunchthe点击屏幕左上角的“开始”开始测试；Theconfirmationdialogbox“Runexperiment”willpopup.ConfirmbyclickingOK.Pleasedonotaddorremoveanyhardware,suchasUSB-sticks,duringameasurementsincethiscaninterruptthemeasurement.确认框“开始试验”会弹出，点击“OK”确认。测试过程中不要添加或移除任何硬件，例如UB设备，否则会中断测量；TheHotDisk yserwillHotDiskAdjusttheresistorbridge,forsystemsincludingone(TPS1500,TPS2200,TPS2500SandTPS3500)对于TPS1500、TPS2200、TPS2500、TPS3500Performdriftmeasurementswhensoselected,see勾选“参数专家”中的“漂移补偿Heatthesensorandsamplewiththeselectedpowerwhilerecordingthetemperatureincreasein200datapointsduringthe使用选择的功率加热样品，同时记录探头温度增加的200AssoonasthetransientrecordingiscompletedaDriftgraph,ifdriftwasmeasured,andaTransientgraphwillbedisyed(underseparatetabs).SchematicpicturesofsuchgraphsarefoundinFigure2andFigure3,一旦瞬变记录结束，温漂图表（如果进行了温漂测试）和瞬变图表会被显示，示意图见图2和图3；Figure2.AnexampleofadriftFigure3.AtypicalmeasurementCalculatingtheClickontheCalculatebuttonorclickontherightmousebuttonwhentheTransientgraphisselected,andthenselect“Calculate”fromthepopup.ThiswilltriggertheCalculationSettingswindow,describedinchapter8.9.1.点击“计算”或者在瞬态图上点击右键选择“计算”弹出“计算设定”窗口，见8.9.1绍Herewhichofthe200recordeddatapointsshouldbeincludedinthecalculationsofthethermalpropertiesareselected.SelectStartpoint“8”andEndpoint200“8”和结束点SelectTimecorrection.Themostcommonchoiceistoworkwiththisfeature选择“时间纠正”，测试多数会用到时间纠正；MakesureTemperatureDriftcompensationisnot确定“温度漂移补偿”未被勾选；UnchecktheKnownSpecificHeatofSamplebox.Thisoptioncanbeusedifthespecificheatisknown,andwillbediscussedlater.“样品比热容”中“Knownaue”不勾选；这个选项如果在比热容已知的情况下可以选择，后面会继续讨论；SelectCalibratedSpecificHeatcapacityofsensor.Withthisoptionitispossibletotakeintoconsiderationtheinfluenceofvariationsoftheheatingpoweronthecalculatedthermalproperties.Thisiscausedby,amongotherthings,theheatcapacityofthesensor.A mendedvalueforthesensorusedwillbegiven,whichisvalidforroomtemperatureconditions.选择“校准过的探头比热容”使用此选项我们可以把由于加热功率的变化引起的对于热性能计算的影响列入考虑中。加热功率的变化是由探头的热容及其他因素引起的。对于所使用探头的比热会给出一个适用于室温的推荐值。Singlesidedexperimentshouldnotbeselected.Thisoptioncanbeusedwhenonlyonesamplepieceisavailable.Thesensoristhenfittedwithaninsulatingmaterialononesideandthesampleontheother.不选“单面实验“，这个选项会在只使用一个样品测试的情况下使用。接触探头两面中的一面是绝缘材料而另一面是样品的时候到。WiththeaboveselectionsmadeclickFine-tuned ysis.ThedifferencebetweenthisandStandard ysiswillbediscussedlater.以上设置完成点击“精校分析”，“精校分析”与“标准分析”之间的区别会在后面的章节讨论；Thethermalpropertiesarenowcalculatedandpresentedinthemainwindow,withtwographsunderseparatetabs:Calculated,atemperaturevs.F(tau)graphshowingtheThisgraphshouldshowastraightlineifthecalculationisResidual,showingtheresidualbetweencalculatedandii.AsuccessfulmeasurementandcalculationwillyieldarandomNumericResultsarealsopresentedinaseparatesub-热传导性能经计算后显示计算结果及2计算图：一个温度与F(tau残差图：显示计算和测试数据间的偏差。成功的测试和计算应该生成随机分布的散点。TheverificationsampleismadeofStainlessSteel,forwhichaThermalConductivityofabout13.5W/m/KandaThermalDiffusivityof3.6mm2/scanbeassumed(pleaseseetheTestProtocolforexactdataonyourverificationsamples).Whencomparingthevaluesreceivedfromtheexperiment,theresultsshouldnotdeviatemorethan5%fromthevaluesquotedhere.中的TestProtocol）。当我们把这些数据与实验得到的结果相比较，实验结果误差应该不超过Ifyourvaluesprovetodeviatefromtheaboveranges,conductanewexperimentandmakesurethateverystepoftheprocedurehasbeenfollowed.Observethatyoumustwaitatleast15minutesbeforeperforminganewexperimentonthesameStainlessSteelsampleinordertostabilisethetemperatureinthesamplefollowingtheprevious如果您的数据误差超过的以上的范围，请执行一个新的实验并确定遵循上述过程中的每一个步骤。请注意，您必须等待至少15分钟然后再用同样的不锈钢样品进行新的实验，这是为了稳定样品的温度。TheHotDiskThermalConstantsysercanbeusedformeasuringthermaltransportpropertiesofalargevarietyofmaterials,withthermalconductivitiesrangingfrom0.03W/m/Kto500W/m/Kforisotropicbulkmaterials,followingtheabovemethodology.UtilizingHotDisk’sothermeasurementmodulesathermalconductivityrangeof0.005W/m/Kto1800W/m/Kispossibletoreach.NaturallytheparametersHeatingpower,MeasurementTimeandSensorRadiusmustbeselectedwithcareinordertoarriveatresultswithinthegivenlimitsofaccuracy.Furthermore,sometrainingorexperiencewiththeinstrumentisneededtoachievebestpossibleresultswhencalculatingtheresults.Thisinvolvestheselectionofstartingandendpointsforcalculationsandofcoursetheappreciationoftheresultingdata,suchasevaluatingtheresiduegraph.Thesematterswillallbediscussedinmoredetailbelow.HotDisk热常数分析仪可以用于测量多种材料的热传导性能，遵循上述方法可测量导热系数范围0.03W/m/K500W/m/KHotDisk0.005W/m/K1800W/m/K。当然为了达到符合一定精度的结果，需要设置适当的参数HARDWARE硬ThissectionwillgiveyoumoredetailedinformationofthecomponentsincludedintheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.这一节给您呈现HotDisk热常数分析仪各个模块的详细信息ThebasicprincipalofthesystemistosupplyaconstantpowertoaninitiallyisothermalsampleviaaHotDisksensor,andduringalimitedheatingperiodtofollowtheresultingtemperatureincreasebyusingthesensoralsoasa thermometer.Thedynamicfeaturesofthetemperatureincrease,reflectedin increasesofthesensor,arepreciselyrecordedandysedsothatboththethermalconductivityandthermaldiffusivitycanbedeterminedfromasingletransientrecording.本系统的基本原理是通过HotDisk探头给最初等温的样品提供恒定的功率，在有限的加热时间里把探头作为电阻温度计同时记录温度的升高。温度的动态升高反映在探头的电阻升高，这个过程被准确的记录下来，并加以分析，由此，导热系数和热扩散率可以通过单次的瞬态记录被计算出来。TheTPS1500,TPS2200andTPS2500recordtheoff-balancevoltageofbridgecircuitinwhichthethermalsensor(HotDisksensor)isincluded.TPS1500、TPS2200、TPS2500记录着包含热传感元件（HotDisk探头）TheTPS500andTPS500Shasnobridgecircuitandthereforecannotmeasurewiththesamelevelofaccuracy.TPS500和TPS500SArangeofHotDisksensorsaswellasconvenientarrangementsforsupportingthesampleindifferentapplicationsandatdifferenttemperatureshavebeendevelopedasaccessoriestotheHotDisksystem.HotDisksensorHotDiskTheHotDisksensorconsistsofanelectricallyconductingpatternintheshapeofadoublespiraletchedoutofathinsheetofnickel.Thenickelfoilischosenbecauseofitshighandwell-knowntemperaturecoefficientofresistivity.Theconductingnickelpatternissupportedbylaminatingitbetweentwothinlayersofanelectricallyinsulatingmaterial.HotDiskNickelmetalcanbeusedassensormaterialoverquiteawidetemperaturerangefromabout-243°Cuptonearitsmeltingpoint.Inexperimentsperformedtodateithasbeenusedfrom-243°Ctoabout1000°C.However,itisnotpossibletousethesameinsulatingmaterialtosupporttheNickelspiralthroughoutthistemperaturerange.Fromcryogenictemperaturesupto300°C,thinPolyimide(Kapton)fi withathicknessof12.7µmor25mcanbeused.Thisgivesatotalthicknessofthesensorbetween60and80µm(includingthethicknessoftheadhesive).Formeasurementsatelevatedtemperatures,upto1000°C,aspecialMicainsulationisemployed.Thisinsulationmaterialisthicker(around0.1mm),whichmeansthatthetotalthicknessofthesensoramountstocircamm.FortestinginadverseorcorrosiveenvironmentalimitedselectionofTeflon-cladsensorsareavailable.Ifyouexceedthetemperaturelimitsgivenaboveforsensorswiththetwodifferentinsulationmaterials,thereisariskofpermanentlydamagingthesensors.镍金属可以被用作适用于很大温度范围（-243℃到它的）的探头材料。迄今开展的试验中，它被用于从-243℃至1000℃。然而，在此温度区间内不能使用相同的绝缘材料来支撑镍螺旋。从低温至大约300℃，使用厚度12.7μm或25μm的聚亚酰胺（Kpton）薄膜。这种情况下探头的总厚度在60μm和80μm之间（包括粘结剂的厚度）。对于300℃至1000℃的测量，使用特制的云母绝缘材料。这种绝缘材料稍厚（01mm左右），由此采用云母的探头总厚度为0.25mm。在恶劣或腐蚀性的环境中可以使用聚四氟乙烯包层的探头。如果超过上文给出的两种不同绝缘材料的探头的温度极限，存在永久性损坏探头的。Formeasurementsattemperaturesupto300°CtheKaptoninsulatedsensorsaremendedsincetheyyieldmoreaccurateresultsduetotheirmuchthinnerSensorswithKaptoninsulationareveryflexibleduetothemechanicalpropertiesoftheKaptonmaterial.Theycanbeusedforaverylargenumberofmeasurements,ifhandledcarefully.TheMicainsulationontheotherhandnormallyhasarathershortlifetime,particularlywhenusedatthehighesttemperatures,andshouldbeconsidereddisposable.ToprolongthelifetimeoftheselattersensorstheymustbehandledwithconsiderablymorecarethansensorswithKaptoninsulation-especiallyiftheintentionistousesuchMicasensorsmorethanonce.Itisstrongly mendedtoperformmeasurementsattemperaturesfrom500°Candhigherininertatmospheretominimiseoxidationanddegradationofthesensor.Degradationiscausedbydisintegrationoftheadhesivelayerbetweenthemicalayers,causingthesensortodelaminate.Somedegradationisacceptable,aslongasthenickelspiralisundamaged.Bymeasuringtheelectrical ofasensoritcanbedeterminedifsensorisusableornot.Sensor shouldbeabout12Ωandiseasilymeasuredusinganohm-meter.Furthermore,todelaythedelaminationforaslongaspossible,amicasensorshouldbehandledaslittleaspossiblebetweenmeasurements–preferablyitshouldbeleftinthesensorholderuntilarecementisrequired,andgreatcareshouldbetakenwhenmountinganddismountingthesamples.由于聚酰亚胺材料的力学性能，聚酰亚胺探头是非常灵活的。仔细使用可以被用于大量的实验。云母绝缘的探头的使用短，特别是在高温中使用，基本上是的。为了延长其使用，如果想多次使用云母探头，使用时必须比处理聚酰亚胺探头更。强烈建议在500℃以上使用时，需要在惰性气体中使用，以减少探头的氧化和。是由于云母探头之间的粘结层造成的。只要镍螺旋是完好的，是可以被接受的。通过测量电阻可以测量探头是否可用。探头的电阻很容易通过欧姆表测量，一般在12Ω左右。因此，为了尽可能延迟云母探头的，在测量之间尽可能放在探头支架上不要动，直到需要更换新的探头，在安装和拆卸样品时也需要格外。FormeasurementswiththeHotDisksystemitisimportanttoknowthepreciseTCR(TemperatureCoefficientoftheelectricalResistivity)oftheHotDisksensormaterial.Withthisinformationitispossibletocalculatethetemperaturevariationfromtherecordedincreaseofthesensorasafunctionoftimeveryprecisely,andthentoevaluatethethermaltransportproperties.TheTCRisthereforerequestedbytheysissoftwareforeverynewexperiment.数）。具有此信息才有可能从记录的电阻增加与时间的函数精确计算温度变化，然后评估热传输性能。因此，分析软件要求为每次新实验都输入TR。ThesensormaterialoftheHotDiskisNickel,asmentionedabove.ThepositiveaspectofthismetalisitsratherlargeTCRoveranextendedtemperaturerange.AnegativeaspectisthatNickelundergoesaCurietransitionat358C,whichmeansthatmeasurementsinatemperaturerangearoundthistemperaturemustbeperformedwithparticularcare,andtheTCRmightdependonthesequenceinwhichthemeasurementsareactuallyperformed.Itisinotherwordsimportanttomakesurethatthesensoriseitherbelow300°Corabove420°Cinaparticularexperiment,toavoidinfluencefromtheCurietransition.HotDiskTR。缺点是镍在358℃之间会经历一个相变，这意味着在此温度范围的测试必须特别，并且此TCR可能取决于测试实际开展的顺序。换句话说，为了避免相变在测试中确保探头处于350℃以下或420℃以上是重要的。However,thisproblemiscurrentlybeingaddressedbyHotDiskscientificstaffanduntilthesolutionisimplementedinthegeneralHotDisksoftwareindividualsolutionscanbearrangedifrequested.HotDisk的科研人员正在解决并将其整合到HotDiskTheTCRcanbedeterminedinessentiallytwodifferent可以通过以下两种不同的途径得 Byrecording oftheHotDisksensorasafunctionofHotDiskBymakingmeasurementsonmaterialswithknownthermalconductivitiesandfromsuchmeasurementscalculatingtheTCR.ThisispossiblesincethetemperatureincreaserecordedinatransientmeasurementisdirectlyproportionaltotheTCRandinverselyproportionaltothethermalconductivity.WhenusingthismethodtodeterminetheTCR-values,itisimportanttomakesurethatreferencevaluesofthethermalconductivityhavebeenmeasuredwithhighaccuracy.BeforeusingthethermalconductivityofaparticularmaterialfordeterminingTCR-values,pleasemakesurethatthereferencevalueshavebeendeterminedbyatleasttwoseparateandindependentexperimentalmethods.通过测量已知导热系数的材料，并从测试中计算TCR。之所以可行是因为瞬态测试中记录下的温度增加与TCR成正比，并且与热导率成反比。当使用这种可能性测定TR数值时，重要的是确保借以参考的热导率是精确测量的。在利用某一材料的热导率确定TR数值之前，请确保该参考数值是通过至少两次分隔和独立的测试程序得到的。Fromanumberofmeasurementsbasedonthetwooptionsabove,eTCRvalues(seeAppendixTableI)havebeenobtainedforthesensorsdbyHotDiskABusingNickelassensormaterial.根据上述两点进行多次测量，得到HotDiskAB所提供的镍探头的TCR近似数值（附录表1）SincesensorssupportedbyKaptoncanbeusedrepeatedlybelowroomtemperature,onemaycalibrateeachindividualsensoranduseitalsoforrecordingtheabsolutetemperatureofthesamplepriortothetransientrecording.由聚亚酰胺覆膜的探头能够在低于室温的温度下重复使用，因此可以校准每个单独的探头，并用于瞬态记录前样品的绝对温度。AvailableHotDisksensorsAsindicatedintheintroductionitispossibletoperformmeasurementsonavastnumberofmaterials,providedoneusesensorsofdifferentradiiandinsulationmaterials.TwoexamplesofsensorsaredepictedbelowandcurrentlyavailablemodelsarepresentedinTable1.正如在介