联合国亚太经社会（UNESCAP）：数字合作促进包容性数字社会

UnitedNations

ESCAP/78/24

EconomicandSocialCouncil

Distr.:General

9March2022

Original:English

EconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific

Seventy-eighthsession

Bangkokandonline,23–27May2022

Item4(i)oftheprovisionalagenda*

Reviewoftheimplementationofthe2030Agendafor

SustainableDevelopmentinAsiaandthePacific:

informationandcommunicationstechnology,science,

technologyandinnovation

society

Digitalcooperationforaninclusivedigital

Notebythesecretariat

Summary

Thecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemicdemonstratedtheinterlinkagesbetweendigitalizationandsustainabledevelopment.DigitaltechnologiesandconnectivityplayedcriticalrolesinmitigatingsomeoftheimpactsofCOVID-19.Meanwhile,coupledwitheconomic,socialandenvironmentaluncertainties,thepandemicexposedexistingdigitaldividesandintroducednewonesthathavewidenedanddeepeneddevelopmentinequalitiesintheAsia-Pacificregion.

Consequently,thereisacompellingneedintheregiontobringmeaningfuldigitalopportunitiestoall,inparticulartoolderpeopleandyouth,womenandgirls,aswellasmarginalizedpeople,sothatpresentandfutureparticipationinthedigitalsocietywillbemoreinclusive.Narrowingthedigitaldividesandcreatingnewdigitalopportunitiesbystrengtheningdigitalconnectivityinfrastructure,digitaltechnologyandapplications,aswellasbigdatausagearethekeycommonchallenges.

Alignedwiththesechallengesandpursuanttotheimplementationofresolution77/1oftheEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific,inwhichtheCommissionrecognizedtheimportanceofdigitalcooperationattheregionallevel,membersandassociatemembersadoptedtheactionplan(2022–2026)oftheAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwayatthefifthsessionoftheAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwaySteeringCommitteeinNovember2021.Thepresentdocumentcontainsanassessmentofthekeytrendsindigitalandrelatedemergingtechnologies.ItservestoillustrateprogressandachievementsindigitalcooperationintheAsia-Pacificregionsincetheseventy-seventhsessionoftheCommission.Itcontainspolicyrecommendationstoaddressthedigitaldivideandacceleratedigitaltransformationtowardsaninclusivedigitalsociety.TheCommissionmaywishtoconsidertheissueshighlightedinthepresentdocumentandprovidefurtherguidancetothesecretariat.

__________________________

*ESCAP/78/L.1/Rev.1.

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I.Introduction

1.Whiletheconsequencesofthecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemicvarywithinandamongcountries,acommonfeatureoftheregionalexperienceisthekeyroleofuniversalbroadbandconnectivity,digitalandemergingtechnologyapplicationsandgrowingdigitalcapacityinmitigatingmanyofthechallengesofthepandemic.Infact,thepandemicacceleratedthedeploymentofinnovativedigitalsolutionsthatnotonlyhelpedpeopletocopewitheverydayactivitiesbutalsoledtonewsourcesofeconomicgrowthandsocioeconomicdevelopmentopportunities.

2.However,asstructuralchangestowardsadigitaleconomyandsocietygatheredmomentum,theCOVID-19pandemicalsoexposedexistingdigitaldivides1andintroducednewonesthathavewidenedanddeepeneddevelopmentinequalitiesbetweengenders,generations,rural/urbanareasandgroupsofthesociety.Consequently,theneedtobringdigitalopportunitiestoall,inparticulartoolderpeopleandyouth,aswellastowomenandgirls,hasgainedurgencyasapolicyissue.

3.Narrowingthedigitaldividebystrengtheningdigitalconnectivity

infrastructureandacceleratingtheadoptionofdigitaltechnologyapplicationsemergedaskeyelementsofacommonagendatoensurethemeaningfulpresentandfutureparticipationofallinthedigitaleconomyandsocietyforsustainabledevelopment.

4.Againstthatbackground,thepresentdocumentcontainsanassessmentofthekeytrendsandchallengesindigitalandemergingtechnologiesandservestohighlightprogressinregionalcooperation.Itcontainspolicyrecommendationstoaddressthedigitaldivide,leveragerelatedopportunitiesandacceleratedigitaltransformationtowardsaninclusivedigitalsociety.

II.Keytrendsindigitalandemergingtechnologies

5.TheAsia-Pacificregionhasthegreatestdigitaldivideofanyregionoftheworld.Thedigitaldivideismanifestedintheregionasagapbetweenagroupofhigh-incomeeconomiesthathavepulledaheadandemergedasgloballeadersintheroll-outofnewtechnologiesandagroupoflow-incomeeconomiesthathaveexperiencedlittlechangeindigitalcoverage,usageanddiffusioninthepasttwodecades.Atthenationallevel,thedigitaldivideismanifestedacrossincomegroups,age,genderandrural/urbanarea,withthemostpronounceddividesinincomeandage.Lackofconnectivityinfrastructure,poorqualityInternetconnectivityandunaffordabilitycontributetothedigitaldivideasdoesthelackofdigitalliteracy.

6.Consequently,althoughInternetpenetrationrateshaveincreasedinmanycountries,inparticularinmiddle-incomecountriesthankstoacceleratedgovernmentefforts,InternetusestillremainsbelowInternetcoverage.Thosefactorshavemadeitverydifficultforcommunitiesthatareunconnectedorunderconnectedtoaccessreal-timeinformationontheevolvingpandemic,securenecessitiesfordailylife,maintaintheoperationsofsmallandmedium-

1AccordingtotheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),thedigitaldividereferstodifferencesbetweenindividuals,households,businessesandgeographicareasatvarioussocioeconomiclevelsconcerningtheopportunitytoaccessinformationandcommunicationstechnologyandusetheInternetforvariousactivities.Forfurtherdetails,refertoOECD,“Understandingthedigitaldivide”,OECDDigitalEconomyPapers,No.49(Paris,2021).

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sizedenterprises,aswellascontinuetheeducationofmillionsofschoolchildrenthroughonlinelearningopportunities.Forexample,evidenceshowsthatthelackofdigitaltechnologywasthemostsignificantrestrictionforyouthworkingorstudyingremotely.2Furthermore,accordingtotheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)DigitalGenerationReport2021,68percentofsurveyedsmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseoperatorsreportedadecreaseinincome,andrestaurantandtourismsectorswerethemostseverelyaffected.Around60percentofsurveyrespondentsreportedadecreaseinincomeandsavings.Evenworkersintradeandlogistics,sectorsinwhichnewjobswerecreated,reportedadecreaseinincome.

7.AccordingtostatisticsfromtheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)3morethanhalfofthepopulationoftheregionremainsoffline.Outofthe4.6billioninhabitantsofAsiaandthePacific,only15percent(712millionpeople)havefixedbroadbandsubscriptions.Whiletherehasbeenstrongeradoptionofmobilebroadbandsubscriptionsat75percentofthepopulationoftheregion,25percent(1.1billionpeople)donothavemobilebroadbandsubscriptions.

8.Althoughprogresshasbeenmade,affordableaccesstobroadbandInternet4remainsachallengeinmanyAsia-Pacificcountries.OnaverageinsubregionsoftheEconomicandSocialCommissionofAsiaandthePacific(ESCAP),expenditureonmobilebroadband(1.5gigabyte)servicesasapercentageofgrossnationalincomepercapitaremainsunaffordableonlyindevelopingcountriesofthePacificsubregion(expenditureis10percentofgrossnationalincomepercapita),whileintheremainingsubregions,expenditureislessthan2percentofgrossnationalincomepercapita,andthereforeitisconsideredaffordable.Nevertheless,theaverageexpenditureonultrahigh-speed(5gigabyte)fixedbroadbandservicesasapercentageofgrossnationalincomepercapitaisconsideredunaffordableformostdevelopingcountriesinESCAPsubregions,inparticularinthePacific(15percent),followedbySouth-EastAsia(8percent),andSouthandSouth-WestAsia(4percent).

9.Inaddition,insomecountriesexpenditureonbroadbandservicesasapercentageofgrossnationalincomepercapitaincreasedin2020comparedwith2019,5includinginIndia(90percentagepoints),Indonesia(77percentagepoints),Australia(65percentagepoints),Tonga(64percentagepoints),Tajikistan(64percentagepoints)andVanuatu(38percentagepoints).Theincreasewasduetotheneedduringthepandemictomaintainahigherlevelofdigitalactivitiesanddigitallife,includingproduction,deliveryandconsumption.

2MichaelWan,BradfordLohandBrianTan,“Acloserlookatthedigitaldivide”,Medium,17March2021.

3ITU,WorldTelecommunication/ICTIndicatorsDatabase,25thed.(2021).Availableat/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(accessedon

28October2021).

4Monthlybroadbandexpenditureasapercentageofgrossnationalincomepercapitaoflessthan2percentisconsideredaffordable.Forfurtherdetails,refertoBroadbandCommissionforSustainableDevelopment,“2025targets:connectingtheotherhalf”(ITUandUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,2018).

5ITU,WorldTelecommunication/ICTIndicatorsDatabase,25thed.

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10.IntermsofInternetcapacity,thesupplyandavailabilityofinternationalbandwidthisanimportantpolicyandinvestmentarea.GreaterinternationalbandwidthperInternetuserandconsequentlyhigherInternetreliabilityandspeedreflecthigherinvestmentinanddevelopmentofdigitalconnectivityinfrastructure.

11.DespitesignificantgrowthintotalinternationalbandwidthfortheAsia-Pacificregion,whichapproximatelytripledfrom118terabitspersecondin

2017to301terabitspersecondin2020,thebandwidthcapacityincountrieswithspecialneedsintheAsia-Pacificregionisbelowtheregionalaverageof

38kilobitspersecond.Bandwidthcapacityinlandlockeddevelopingcountriesis12kilobitspersecond,inleastdevelopedcountriesitis14kilobitspersecondandinsmallislanddevelopingStatesitis32kilobitspersecond.Investmentindigitalconnectivityinfrastructureincountrieswithspecialneedshasnot

keptupwithregionaltrends.

12.ThedigitaldividebygendercontinuestobeachallengefortheAsia-Pacificregioncomparedtotheworldaverage.IndevelopingandleastdevelopedcountriesthegendergapinInternetusersincreasedbetween2013and2019,whereasindevelopedcountriesworldwidethegendergapdecreased.AccordingtoITUstatistics,inAsiaandthePacificin2019only41.3percentofwomenusedtheInternetcomparedto54.6percentofmen.ThestatisticsalsoshowthatmorementhanwomenwereusingtheInternetin

11ofthe13Asia-Pacificcountrieswithavailabledatain2019.Ofthecountrieswithavailabledata,onlythreearenearparity(adifferencelessthanorequaltotwopercentagepoints),namelyAustralia,CambodiaandtheRepublicofKorea.6

III.ProgressondigitalcooperationinAsiaandthePacific

13.IntheAsia-Pacificregion,theAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwayinitiativeofESCAPhaspromotedregionalcooperationtobridgethedigitaldivideandacceleratedigitaltransformation.Throughtheinitiative,ESCAPhasassistedmemberStatestoidentifyemergingchallengesandopportunities,facilitatedcollectiveandcoordinatedactions,andpromotedthesharingofinformationandgoodpracticesamonggovernmentofficials,regulators,businesssectors,academia,regionalorganizationsandmanystakeholdersintheregion.Throughthisregionalcooperativeframework,thesecretariat,incollaborationwithregionalpartnerorganizations,promotedregionalpolicydialoguesondigital-relatedagendasandimplementedintergovernmentalpolicydialogues,analyticalstudies,capacity-buildingprogrammesandstudytours.

14.TheCommitteeonInformationandCommunicationsTechnology,Science,TechnologyandInnovationatitsthirdsessionheldon19and

20August2020recommendedthatthesecretariatsetupadraftinggroupaspartoftheAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwaySteeringCommitteetodevelopanactionplanforitsnextphaseofimplementationfor2022–2026,tobeconsideredandadoptedbytheCommitteeonInformationandCommunicationsTechnology,Science,TechnologyandInnovationatitsfourthsessionin2022.

6ESCAP,“Towardsmeaningfulconnectivity:insightsfromAsia-Pacificcasestudies”(Bangkok,2021).

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15.Thesecretariatheldtwodraftinggroupmeetingson25Mayand29September2021.Subsequently,theAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwaySteeringCommitteeatitsfifthsessionreviewedandadoptedtheactionplan(2022–2026)on25November2021andagreedtosubmitittotheCommitteeonInformationandCommunicationsTechnology,Science,TechnologyandInnovationatitsfourthsessionin2022.

16.SubjecttoendorsementbytheCommittee,itisexpectedthattheactionplanwillbepresentedtotheAsia-Pacificministerialconferenceonthethemeofshapingourdigitalfuturewhichwillbeco-organizedbytheGovernmentoftheRepublicofKoreaandthesecretariatinNovember2022.

17.Theactionplanincorporatesemergingneedsandprioritizedactionstoaddressthedigitaldivide,connectivityandtransformationunderthreepillars,namelyconnectivityforall,digitaltechnologiesandapplications,anddigitaldata.TheactionplanisexpectedtoserveasaregionalblueprintforcooperativeactionsamongAsia-Pacificcountries.Furthermore,itwillaccelerateregionalpolicydialoguesandcooperationamongAsia-Pacificcountrieswhilecontributingtotheregionalimplementationofglobaldevelopmentagendasandinitiatives,includingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,theWorldSummitontheInformationSocietyactionlines,andtheSecretary-General’sRoadMapforDigitalCooperation.Inaddition,theactionplancomplementssubregionaldigitalcooperationinitiativessuchastheASEANDigitalMasterplan2025,theTrans-EurasianInformationSuperhighwayandtheInformationandCommunicationTechnologyWorkingGroupoftheCouncilofRegionalOrganizationsofthePacific,amongothers.

18.Overthepastyear,undertheframeworkoftheAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwayinitiativeandsupportedbyin-depthtechnicalstudies,aworkinggroupofrepresentativesofPacificislandcountrieswasestablishedtoadvancetheestablishmentofaPacificInternetexchangepoint.Thestudiesprovidedclearevidencethatsuchanexchangepointcouldserveasapracticalandcost-effectivesolutiontostrengthenefficienciesinInternettrafficflowswithcommensuratedecreasesindelaysandcostsofInternetaccess.ThesecretariatalsoconductedtechnicalstudiestoexploregoodmodelsofestablishingasubregionalInternetexchangepointintheGreaterMekongsubregioninvolvingCambodia,theLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,VietNamandThailand.

19.InNorthandCentralAsia,theAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwayinitiativesupportedKazakhstan,KyrgyzstanandMongoliatoquantifythenetcostsavingsfromtheco-deploymentofinformationandcommunicationstechnologyinfrastructurewithenergyandtransportinfrastructure,throughcost-benefitanalyticaltoolsthathelptofindthebestrouteandfinancingscenarios.TheAsia-PacificInformationSuperhighwayinitiativesupportedthedraftconceptandmodalitytoestablishadigitalsolutionscentreforsustainabledevelopmentinKazakhstan,basedontherequestofitsGovernment,toprovidedigitalsolutionsandacceleratedigitaltransformationtowardsaninclusivedigitalsociety.

20.InSouthandSouth-WestAsia,thesecretariatinpartnershipwiththeDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsoftheSecretariat,hassupportedBangladesh,KazakhstanandMaldivesinsettingupregulatorysandboxesthatallowpolicyexperimentationinsupportofnewtechnologyapplicationsinselectedsectors.InBangladesh,theinitiativefocusedontheestablishmentofacottageindustryandmicro-,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisehubfordigitalaccelerationandbroadbandequity.InKazakhstan,theinitiativeiscontributingtonationalpolicyexperienceontheintroductionofautonomous

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vehicles,aswellasdigitalizationanddecarbonizationintheenergysector.InMaldives,thefocuswasoncentralbankdigitalcurrencyandmobilewalletsassectorsofsignificancefornationaldevelopment.

21.Digitalinnovationsandgeospatialinformationapplicationshavesignificantlycontributedtoaddressingsustainabledevelopment.ThepotentialtoleveragedigitalinnovationswillhelptofurtherstimulatetheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsintheregion.Inthisregard,theimplementationoftheAsia-PacificPlanofActiononSpaceApplicationsforSustainableDevelopment(2018–2030)7continuedapacewithafocusonharnessingspaceapplicationsanddigitalinnovationsthroughtechnicalcooperationbetweenadvancedandlow-capacitycountriesinAsiaandthePacific.ThefourthMinisterialConferenceonSpaceApplicationsforSustainableDevelopmentinAsiaandthePacificwillbeheldinIndonesiainOctober2022onthetheme“Space+”.TheConferenceisexpectedtoagreeonactionsthatseizetheopportunityprovidedbydigitalinnovationstospeedupandaugmenttraditionalapplicationsofspacetechnologies.Byintegratingdatafromground,spaceanddiversesources,countrieswillstrengthentheirevidencebaseforplanning,decision-makingandmonitoringtheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

IV.Policypathwaystoaddressthedigitaldivideandacceleratedigitaltransformationforaninclusivedigitalsociety

A.Promotinginvestmentindigitalinfrastructure

22.Thepromotionofinvestmentindigitalinfrastructureforconnectivityistheunderlyingfoundationforbridgingthedigitaldivideandmovingtowardsaninclusivesociety.Whilethepandemicacceleratedthegrowthanddeploymentofsoftandharddigitalconnectivityinfrastructuresinsomecountriestosustainthesocioeconomicactivitiesofcitizens,businessesandgovernment,moreremainstobedone.Theregionhasawindowofopportunitytoscaleupinvestmentindigitalconnectivityinfrastructureanddigitaltechnologieswithoutwhichtransformationtowardsaninclusivedigitalsocietyandsustainabledevelopmentwillnotbepossible.

23.Intermsofhardinfrastructure,investmentinInternetexchangepointstobettercoordinateandlinkallInternettrafficlocallywithinacountryoragroupofcountriescanreduceInternettransitcosts,aswellastheInternettraffictromboningeffectthroughmoredirectconnectionstolocalandcachedcontent.ByimprovingtheefficiencyofInternettraffic,Internetexchangepointssignificantlyimprovequalityfordomesticusers.However,establishingInternetexchangepointsrequirescomplexcoordinatingtasks,especiallywhenmultipleInternetserviceprovidersacrossdifferentcountriesareinvolved.ThesuccessofInternetexchangepointsreliesonthecommitmentandwillingnessofcompetingInternetserviceprovidersandgovernmentstocooperateandconnectInternettraffictosupporttheavailabilityofuniversal,affordableandreliableInternetaccessasapublicgood.

24.Co-deployment,definedasthedeploymentofductsand/orfibre-opticcablesduringtheconstructionofotherinfrastructure,suchasnewroads,highways,railways,powertransmissionlinesandoil/gaspipelines,isacost-effectivewayofdeployingharddigitalinfrastructure.Atthenationallevel,it

7ESCAP/75/10/Add.2.

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isincreasinglybeingusedasanefficientandcost-effectivewaytoaccelerateinvestmentindigitalinfrastructure.Thisisbecauseitisnoteconomicallyviabletolayfibre-opticcablesinsparselypopulatedregions,andthecopperlinetelephonenetworkinseveralAsia-Pacificdevelopingcountriescannotprovidebroadbandaccesstovulnerablegroupsandruralcommunities.Attheregionallevel,anumberofexamplesinvolvemultiplecountriesbutregion-widescaleuphasprovenmoredifficultgiventheneedforcommitmentandwillingnessofmultiplesectorsacrossallcountries.

25.Intermsofsoftinfrastructure,providingfreeaccesstotheInternet,suchasaccesstofreepublicWi-Fiinpublicoffices,schoolsandhotspotareas,hasproventobeafeasiblesolutiontoconnectgroupsthatcannotaffordregularInternetuse.Astheavailabilityofsmartdevicescontinuestoincreaseforallagegroups,theprovisionoffreepublichigh-speedWi-Fiisaneffectiveandlow-costsolution,especiallyforthelargedataconsumptionneedsofthepopulationindevelopingcountries.

26.FreepublicWi-Fipromotestheemergenceofcommunitynetworks.Suchnetworkscanconnectpeopleinawaythatpromoteslow-costcommunity-drivensolutionsinunderservedlocations.Thenetworksaretypicallyself-managed,providingInternetaccesswherecommercialnetworksgenerallydonotfinditeconomicallyviabletooperate.Theysupportuniversalaccessgoalsandenhancedigitalempowermentamongruralcommunitiesandvulnerablegroups.Theycanimprovethedeliveryofdigitalgovernmentservices,notablyonlineeducation,andtheyinspirethecreationoflocalcontent.However,thesecommunity-ledsolutionsalsofaceseveralchallenges,butpolicymakersandregulatorscanimplementpoliciessuchastaxexemptionsorsubsidiesthatnurturetheirdiffusionandscaleup.

B.Leveragingdigital-drivenemergingtechnologiesandbigdata

27.Duringthepandemic,digitaltechnologiesanddigitalplatformsclearlyshowedtheirabilitytomitigatetheworstimpactsresultingfromunexpectedcrises.Besidesprovidingupdatedvitalinformationandsupportingthesupplychainandconsumption,digitallyenabledfunctionshaveextendedtoanever-widerrangeofapplications.AmongthefastestgrowingapplicationsarethoserelatedtobigdataandtheircontributiontotheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandtheidentificationofgaps.

28.Tothisend,COVID-19experiencesemergingfromIndia,forexample,showthatduringthecrisis,auniversaldigitalidentitycanhelptoaddressthedigitaldividebyprovidinganewnationaldigitaldatabasethatleavesnoonebehind.Digitalidentity-centreddatacanalsosupportpolicydevelopmentandplanning.However,whiledigitalidentity-centreddatacanbesecuredthroughmobiledevicessuchasfingerprint-enabledsmartphones,suchdevicesremainunaffordableformillionsofpoorpeople.Afurtherchallengeisthelackofpolicyandregulatoryframeworksthatprotectdataonline.

29.Similarly,forexample,theGovernmentofthePhilippines,throughtheDepartmentofInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyandtheDepartmentofHealth,collaboratedwithastart-upcompanytodevelopthemobileapplicationWeTrace8asacommunitytrackerforCOVID-19contacttracing.TheinformationcollectedbythemobileapplicationhasgreatlyassistedtheMinistryofHealthandothergovernmentagenciesontimelyand

8www.wetrace.ph/.

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efficienttrackingandmonitoringofCOVID-19casesintheCentralVisayasregionofthePhilippines.9

30.AnotherpromisingareaisEarthdata,orgeospatialdata,giventhecontributionthatsuchdatamaketogainingabetterunderstandingofthedynamicsofdisastermanagementandcrisisriskreduction.Consequently,geospatialdatashouldbeaccessible,available,actionableandaffordabletobenefitpeopleandinformpractices,processesandpolicies.Withthesupportofspace-faringmembersoftheRegionalSpaceApplicationsProgrammeforSustainableDevelopmentwhocontinuetogenerouslysharetechnicalexpertise,thesecretariatispromotingthesharingofgeospatialgoodpracticesacrosscountriestodemonstratethediverseuseofgeospatialdataandapplicationsandtheirvitalroleinimplementingthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentintheregion.Forexample,in2021,thesecretariatheldaseriesofhybridtrainingsessionsonstrengtheningmultisectoralinstitutionalcapacitiestointegrategeospatialdataformonitoringthelocalachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Thekeyobjectivewastosupportevidence-baseddecision-makingintacklingcriticalissues,suchasdisasterriskmanagement,sustainableurbanizationandcleanwater,inthepilotcitiesofMakassarandBandunginIndonesia.

31.Inthisregard,bettermonitoringofairpollutionthroughthedigitalintegrationofsatellite-derivedandground-baseddatahasemergedasanotherpromisingareaofintervention.Sinceearly2021,thesecretariathasprovidedaseriesoftrainingprogrammestobuildcapa