英语基础知识

英语基础知识一：英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。主语：可以作主语的有名词（如boy），主格代词（如I,she，he,they,we,you），指示代词（如this）,动词不定式（如todosth），动名词（如doingsth）和主语从句。Theboyishappy.Sheisfriendly.Playingbasketballisinteresting.Togoswimmingwithhimisenjoyable.Thatheisillistrue.Thisiswrong.谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。1.不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：Wecome.2.及物动词（vt.）有宾语，形成主谓宾结构，如：TheylikeEnglih.3.系动词（系动词一般分两类：be译为是,look,smell,taste,.feel.touch,keep,stay,seem等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn,go,come,fall等属另一类，表示变化。）后接表语，构成主系表结构，如：Heishappy.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.宾语:可以作宾语的有名词（如boy），宾格代词（如me,her,him,them,us,you），指示代词（如this）,动词不定式（如todosth），动名词（如doingsth）和宾语从句。Idon’tliketheboy.Iwanttofinishthework.Ilikethis.Ithinkthatheishappy.Ilikeplayingfootball.Youwinhim.表语:可以作表语的有名词（如boy），动词不定式（如todosth），动名词（如doingsth），介词短语（Heisintheclassroom），形容词（如good），方位副词（如Thepenishere.）和表语从句。Thebookisgood.Yourdutyistofinishthework.Myhobbyisplayingcards.Thegoodthingisthathewillcome.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。1.形容词作定语：Theboyneedsabluepen.(blue修饰名词pen.）2.数词作定语相当于形容词：Theboyneedstwopens.(two修饰名词pens.）3.代词或名词所有格（如Tom’s）或形容词性物主代词（如his）作定语：TheboyneedsTom'spen.(Tom's修饰名词pen.）HisnameisTom.(his修饰名词name.）4.介词短语作定语：TheboyinblueisTom.(inblue修饰名词theboy.）5.名词作定语：Theboyneedsapaperbox.(paper修饰名词box.）6.方位副词作定语：Theboythereneedsapen.(there修饰名词boy）7.不定式作定语(表将来的事)：Theboytowritealetterneedsapen.(towritealetter修饰名词boy）8.动词的ing形式（现在分词或动名词，表示主动或进行或用途）或过去分词（表示被动或完成）作定语：Thesmilingboyneedsapen.(smiling修饰名词boy）Heisinthereadingroom.(reading修饰名词room）ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.(boughtbyher修饰名词pen）9.定语从句：Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.(whoisreading修饰名词boy）状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。1.副词（短语）作状语：Theboyneedsapenverymuch.（程度状语）Theboyreallyneedsapen.（程度状语）Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen.（时间状语）2.介词短语作状语：Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.（地点状语）OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.(时间状语)3.现在或过去分词（短语）作状语：Hesitsthere,askingforapen.（表示伴随状态）Blamedbyhisfather,hesitstheresoundlessly./（因为）被他父亲骂了，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）4．不定式作状语：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.（目的状语）Iamgladtoseeyou.（原因状语）Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthebushadleft.(结果状语，意料之外)5．状语从句(9种)：时间状语从句（引导词有since自从when,while,after等）、地点状语从句（引导词有where等）、原因状语从句（引导词有because,since既然等）、结果状语从句（引导词有so(that)所以等）、目的状语从句（引导词有inorderthat,sothat为了等）、比较状语从句（引导词有as…as;thesameas等）、让步状语从句（引导词有though,although,evenif,whatever等）、条件状语从句（引导词有if,unless,incase等）和方式状语从句（引导词有as按照,asif等）。WhenIcameintotheoffice,theteacherswerehavingameeting.Asitisraining,Iwillnotgoout.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childasheis,heknowsalot.

YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.

Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.补语：动词不定式（感官动词(see,hear,feel,smell,taste,touch等)和使役动词(have,let,make译为使或让)后的宾语补足语把to去掉），名词短语，介词短语，形容词，现在分词和过去分词等可充当宾语补足语。Ifindhimhappy.（形容词作宾语补足语）Iseehimdoinghishomework.我看到他正在做他的家庭作业。Iseehimdohishomework.我看到他做他的家庭作业的全过程。Iaskhimtodothehomework.（动词不定式作宾语补足语）同位语（7种主要成分之外的成分）:是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，说明我们的身份。）Hegavemeagoodsuggestionthatweshuoldputoffthemeeting.(同位语从句)二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。英语五种基本句型列式如下：1：ＳＶ（主＋谓）Themoon│rose.月亮升起了。2：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。3：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）He│enjoys│reading.他喜欢看书。4：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有少数动词可以接双宾语。如：givesbsth=givesthtosb;buysbsth=buysthforsbI│give│mycar│awash.我洗了我的汽车。I│give│awashtomycar.5：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）They│painted│thedoor│green.他们把门漆成绿色三.动词时态以及语态。动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有10种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do,be,have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。各种时态的主动语态和被动语态：(被动语态中用by接出做这个动作的人)主动语态被动语态(被动词+动词过去分词)动词原形或+s/es主语+am/is/aredone(动词过去分词)1.一般现在时主语+系动词am/is/are+表语can/may/mustdo(动词原形)主语+can/may/mustbedoneHemakesthedesk.Thedeskismadebyhim.动词过去式主语+was/weredone2.一般过去时主语+was/were+表语could/might/hadtodo主语+could/might/hadtobedoneIpunishedhimyesterday.Hewaspunishedbymeyesterday.will/shalldo主语+will/shallbedone3.一般将来时主语+am/is/aregoingtodo主语+am/is/aregoingtobedoneam/is/aretodo主语+am/is/aretobedoneam/is/areabouttodo主语+am/is/areabouttobedoneHewillfinishthebook.Thebookwillbefinishedbyhim.would/shoulddo主语+would/shouldbedone4.过去将来时主语+was/weregoingtodo主语+was/weregoingtobedonewas/weretodo主语+was/weretobedonewas/wereabouttodo主语+was/wereabouttobedoneHesaidthathewouldfinishthebook.Hesaidthatthebookwouldbefinishedbyhim.5.现在进行时主语+am/is/aredoing主语+am/is/arebeingdoneHeisreandingthebooknow.Thebookisbeingreadbyhimnow.6.过去进行时主语+was/weredoing主语+was/werebeingdoneHewasreadingthebookwhenIcame.ThebookwasbeingreadbyhimwhenIcame.7.现在完成时主语+have/hasdone主语+have/hasbeendoneShehasfinishedthework.Theworkhasbeenfinishedbyhim.8.过去完成时主语+haddone主语+hadbeendoneShesaidthathehadfinishedthework.Shesaidthattheworkhadbeenfinishedbyhim.9.现在完成进行时主语+have/hasbeendoing(无被动)Shehasbeenwritingthebooksincelastyear.10.一般将来进行时主语+willbedoing(无被动)Hewillbeattendingthemeetingthistimenextweek.四.主谓一致：在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。谓语动词的单复数表现形式：动词的复数是动词的原形，动词的单数在动词后加s或es(主要用于一般现在时)其中have的单数为has。注意：此种情况和名词的单复数恰好相反。名词的单数为其原形，复数规则的加s或es，如boy单数，boys复数。AstudentlikesEnglish.TwostudentslikeEnglish.（动词likes为单数；like为复数）2．句中谓语动词为be动词：单数用is或was;复数用are或were.若主语为I,一般现在时用Iam…Astudentisintheclassroom.Twostudentsareintheclassroom.HewasinBeijinglastyear.TheywereinBeijinglastyear.3.谓语动词单复数在一些时态或一些情况中体现不出：如一般过去时态加ed的情况，过去完成时（had+过去分词），情态动词或助动词do后接动词的原形等。AstudentlikedEnglishlastyear.TwostudentslikedEnglishlastyear.Hehadfinishedhisworkbeforehecame.Theyhadfinishedhisworkbeforehecame.Astudentcanfinishthework.Twostudentscanfinishthework.主谓一致的规则：1．一个单数名词(student)，不可数名词(money)，表度量的短语（2hours,300dollars），标题(LittleWomen)，名字(Liming)，不定式短语(todosth)，动词的ing形式，主语从句作主语，或一些不定代词作主语（如anybody,anyone,everybody,everyone,either,neither,each等），谓语用单数。300dollarsisenough.Playingfootballisinteresting.Everyoneishere.2.复数名词作主语，或and接的并列主语谓语用复数。Thesestudentsareveryfriendly.LimingangLihuaaregoodfriends.但and接的并列主语指同一人或物，谓语用单数。Thepoetandwriterisfamous.(这个诗人兼作家是著名的)3.主语前有someof/mostof/allof/halfof/apartof/onethirdof(几分之几)/70percentof（百分之多少）等修饰，谓语动词的单复数不受这些修饰词的影响。Allofhismoneyislost.Halfofthestudentsarelazy.4.当一些集体名词（如crowd,family,class,team,dozen,public等）作主语，视为整体谓语用单数，视为里面的成员或个体，谓语用复数。但people,police,cattle等作主语，谓语一般用复数。Ourteamisveryimportanttome.Ourteamaredancing.Thepolicearecool.5.一些本身以s结尾的词：news及学科名词physics,politics,maths等作主语，谓语用单数，但clothes,glasses,remains及山脉，群岛，瀑布等名字（如TheHimalayas）作主语，谓语用复数。Physicsiseasy.Yourclothesareclean.TheHimalayasarefamous.6.在由notonly…butalso…,notjust…but…,or,either…or…,neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在therebe句型中，谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：NotonlyJohnbutalsoIamgoingtoShanghainextweek.Eitheryouorsheistogo.Thereisapen,afewbooksandsomecardsforyou.但是当主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,alongwith,like（像）,except,but（除…之外）等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与这些词前面的主语一致.Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.7.manya/morethanone/oneandahalf加单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。Oneof加复数名词作主语谓语用复数。定语从句中，引导词作主语，谓语动词单复数由先行词决定。ManyastudentlikesEnglish.Oneofthestudentsislazy.Heisoneofthestudentswhoarelazy.8.Anumberof(一些)+主语+复数动词.Thenumberof（…的数量）+主语+单数动词.Anumberofbooksareinterest