2019年英语新外研必修三讲义Module5SectionⅠIntroductionReading-Pre-reading

OneofthemostfamouspeopleinancientChinawasawisephilosophernamedConfucius(551BC—479BC).HesometimeswentbythenameofKongZithoughhewasbornKongQiu,styled(命名，称呼)ZhongNi.HewasborninZouyi(Qufutoday)inthestateofLu.Confucius'sfatherdiedthreeyearsafterConfuciuswasborn,leavingthefamilyinpoverty,butConfuciusnevertheless(然而)receivedafineeducation.Hegotmarriedattheageof19andhadonesonandtwodaughters.Heworkedasakeeperofamarket.Thenhegotafarmworkerwhotookcareofparksandfarmanimals.Whenhewas20,heworkedforthegovernorofhisdistrict.Confuciusisfamousforhisphilosophybecausehemademanywisesayingsthathelpedmanypeoplelearnabouttheworld,nature,andhumanbehaviour.Healsohelpedthegovernmentandtherulerbyteachingthemlessonsonhowtherulershouldrulehiskingdomsuccessfully.ItiscommonlyknownthatancientChinahadagreateffectontheworld.AndmanygreatpeopleandgreatinventionsofancientChinastillinfluencetheworldtoday.Section_ⅠIntroduction&Reading—Pre­readingeq\a\vs4\al([原文呈现])eq\a\vs4\al([读文清障])PhilosophersofAncientChinaAncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwith①eachother②.Butitwasalsoatime③whenthereweremanygreatphilosophers④.Confucius(551BC—479BC)isthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest⑤.Hestressed⑥theimportanceofkindness,dutyandorder⑦insociety.Chinesesocietywasinfluencedbytheseideasformorethan2,000years.Menciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilarto⑧those⑨ofConfucius.Menciuswasbornin372BC.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasyoung,andhewasbroughtup⑩byhismother.HebecameastudentofConfucius'sideas,andwasthengivenanimportantpositioneq\o(○,\s\up1(11))inthegovernmentofastate.However,whenhesawthattherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice⑫，heresigned⑬.Formanyyearshetravelledfromstatetostate,teaching⑭theprincipleseq\o(○,\s\up1(15))ofConfucius.Hethenbecameanadviser⑯toanotherruler.HespenthislastyearspreparingabookofhisteachingscalledTheBookofMencius⑰.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.Hetaughtthatifthegovernmentwaskind,thenpeoplewouldbegood.Hebelievedthatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.①beatwarwith“与……交战”，表示处于战争的状态。②wherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother是where引导的定语从句，修饰aplace,where在从句中作地点状语。③atime一个时期，一段时间④whenthereweremanygreatphilosophers是when引导的定语从句，修饰atime,when在从句中作时间状语。⑤whoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest是whose引导的定语从句，whose在从句中作定语。该定语从句使用了现在完成时态。⑥stress/stres/vt.强调⑦order/'ɔːdə/n.秩序⑧besimilarto与……相似(to为介词)⑨those为替代词，替代前面出现的teachings,相当于theteachings。⑩bringup养育；抚养wasbroughtup为被动语态结构⑪position/pə'zIʃn/n.职位⑫followone'sadvice＝takeone'sadvice接受/采纳某人的建议⑬resign/rI'zaIn/vt.辞职⑭现在分词短语teaching...作伴随状语。⑮principle/'prInsəpl/n.原则；准则⑯adviser/əd'vaIzə/n.顾问⑰Hespent...preparing...中含有spendtime(in)doingsth.结构；过去分词短语calledTheBookofMencius作后置定语，修饰abook。古代中国的哲学家[第1～2段译文]古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。但那也是一个产生了众多伟大哲学家的时期。孔子(公元前551年—公元前479年)是影响最大的哲学家。他强调仁爱、责任和社会秩序的重要性。中国社会受这些思想的影响长达2000多年。孟子是一位思想家，他的理论和孔子的理论很相似。孟子生于公元前372年。他幼年丧父，他母亲把他抚养成人。他成为儒家弟子，后来在一个诸侯国的政府内居要职。然而，当他看到统治者不采纳他的建议时，就辞去了官职。他周游列国多年，传授孔子的思想，后来成了另一位统治者的谋士。他把余生都用来准备写一本关于他学说的书，名为《孟子》。孟子认为，人之所以不同于动物，是因为人性本善。他告诫人们，假若政府仁慈，人民就会有善行。他认为民贵君轻，憎恨对人民残暴的诸侯国。Moziwasanotherteacherwhowasveryinfluential⑱.Bornin476BC,hecamefromafamilywhichwasverypoor.Hebecamefamousforhisunusualclothesandbehaviour.Mozifounded⑲thephilosophycalledMohism⑳.Insomewayseq\o(○,\s\up1(21))，hisbeliefseq\o(○,\s\up1(22))weresimilartothoseofConfucius.Forexample,heconsideredthatgovernmentwasmostimportant.Asaresult,hespentmanyyearstryingtofindastatewherepeoplewouldfollowhisteachings.Mozibelievedthatallmenwereequal.Hisideaofloveeq\o(○,\s\up1(23))wasdifferentfromtheConfucianideaofkindness.Mozitaughtthatweshouldloveallhumanbeingsandlookaftereq\o(○,\s\up1(24))thosewhoareweakerthanourselves.Hehatedtheideaofwar.Mozidiedin390BC.⑱influential/ˌInflu'enʃl/adj.有影响的⑲foundv．创立；建立found→founded→founded⑳过去分词短语calledMohism作后置定语。eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))insomeways在某些方面eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))beliefn．信念；相信动词形式是believe;反义词为disbelief。eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))love/lʌv/n.仁爱eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))lookafter照顾；照料[第3段译文]墨子是又一位极具影响力的先哲。他生于公元前476年，出身贫寒。他因不修边幅、行为怪异而闻名。墨子创立了被称为“墨家学说”的哲学理论。他的学说在某些方面和孔子的学说相似。例如，他认为政府是最重要的。因此，他花了许多年的时间试图寻找一个人们愿意遵从他思想的国家。墨子认为，众生平等。他的仁爱思想与孔子的仁爱思想不同。墨子告诫人们要兼爱，要照顾弱者。他憎恨那种战争的观点。墨子于公元前390年去世。Pre­readingPleasematchthewordswiththeirpropermeanings.1．equalA．n.职位2．importance B．n.善良3．philosophyC．adj.有影响的4．kindness D．n.秩序5．orderE．adj.平等的6．principleF．n.原则；准则7．positionG．n.哲学8．stressH．vt.强调9．resignI．vi.辞职10．influentialJ．n.重要；重要性1～5____________6～10____________答案：1～5EJGBD6～10FAHICLead­inThefollowingaresomebeliefsofsomegreatancientphilosophersandmatchthemwiththeirChinesemeanings.1．Manisborngood.__C__2．Allhumanbeingsareequal.__F__3．Thefamilyisimportant.Wearemembersofagroup.__B__4．Treatothersinthewayyouwanttobetreated.__D__5．Peoplearemoreimportantthanrulers.__A__6．Weshouldloveallhumanbeings.__E__A．民贵君轻 B．家天下C．人性本善 D．己所不欲，勿施于人E．兼爱F．众生平等While­readingFast­reading1．Findthetopicsentenceofeachparagraph.(1)Para.1A．MozifoundedthephilosophycalledMohism.(2)Para.2 B．Confuciusisthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest.(3)Para.3C．MenciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilartothoseofConfucius.(1)～(3)________答案：(1)～(3)BCA2．What'sthemainideaofthetext?A．TeachingsofancientChinesethinkers.B．ThreegreatphilosophersofancientChina.C．Interestingstoriesaboutthethreephilosophers.D．ThehistoryofancientChinesephilosophy.答案：BCareful­readingReadthetextcarefullyandchoosethebestanswers.1．WhohadthegreatestinfluenceonChinesesociety?A．Mencius. B．Mozi.C．Confucius. D．Zhuangzi.2．ConfuciusstressedtheimportanceofthefollowingaspectsEXCEPT________.A．kindness B．friendshipC．order D．duty3．WhichstatementisNOTtrueaboutMozi?A．Hewasknownforhisunusualclothesandbehavior.B．Hehatedtheideaofwar.C．AllhisbeliefswerethesameasthoseofConfucius.D．Hebelievedallmenwereequal.4．“Ifthegovernmentwaskind,thenpeoplewouldbegood.”istheteachingof________.A．Mencius B．ConfuciusC．Mozi D．Xunzi5．Mencius'steachingswereverysimilartothoseof________.A．Confucius B．XunziC．Zhuangzi D．Mozi6．WhichshowsMozi'sbeliefwassimilartothatofConfucius?A．Weshouldloveallhumanbeings.B．Thegovernmentshouldn'ttreatpeoplebadly.C．Weshouldlookafterthosewhoareweakerthanourselves.D．Thegovernmentismostimportant.答案：1～6CBCAADStudy­readingAnalyzethefollowingdifficultsentencesinthetext.1．Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.[句式分析][尝试翻译]孟子认为，人之所以不同于动物，是因为人性本善。2．Hebelievedthatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.[句式分析]本句是并列句。and连接believed和hated两个谓语，前一分句是that引导的宾语从句，后一分句含有when引导的时间状语从句。[尝试翻译]他认为民贵君轻，憎恨对人民残暴的诸侯国。Ⅰ.阅读理解AKongZi,alsocalledConfucius(551－479 B．C.),andSocrates(469－399 B．C.)livedonlyahundredyearsapart.DuringtheirlifetimestherewasnocontactbetweenChinaandGreece,butitisinterestingtolookathowtheworldthateachofthesegreatphilosopherscamefromshapedtheirideas,andhowtheseideasinturn,shapedtheirsocieties.Neitherphilosopherlivedintimesofpeace,thoughthereweremorewarsinGreecethaninChina.TheChinesestateswereverylargeandfeudal,whiletheGreekcity­statesweresmallandurban.TheurbanenvironmentinwhichSocrateslivedallowedhimtobemoreradical(激进的)thanConfucius.UnlikeConfucius,Socrateswasnotaskedbyrulershowtogoverneffectively.Thus,Socrateswasabletobemoreidealistic,focusingonissueslikefreedom,andknowledgeforitsownsake.Confucius,ontheotherhand,advisedthoseingovernmentservice,andmanyofhisstudentswentontogovernmentservice.ConfuciussuggestedtheGoldenRuleasaprinciplefortheconductoflife.“Donotdotootherswhatyouwouldnotwantotherstodotoyou.”Heassumedthatallmenwereequalatbirth,thoughsomehadmorepotential(潜能)thanothers,andthatitwasknowledgethatsetmenapart.Socratesfocusedontheindividual,andthoughtthatthegreatestpurposeofmanwastoseekwisdom.Hebelievedthatsomehadmorepotentialtodeveloptheirreasonthanothersdid.LikeConfucius,hebelievedthatthesuperiorclassshouldruletheinferior(下层的)classes.ForSocrates,thefamilywasofnoimportance,andthecommunityoflittleconcern.ForConfucius,however,thefamilywasthecentreofsociety,withfamilyrelationsconsideredmuchmoreimportantthanpoliticalrelations.Bothmenarerespectedmuchmoretodaythantheywereintheirlifetimes.语篇解读：本文主要是阐述孔子与苏格拉底两位伟大哲学家的哲学思想对社会的影响以及思想观点的相似与不同。1．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A．SocratesandConfuciushadmuchincommon.B．ConfuciushadmuchinfluenceonSocrates'ideas.C．Thesocietieswereinfluencedbythephilosophers'ideas.D．TherewereculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandGreece.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“...andhowtheseideasinturn,shapedtheirsocieties”可知C项正确。2．SocratessharedwithConfuciustheideathat________.A．allmenwereequalwhentheywerebornB．thelowerclassesshouldberuledbytheupperclassC．thepurposeofmanwastoseekfreedomandwisdomD．peopleshouldnotdotootherswhattheydidnotwantotherstodotothem解析：选B细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“LikeConfucius,hebelievedthatthesuperiorclassshouldruletheinferior(下层的)classes.”可以判断。3．WhatmadesomepeopledifferentfromothersaccordingtoConfucius?A．Family. B．Potential.C．Knowledge. D．Community.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“...andthatitwasknowledgethatsetmenapart”可以判断。4．Thispassageisorganizedinthepatternof________.A．timeandeventsB．comparisonandcontrastC．causeandeffectD．definitionandclassification解析：选B篇章结构题。文章的谋篇布局主要是以比较和对照来阐述两位伟大哲学家孔子与苏格拉底的哲学思想对社会的影响以及思想观点的相似与不同的。故B项正确。BScience,aswethink,wasbornwhentheGreekphilosopherThales(about640－546 B．C.)askedadifficultquestion:Whatmakesupouruniverse?Noonehadareadyanswer,soThaleswentonstudyingtheeartharoundhim,theskyandthestars.Hesawsomuchwateronearthandsomuchwaterfallingfromtheskyasrainthathedecidedwatermustbethebasicsubstance(物质)oftheuniverse.OtherGreekthinkersbecameinterestedinthisquestion.Theysuggestedotheranswers.Onesaidthatbecauseairliesaroundtheearth,itmustbeairthatmakesupallthings.Anothersaidthatfire,appearingindifferentforms,wasthebuildingblockoftheuniverse.TheGreekphilosopherswerefeelingtheirwaytowardstheideasonwhichchemistryisbased.Centurieslater,scientistsprovedthattheuniverseismadeupofcertainbasicsubstances.ButthelistismuchmorecomplicatedthantheGreeksrealized.Wenowknowof103basicsubstanceswhichwecall“elements(元素)”．语篇解读：本文讲述了希腊的哲学家在很早的时候就对宇宙的组成物质有所研究。他们通过研究发现因为水、火和空气始终伴随着宇宙，认为它们是宇宙的基本组成物质。在后来人的研究中确实发现希腊的哲学家所说的宇宙是由基本物质组成的观点是对的，只不过不是三种而是103种基本物质组成的。5．Thales,thefamousGreekphilosopher,diedwhenhewasabout________.A．94yearsold B．106yearsoldC．40yearsold D．46yearsold解析：选A数字计算题。根据“Thales(about640－546 B．C.)”两数相减得知选A。6．Themeaningoftheunderlinedword“complicated”inthelastparagraphis“________”．A．notdifficult B．notsimpleC．notfamous D．notdifferent解析：选B词义猜测题。根据“Wenowknowof103basicsubstanceswhichwecall‘elements(元素)’．”我们现在知道宇宙是由103种基本物质组成，所以清单上列出的肯定比希腊哲学家发现的复杂得多，故选B。7．Fromthepassageweknowthat________.A．ThalesaskedmanyquestionsB．GreekswereallphilosophersC．sciencebeganlongagoD．waterandairmakeupallthings解析：选C细节理解题。根据希腊哲学家关于宇宙的研究可知，科学出现的很早，故选C8．Afterreadingthepassage,wecanbesurethat________.A．nothingeverchangesintheuniverseB．ThalesdecidedthatthebasicsubstanceoftheuniversewasairC．theuniverseismadeupoffourdifferentsubstancesD．theearlyGreekthinkersdidmuchvaluableworkfortheprogressofscience解析：选D细节理解题。根据最后一段的“TheGreekphilosophers...madeupofcertainbasicsubstances.”后来的人根据希腊哲学家的研究继续从事研究发现宇宙确实是由一些基本物质构成的，故选D。C“Thisisn'tDisneyland,I'mnotanovelty,thisisasrealasitgets，”singTheSistersofInvention.Theyoungwomen—Annika,Michelle,Jackie,AimeeandCaroline—areapopgroupwithadifference.Allhavelearningdifficultiesandsomehaveextradisabilities.ThefivearebasedinAdelaide,Australia,andmetin2010whentheysangtogetherinachoir(合唱队)runbyTutti,anorganizationwhichsupportsdisabledartists.Tuttisawtheyhadtalentandinvitedthemtoformagroup.Nowtheyperformtogethertwoorthreetimespermonth,andthisishowtheymakealiving.Michelleis25andhascerebralpalsy(脑瘫)andamildlearningdisability.Shesays,“WechoosethenameTheSistersofInventionbecausewearelikesistersandwesupporteachotheronandoffstage.Fortheinventionpart,wearetryingtochangepeople'sviewofpeoplewithdisabilities.Wearereinventingtherules.”Alltheirsongsarebasedonthemembers'ownexperiencesandwerewrittenasagroupintheirtwiceweeklymeetingsatTutti.“WewouldarriveinthemorningandI'dsay,‘Whatdoyouwanttotalkabouttoday？’”saystheirmanagerandproducerMichaelRoss.Hethennoteddowneverythingtheysaiduntillyricstookshape.Rosssaysthatputting“theirtruth”outthereisimportant.Hesays,“WhatI'minterestedinisthatwegettoseetheworldinawaythatpeopleinpopculturealmostnevergettosee.Itiscreativegold.”Whentheyperformtheirsongs,thephysicalsideoftheirdisabilitiesismoreobvious,butRosssays,“They'renotuptheretoshowtheirbarriersordifficulties.They'reuptheretoshowtheirstrengths.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。五个有学习障碍的女孩组成了一支乐队，她们通过演出向人们展现自己的力量。9．WhatdoweknowaboutTheSistersofInvention?A．Allitsmembersaredisabled.B．Itwasfoundedallbyfivegirls.C．Ithasexistedforlessthantenyears.D．Theyperformnotinordertomakemoney.解析：选A细节理解题。由第二段“Allhavelearningdifficultiesandsomehaveextradisabilities.”可知，五个女孩都有学习障碍，有的还有别的残疾。10．ThegirlschoosethenameTheSistersofInventionbecause________.A．theyallhavegreattalentB．theyhelpeachotherlikesistersC．theyhavethesameexperiencesD．theyaregoodatinventingthings解析：选B细节理解题。由第四段“...becausewearelikesistersandwesupporteachotheronandoffstage”可知，之所以给乐队起这个名字是因为五个成员亲如姐妹，互相支持。11．HowdoesMichaelRossproducelyricsforTheSistersofInvention?A．Bytalkingwiththegirls.B．Byaskingthegirlsquestions.C．Bylearningaboutpopculture.D．Byusinghispersonalexperiences.解析：选A细节理解题。由第五段可知，制作人通过跟五个姐妹聊天，很自然地写出歌词。12．HowdoaudiencesprobablyfeelwatchingtheperformancesofTheSistersofInvention?A．Theywillfeelbored.B．Theywillb