慈善促进发展的制度变迁：全球增长市场的研究框架英

CambridgeJudgeBusinessSchool

CentreforStrategicPhilanthropy

SYSTEMCHANGEIN

PHILANTHROPYFOR

DEVELOPMENT:

ARESEARCH

FRAMEWORK

FORGLOBAL

GROWTH

MARKETS

PreparedbyDrShonaliBanerjeeoftheCentre

forStrategicPhilanthropy

CambridgeJudgeBusinessSchool

CentreforStrategicPhilanthropy

TheCentreforStrategicPhilanthropy(CSP)atUniversityofCambridgeJudgeBusinessSchoolbelievesthatchangemakersfromglobalgrowthmarketsarevitalprovidersofsolutionstosocietalandenvironmentalproblems,supportingglobaldevelopment.Consequently,theCSPaimstoinform,cultivateandcatalysestrategicphilanthropyinandfromthesemarkets,andencouragecollaborationbetweeninternationalandlocalimpact-orientatedinitiatives.TheCentreisdesignedasaglobalconveningbodytoresearchphilanthropy,

elevatepractitionervoicesanddisseminatebestpracticeinthreespecificgrowthmarkets:Africa,theMiddleEastandSoutheastAsia.

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Contents

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ExecutiveSummary 4

Acknowledgements 6

Introduction 7

Methods 9

Section1:Keythematicreflectionsfromthephilanthropysector 12

1.1Trustandsustainability 12

1.2Arewereallybeyondgrants? 14

1.3Networks,collaboration,andalignmentwiththeSDGs 16

Section2:RegionalfindingsfromtheCentre’scoremarkets 19

2.1Africa 20

2.2TheMiddleEast 23

2.3SoutheastAsia 26

Section3:Buildingaresearchagenda–SystemChangeinPhilanthropyfordevelopment 29

3.1Decolonisingandlocalisingphilanthropyinapost-Covid19landscape 29

3.2Secondgenerationandmillennialleadershipinphilanthropy 31

3.3Newinstrumentsinphilanthropyforglobalgrowthmarkets 33

Conclusion 35

References 36

Participatingorganisations 38

Appendices 39

ExecutiveSummary

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Highlightingfindingsfrom40+philanthropistsandphilanthropicorganisationsinAfrica,theMiddleEast,SoutheastAsia,andEurope,thisreportidentifiesthepressingneedforrigorousresearchonsystemchangeinphilanthropyfordevelopment.Tothisend,insightsdetailedhereservetwoessentialpurposes:

Firstly,theyseektoconveythediverse,crucialresearchinterestsofphilanthropicprincipalsandpractitionersinglobalgrowthmarkets.

Secondly,thereportestablishestheformalresearchagendaoftheCentreforStrategicPhilanthropyattheCambridgeJudgeBusinessSchool.

ThisreportfromtheCentreforStrategicPhilanthropy(CSP)servestheimportantdualpurposeofpresentingkeyresearchinterestsfromthephilanthropysector,whilesimultaneouslyestablishingtheCentre’sofficialresearchagenda:‘SystemChangeinPhilanthropyforDevelopment’.

Basedonmixedmethodsdatacollection–includingeliteinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionswith44principalsandexecutivesfromphilanthropicorganisationsinglobalgrowthmarkets–thisreportestablishestheexistingresearchandliteraturegapsonphilanthropyinAfrica,theMiddleEastandSoutheastAsia.Moreover,thefindingsprovideinterestedpartieswithanuancedunderstandingofavariedanddiverserangeofresearchinterestsacrossrapidlyevolvingregions,alongwithvaluableinsightsonhowtoengagewithrelevantknowledgecreationopportunities.

Thereportisdividedintothreemajorsectionsfocusingonthematicfindings,regionalinsights,andfutureprescriptions.SectionIprincipallycoversthematicinsightsfromexistingliteratureandtheCentre’sprimarydatacollectionontheresearchneedsofthephilanthropyfordevelopmentsector.Thissectiondemonstratesthedeepinterestfromthemarketonresearchareasincludingtrustandsustainability,theroleoftraditionalgrant-makinginphilanthropyandthecriticalimportanceofnetworks,collaboration,andalignmentwiththeSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).

SectionIIdetailsinsightssubdividedbyregion,focusingontheCSPcoremarketsofAfrica,theMiddleEast,andSoutheastAsia.WhileSectionIexploresthenoteworthythematiccommonalitiesevidentacrossparticipants’regionalandprogrammaticfocusareas,SectionIIrevealslocalised

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nuances.TheseincludeAfricanrespondents’desiretoseemoreresearchonpowerimbalancesinphilanthropy,MiddleEasternprincipals’reflectionson‘traditional’givingmechanismsversusnewfinancialinstruments,andSoutheastAsiandiscussionsonmovingbeyondsilo-isminphilanthropy.

SectionIIIunveilstheCentre’sformalresearchagenda:‘SystemChangeinPhilanthropyforDevelopment’whichtiestogetherboththematicandregionallyspecificfindingstobuildalong-term,prescriptiveknowledgeproductionplan.Sincesystemchangeisawide-rangingandfar-reachingconcept,theCSPhascategorisedtheagendaintothreeprimarypipelines:1)decolonisingandlocalisingphilanthropyinapost-Covid19landscape2)secondgenerationandmillennialleadershipinphilanthropy3)newinstrumentsinphilanthropyforglobalgrowthmarkets.

ThereportconcludeswithanappealtoallpartiesinterestedinphilanthropyfordevelopmenttojointheCSPincreatingacohesive,relevant,andmethodologicallyrigorousbodyofresearchonphilanthropyinglobalgrowthmarkets.ThesefinalremarksurgeresearchcentresandpractitionerorganisationsaliketoroottheircurrentandfutureresearchintheneedsoflocalphilanthropistsandpractitionersinAfrica,theMiddleEast,andSoutheastAsia,andencouragesresearcherstousethisreportasafoundationalresourcewhenbuildingnewlinesofinquiry.

DrShonaliBanerjee|ResearchAssociate

CentreforStrategicPhilanthropy

JudgeBusinessSchool

UniversityofCambridge

Acknowledgements

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WithSpecialThanks

ThisreportandtheresultantCSPresearchagendaaretheresultofimmensesupportandcommitmentfrommanyoftheCentre’skeyglobalpartnersandstakeholders.Mostprimarily,theCentrewishestoexpressprofoundthankstothe44organisationsandindividualswhoparticipatedinthisstudy,withoutwhomthedevelopmentofthereportandresearchagendawouldhavebeenimpossible.Afulllistofallrespondentscanbefoundin‘ParticipatingOrganisations’.

OurenormousgratitudealsogoestoRoshiniPrakash,RuthJones,andZaraDangattheAsianVenturePhilanthropyNetwork(AVPN)andPeterCafferkey,LudovicaPiergiovanni,andAlessiaGianoncelliwiththeEuropeanVenturePhilanthropyAssociation(EVPA)fortheirenthusiasmandsupportwithdatacollectioninSoutheastAsiaandEuroperespectively.InadditiontoRoshiniPrakashandPeterCafferkey,wewouldalsoliketoespeciallythankNailaFaroukyoftheArabFoundationsForum,EtemoreGloveroftheNigeriaImpactInvestingFoundation,andDrBhekinkosiMoyooftheCentreforAfricanPhilanthropyandSocialInvestment(CAPSI)forjoiningthevirtuallaunchpanelforthisreportonWednesday4May,2022.YourinsightsandbroadersupporthavebeeninvaluabletothisstudyanddevelopmentoftheCSPmorebroadly.

WithintheCentre,wewouldliketoparticularlythankCSPFellowClareWoodcraftforherinvaluablestewardshipduringearlystagesofthisstudyandongoingguidance,CentreManagerDiKennedyforsupportingdatacollectionandreportdevelopment,ResearchAssociateDrJuvariaJafriforreviewingthereportandadvancingtheCentre’sresearchagenda,CommunicationsManagerJackLilleyforongoingeffortstowidelydisseminatefindingsthroughvariedchannels,andResearchAssistantXiaoyuDaiforextensivelyreviewingrelevantliteratureforthisstudy.

ThedevelopmentanddisseminationofthisreportwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthewonderfulassistanceandguidanceofesteemedcolleaguesattheCambridgeJudgeBusinessSchool(CJBS),includingCSPformerAcademicDirectorProfessorKamalMunir,CSPfacultyassociatesDrThomasRouletandDrLionelPaolella,CJBSHeadofMediaRelationsCharlesGoldsmith,andCJBSOnlineCommunicationAssistantElenaMorgan.

Finally,theCSPsharesenormousgratitudetoourFoundingPatronMrBadrJafarforhiscontinuedsupport,invaluableresearchinsights,andcommitmenttotheCentre’svalueandvision.

Introduction

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Thisreportmarksthesecondindustry-facingpublicationfromtheCentreforStrategicPhilanthropy(CSP),followingonfromourDecember2020study“PhilanthropyandCOVID-19:IstheNorth-SouthPowerBalanceFinallyShifting?”Sincethen,theCSP’scoregoalhasbeentodesignandoperationaliseanacademicallyrigorous,industry-relevantresearchagendathatwillguidetheCentre’sinvestigativeportfolioforyearstocome.Keyconclusionsfromthefirstreportrevealedshiftsintheglobalphilanthropicecosystemthatmaynothaveoccurredwithoutpandemic-relateddisruption.Buildingoninitialfindings,coupledwithdeepinsightsintoresearchinterestsfrom44keyphilanthropystakeholdersinAfrica,theMiddleEast,Europe,andSoutheastAsia,theCSPisdelightedtopresentthisreportonareasofcriticalimportanceinphilanthropyfordevelopment.

Thereportservesanimportantdualpurpose,firstpresentingkeyresearchinterestsfromthephilanthropysectorintheCSP’scoremarkets,andthenestablishingtheCentre’sformalresearchagenda:‘SystemChangeinPhilanthropyforDevelopment’.ThesefindingsfurtherestablishexistingresearchandliteraturegapsonphilanthropyinAfrica,theMiddleEast,andSoutheastAsia,andprovideinterestedpartieswithnuancedunderstandingsofthediverserangeofresearchinterestsacrosstheserapidlyevolvingregions.Crucially,thereportfunctionsasagerminalresourceforanyinterestedresearchersororganisationslookingforvaluableinsightsonhowtofillknowledgeshortfallsonphilanthropyfordevelopment.

Whenreviewingexistingliteratureaheadoflaunchingthisstudy,theCSPnotedalargedegreeoffragmentationinresources,withalackofcomprehensivedata(beitquantitativeorqualitative)thatcoversglobalgrowthmarkets.TheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment’s(OECD)CentreonPhilanthropyhasconductedextensivesurveysonprivatephilanthropyfordevelopment,resultingintwoglobalreports(OECD2018,2021).However,eventheseextensivedatasetsdemonstrateadearthofpubliclyavailableknowledgeonprivategivinginAfrica,SoutheastAsiaandtheMiddleEast.Moreover,thereiscurrentlyamismatchbetweenthesupply(existingacademicresearch)anddemand(practitionerneeds)sidesofresearchonphilanthropyfordevelopment.Untilrecently,thishasresultedinstudiesproducedbyacademicresearchersoftenfailingtoservetheactualneedsofpractitionersandphilanthropyprincipals.Asdetailedhere,theCSPaimstoremedythisdisconnectbyproducingresearchthatisbothacademicallyrigorousandvitaltothephilanthropicsector.

Inthisreport,afterabriefoverviewofresearchmethods,findingsarepresentedinthreemajorsectionsfocusingonthematicinsights,regionalspecificities,andfutureprescriptions(intheformtheCSPresearchagenda).SectionIprimarilycoversthematicinsightsfromexistingliteratureandtheCentre’sprimarydatacollectionontheresearchneedsofthephilanthropyfordevelopment

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sector.SectionIIdetailsfindingssubdividedbyregion,focusingontheCSPcoremarketsofAfrica,theMiddleEast,andSoutheastAsia.Finally,SectionIIIunveilstheCentre’sformalresearchagenda:

‘SystemChangeinPhilanthropyforDevelopment’whichtiestogetherboththematicandregionallyspecificfindingstobuildalong-term,prescriptiveknowledgeproductionplan.

Sincesystemchangeisawide-rangingandfar-reachingconcept,theCSPhascategorisedtheagendaintothreeprimarypipelines:

.

Methods

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“Therearemanyprivateandpublicorganisationsconductingresearchonphilanthropyinvariouspartsoftheworld.ButwhenIseesomeofthereportstheywrite,Iimmediatelylookattheirmethodsandseetheyareusingoutdatedmaterialorhaveonlymanagedtocollectatinysampleoforiginaldata.Thelackofmethodologicalrigourmakesitdifficulttogleanhowinsightfulorindicativeanyofthosefindingsare.”–Studyparticipant,UnitedArabEmirates(UAE)

WhiletheCSPcouldhavefeasiblydesignedaresearchagendabasedpurelyonavailableliteratureandacademicinsights,theCentrebelievesthatmarketperspectivesareessentialtocreatingaportfolioofstudiesthatexpandscholarshipandtrulyservephilanthropicactorsandcommunitiesinourcoreglobalgrowthmarkets.Toaccuratelycaptureinsightsfromkeystakeholdersanddeveloparobust,inclusiveresearchagenda,theCSPgathereddatafromawiderangeofphilanthropicindividualsandactors.ThisensurestheCentre’sresearchagendaistrulybuiltonadiversityofinterestsfromtheindustryratherthanregional,thematicorscholarlysiloes.

Assuch,thekeyresearchquestionsforthismappingstudyweredesignedtoassess1)whatformsofliteratureandreportingalreadyexistonphilanthropyintheCSP’sthreecoremarkets2)thetypesofresearchcurrentlybeingutilisedbyphilanthropistsandphilanthropicpractitionerstocarryouttheirfundingandprogrammingandmostimportantly3)researchtopicsthatareofmostcrucialinteresttokeystakeholdersinAfrica,theMiddleEast,andSoutheastAsia.

Findingsinthisreportarebasedonextensivereviewofexistingliterature(andassociatedgaps)andmixed-methodsqualitativedatacollectedfrom44philanthropy-focusedorganisationsandindividualsintheMiddleEast,Africa,SoutheastAsia,andEurope.EliteinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionswereconductedbetweenMay2021–January2022withfamilyofficeheads,philanthropyprincipals,andseniorexecutivesatphilanthropicorganisationstodetermineresearchneedsandinterestsfromCSPcoremarkets.FocusgroupsinSoutheastAsiaandEuropewerecarriedoutincollaborationwiththeAsianVenturePhilanthropyNetwork(AVPN)andEuropeanVenturePhilanthropyAssociation(EVPA)respectively.Tomaintaintheconfidentialityofrespondents,noindividualnameshavebeenincludedinthisreport.Incertaininstanceswherespecificparticipantshaveindicatedtheyarehappytobequotedorreferenced,onlytheircountryhasbeenindicated.Inrare,approvedinstances,anindividual’sorganisationmaybereferenced.Pleaseseethefulllistofrespondentsattheendofthereportin‘ParticipatingOrganisations’.

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ItisnoteworthythatwhileEuropeisnotconsideredaCSPregionalcoremarket,insightsweregatheredfromalimitednumberofEVPAmemberswhosephilanthropicactivityisfocusedspecificallyinglobalgrowthmarkets.

Fig.1:Regionalillustrationofthe44participatingorganisationsandindividuals

Forthepurposesofthismappingresearch,theCentreaimedtocreateamethodologythatwasbothinclusiveandreflectiveofrealitiesinthecoremarkets.Participationinthedatacollectionwasentirelyvoluntaryandinvolvedtheindividualrespondenttakingworktimetoparticipateinanintervieworfocusgroupdiscussion.Assuch,whiletheCSPaimedforstandardisationinsamplesizesacrossareas,certainregionssuppliedhighernumbersofinterestedparticipants.Theresearchteamalsoaimedforhighlevelsofgenderequalityandregionaldiversity.Participantswerealmostevenlydividedacrossgender(infact,therewerefourmorewomenthanmenthatservedasrespondents),butsomechallengesaroseinensuringafullycomprehensiverangeofgeographicalbreadth.Thoughviablesamplesizesweregarneredineachofthefourregionsstudied,certaincountriesineachregionfeaturedmoreprominentlythanothers.Forinstance,participantsfromAfricaweremostlybasedinNigeria,SouthAfrica,andKenya.IntheMiddleEast,participantsclusteredinEgypt,Jordan,andtheUAE.AndinSoutheastAsia,themajorityofrespondentswerefromSingapore,Malaysia,Indonesia,andthePhilippines.

Keythematicreflectionsfromthe

philanthropysector

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Section1:Keythematicreflectionsfromthephilanthropysector

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1.1Trustandsustainability

Asreferencedabove,dataforthisstudywascollectedfromparticipatingorganisationsandindividualsinfourkeyregions:Africa,theMiddleEast,SoutheastAsia,andEurope.WhileSectionIIanalysesregionallyspecificfindings,hereinSectionIweoutlinethreeoftheprominentthematicreflectionsthatcamethroughpertinentlyfromparticipantsacrossallgeographiclocations.

Thefirstsuchcorethemeinvolvesachievingtrustandsustainabilityinphilanthropyfordevelopment.Thoughthesetwoissuescanbetackledseparately–andindeedtheyoftenare–theCSPhasoptedtocouplethemtogetherheregiventhattrustandsustainabilityareintrinsicallylinkedinphilanthropicpractice,anditislikelythatfirstprecedesthesecond.Trustcomesinmanyformsthroughoutthephilanthropysector,mostprominentlyreferringtothetrustbetweenaphilanthropicdonorandfundingrecipients.Insightsrevealedinthisstudycomeataninterestingtime;currentlythereisactivedebatearoundthemeaning,value,andpracticalapplicationof‘trust-basedphilanthropy’.Tofacilitatetrust-basedphilanthropy,privatedonorsmustbewillingto“…givemoneyandthengetoutoftheway,realizingthattheylackexperiencewithracialjustice,climatechange,orotherintractableissuestheymaybefunding”(BeasleyandCheney2022).Whilethismodelhasmanyvocaladvocates–particularlyvictimsoftheburdensomebureaucraciesandpowerstructuresusuallyassociatedwithinternationalphilanthropicdonations(moreonthisbelow)–andsomenotablesceptics(Keidan2022),limitedcurrentliteratureontrust-basedphilanthropyfocusesonfundinginandtoglobalgrowthmarkets.Thisresearchgapisonethatmustbefilled,asmostrecipientorganisationsthatparticipatedinthisstudyreflectedfrustrationswiththelackoftrusttheyexperiencefromtheirinternationalphilanthropicdonors.AsonerespondentinSouthAfricasaid,“Afterall,wearethelocalexperts–whoknowsthelocalneedsanddevelopmentchallengesbetterthanus?Butwefeeladistinctlackoftrustfromourinternationalpartners,andweareconstantlyhavingtojustifytheuseofeverycent.Atcertaintimes,ourteamspendsmoretimereportingthanworkingonprogrammedelivery!”

Whilemoreresearchoneffectivetrust-baseddevelopmentphilanthropymodelsisundoubtedlyneeded,thefindingsinthisstudyalsoshowanequallyimportantformoftrustthatoftengetsoverlookedasdonorneedstakepriority:therecipientorganisation’strustinthedonor.Participantsrevealedagrowingdegradationoftrustbetweenrecipientsandtheirphilanthropicdonors;thiswasnotedspecificallybynumerousrespondentsbasedinNigeria,SouthAfrica,Egypt,andJordan.ThereasonsforthesteadydissolutionoftrustintheseareasarecomplexandrelatedtoacombinationoffactorsincludingfundingbreakdownsduringtheCOVID19pandemic;long-runningbureaucraticfrustrations;paternalisticpowerdynamicsfromlargedonorstowardsmallerrecipients;lackoftransparencyinfundingallocation;andpubliccriticismofdonororganisationsinthemedia.Thesefindingsshouldconcernnotonlyinternationalphilanthropicdonors,butalsoAfrican,MiddleEastern,andAsianphilanthropistsseekingtobroadentheirfundingportfoliowithmorelocalpartners.Theseregionalphilanthropistsmustrecognisethefundingenvironmentin

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whichtheyareoperating,acknowledgingthatbuildingfruitfulworkingrelationshipstakestime,andalackoftrustimpactsthesustainabilityofdevelopmentprogrammes.

Trustandsustainabilityinphilanthropyareboundtogetherformanyreasons,notablybecauselocalpartnerorganisationscannotplanlong-termprojectsorprogrammeswithoutfundingsecurityandrenewalcommitments.Inthissense,recipientorganisationsinglobalgrowthmarketshavebegunprioritising–atleastinpart–fundraisingfromlocalandregionalphilanthropistsoverinternationaldonors.PerhapsanAfricanphilanthropistwillbetterunderstandthedevelopmentchallengesfacedonthecontinentandwillthereforebemorelikelytoprovidesustainedfundingwithouttheaddedbureaucraticredtapeassociatedwithinternationaldonors.Fromaresearchperspective,theCentreisinterestedtoseeifgovernmentsinCSP’scoremarketsfollowthesuitofcountrieslikeIndia,whichhasemployedlegalmandatesandincentivesforhighlyprofitablecorporationsandwealthyindividualstomakephilanthropiccontributions(Banerjee2020).Inglobalgrowthmarketswherethenumberofverysuccessfulcompaniesandindividualsisrapidlygrowing,regulatoryincentivisationcouldrapidlyincreasetheamountofavailabledomesticphilanthropiccapital,potentiallycompetingwith–andinsomecasesoutstripping–internationalfundingflows.AsonerespondentfromNigerianoted,“Rightnowwedonothaveanyphilanthropictaxincentivesormandatesinthecountry.Ithinkifthegovernmentweretoreallyfocusonthisissue,therecouldbeapowerfulpooloflocalfundingthatbecomesavailabletoNigerianorganisations.ButunfortunatelyIthinkthattypeofpolicymakingisastillalongwayoff.”Whilemanylinesofinquiryintotrustandsustainabilityindevelopmentphilanthropyareneeded,interestedstakeholdersshouldconsidercreatingstudiesforthepurposeofadvocatingformalisedgivingstructuresandincentivestolocalandnationalgovernmentsinglobalgrowthmarkets.Thesemodelsarecertainlynotwithouttheirmyriadissues,astheIndiacasehasalreadyrevealed,butthereisgrowingpotentialforimprovinglong-termphilanthropicsustainability.

Section1:Keythematicreflectionsfromthephilanthropysector

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1.2Arewereallybeyondgrants?

Traditionalgrant-basedphilanthropymodelshavelongbeenchallenged,facingincreasinglyheavyscrutinyoverthepastdecade.AsZinsmeister(2016)notes,manyinthesector–namelythoseonthedemandside–viewgrant-makingasanundemocraticmeanstodistributephilanthropicfundsgiventhepotentialforpiece-mealsolutionsoradisproportionatepreferenceforprojectsbasedontheprincipal’sinterestsandconnections.Frustrationswithgrant-basedmodelsareundoubtedlyhigh;evidencefromthisstudyrevealsthat86%ofrespondentsshowedaninterestinresearchfocusingonnewgivingvehicles.Proposedsolutionstothesechallengesrangefromoverhaulingthepracticeentirelyinfavourofnewphilanthropicinstruments(impactinvestingorblendedfinance,forexample)orarguablylessextremesystemicshiftswithingrant-makingtomodelsliketheincreasinglyvisibletrust-basedphilanthropy(detailedabove).Thoughcertaincohortswithinthedevelopmentphilanthropysectormaybepreparedtomoveawayfromtraditionalgrantsandfullyinvestinnewphilanthropicinstruments,participantsinthisstudyreflecteddecidedlymixedreactionswhenaskedabouttheirdesirestoshiftfromgrant-making(orgrant-receiving)models.

Thereisunquestionableevidencethatphilanthropicgrants,particularlythosefromlargeinternationalfundersthatinvolveharshrestrictions,generateenormousbureaucraticred-tapeandadministrativehardshipforrecipientorganisations.AsarecentstudyonphilanthropyandcivilsocietyinAfricarevealed,internationalgrantsaredifficulttoprocesslocally,leadingtofrequentfundingallocationtolargedeliverypartnersorlocalbranchesofthefundersthemselves(MoyoandImafidon2021).Forexample,fundsraisedbylargemultinationalorganisationslikeSavetheChildrenforprogrammesinNigeriaarefirstdistributedtoSavetheChildren’sNigerianheadquarters,ratherthantolocalnon-profitsorcivilsocietyorganisations(BanerjeeandRong,inpress).Whenlocalorganisationsdoreceivegrants,seriousscepticismremainsfromnon-profitsaroundhowgranteesarechosen,withmanybelievingthatselectionsaremadethroughinformalchannelsorword-of-mouthreferralstoprincipalsandfundingmanagers.CSP’sresearchdemonstratesthatsomeapprehensionfromlocalorganisationsisindeedwarranted.AsonerespondentfromSwitzerlandrevealed,“OurfoundationsupportsprogramsinAsiaandAfrica,butyouwillneverseeanygrantopen-callsonourwebsite.Thephilanthropicportfolioisactuallynotveryheavilypublicisedbecausewealreadyhaveasmallgroupoflocalpartnersweworkwithandwedon’twanttoreceivemoreinterestthatweareabletohandle.”FromtheCentre’sperspective,theseissueswithingrant-makingmodelspresentinterestingpossibilitiesforlinesofinquiryaroundthechallengesembeddedintraditionalphilanthropicdistributionmodels.

Despitethecritiquesoftraditionalgrant-makingcapturedintheexistingliteratureandthisstudy,therealityisthatgrantsarestillthebackboneofmostphilanthropyinglobalgrowthmarkets.AsoneparticipantfromJordancommented,“It’sareallydifficultsituationfororganisationslikeus,becausewehaveourownphilanthropicendowment,butwepartnerwithinternationalfunderstosubstantiallyincreasethescopeofourprogrammes.Thebureaucracyispainfullyrestrictive,but

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withoutthatadditionalfundingoureffortswouldbehugelylimited.Wedependonthosegrants.”

Movingawayfromphilanthropicgrantdependencyisalong-termaspirationformanyfoundationsandnon-profitorganisationsintheCSP’scoremarkets,withrespondentsreflectinggoalstodiversifyfundingstreamsthroughpartnerships,alternativeformsoffundraising,andnewfinancialinstruments.However,t