语言学教程课后练习题答案

语言学教程课后练习题答案（全英第

三版）（1-3章）（总24页）-本页仅作为预览文档封面，4时请删除本语言学教程课后练习题答案（全英第三版）Chapter1PartIChtipierI［iiv to［.ingtiislJcsDefinethefollowingterms.featurcs：ihidi^lin«li^h.El中r即IhulH;in ihdlFwimi'llyIkuk中IjiJiSmDLinu.ijaiifi1diKliu&nirh司lilt1IkmII.Lili^.iisiu.t4^o-laniiii；iL-^.flllLCtiim：IhrluilrLiii^liil^1|||||$»iu针HMliHM口kulhmIf1.;In\\r^川日的力11lliadfKJmiu|ij1Hi^'hldixwhilr^iliiLi1i4»ij^(t4..u..「*山抑讣If^ail.).町gdnxmic」刈id加；mii.ppirtdii：Ijlhxit川岛一旧111叫凶凶牝ut且Un—khni仃d^poiijflrihIilkljM.d.idch.ir4Qiru*c：.力iJMil*7也/，川d”+■1叩胤/ijI讣1Liu；*.”；i用，nihJ1”15里1抖中：式“n1iJkLr.prestriptivezl>>ihuik^"3国山1剧讨山」 Mimd山尸小刎卜门山止一“Iq|i;irlinaiiLiIIfca11of团明皿咯£.descriptive：h»liUik产Illi“I收・Ti"jik!”品修」iM£iliT；K'4'«H3iilqJIIm-ii;111tliIw^imiOf4kldLih^iJkir,^1"I .artiitrariiicwi：llj* sufiinv।山§品引I门计1E出用小小・fIrl^rruliiii;ui>lir-igraakzindiIh*>mili—1ourhirhiJaeyr**fer.dUHlit}12小^i-jjrlidl-Jll4M^miz;iliori川l;il中山司K叩i“Mi-Mi7・5”iiLtfdiiiijglulunil^-1*.&.w^ut)nod 二luingLi率 串口I-(4j.p..^^hud^ictbipllKCIFHM211t工iJj41Jihili"4hiLiiu.ijji^'h»N'l+'iIn*7”11Hxixit IkmiI.lJj4'、|»上|晨”‘小iiliJki^-iLih'^ihhjiliolLphuticconkrnunimz^i«i川力Jkijs4*dl讣4>kihli^h”1胤,4小|11*1年ayvihjinkiin^H-idlOKIIkh'l.mc-taljia^u^i^2Lili.u.ia;i^is^dRlkilkiiIT.JiJjqMilLiijj*l^ige*.muimiliiiELittk，：』lniNid立川［七］仙山Mliu#沁Ikeuquin।iodiidiiM.|ie卜«"h^kL5次"」巾 illlidIziI।rh".tompebentejminhurMh*3j小帆113川川llwjii川^.i.-jiiiiiuili4-jiJ”』.区iujhiiighJi^iLpcrliimisanjeczl」wkiijgiaj^班”比illy1豚,川hyp门甲鬲in^|i«e；ikin^inrilir1^./m'iHF2ill*1LuigiTij,+ KlfIn.rlrii.dIisA'lyfh4'4HhLjhiiJilik.list*—心.I“IfId1^kiin,/I□、附ConsLkftatIc-astfourinitroductorylinguisticstextbooks(notdictiDnariesjandcopyttedefinitionsof"languagfl-"1thatea^liigiwe号.Afterc-arofullyconriiparingth吞cfefinitons.writea第i邰rdis亡ussi啮whichi时intsr-Murandexplainingtlwsignific旦oftlw曰mila加的artddifferenceamrtgth<bdefinitions.Allih-4』fiuili止im口讣I中川ludfllwi。i仆u»1月门］中川i.修xUmIli□叱li^«"nikwilliMNrlilllh\门巾is，，Iiw裨山.Al^enil*11In*if川Ltd山.同J一•诵；学校科（第二版）绘习册?>ay.inleixhaiigeuliilily<>irulhiuilI is Butit—Tigim|Kx>siliktogilt*;iiiuiiihiplih*<ielinitiohoh 仲・・lievaliM-llielacetK|iH>pkwanttoHniplkaxizt*arnwld(皿nnanimoiK.Iotompaivseveral・Winilicn、canrnnkryourralizrwheit*diealignmentis.CanyouthinkofsomewordsinEnglishwhichareonomatopoeic?<ir«ik:tlw*kmiim!nuiiirli\ahuilhoikil<](mhwhfni!<；urk<M>:iJk*rail什fKing:amk!<U*iiloudixiisr.K<kii:m<ke|iloixlroutinningmhiimI.Buzz:&i>c>is<*<dliiizzinx-HiN>：ahiZi串Nai1gh：IIm-loiig^in<lI«>ij<IrnllidtnhcivM<,w:theiioix*thatagullmakes.llw1souiuliikkI^byashw|i.orcall.Doyouthinkthatononnatopoeiaindicatesanonarbitraryrelationshipbetweenformandmeaning?Noiikillt*!wlrllieryou必”>Woi44No"*youmnnot(knylluloimmikiIofKNMannnbiiiliitiu!inr?v*.ISrtoirwrJrrluwon!goiioiiKil(»|i(M*icwr>h<Mil<!lii—lknowwhichsoihkIthe—rdi Jit*taswhal.saidin(Iliapteiintoiinikil**tileiK»i>eolthingiikkm)uihrieuit-tikiu\<lx>i<r?*like^inuiJiiunHis**an<l"mur<kicig".Tlwyliollil»eaimor**<n1<•»irxMiilil；m<k<(IoIIwjgfiiuinfnzihiidlsonn<i.ImlMinurinii1011^"i、foiInn;it<*ly toiiieuntlwi»i^ewhile^imn<k <*li<>s<*nl<>means(MiH*lhingquih- I'heyaifuiiaiharytI、Mgniliei>.AstorybyRobertLouisStevensoncontainstMsentence“Asthenight■foil,tlwwindrose.Couldthisbeexpressedas“Asthewindrose,thenightf钟厂11not,why?DoesthisinKlicateadegreeofnon-arbitrariness•aboutwordorder?(Bolinger,1981：15)Y<*.Ilim；iin|M»ii)lloillibli：ilt«non-aiiiilr;irii»KNakmlw(m(Ioninr.WIhiiihrlw()i|iaihiiilenhangrttheItxiban(3tlrmraningoi\hvm-iHcimthioii'edto<kii)ge.ItecaiiM*rkiusrstM^uniii^inliiwrrinmhtuitlioiillimeiiMiicaloixwilllwtakenasnuih-liiiigdie al ofliappening.TheKviiler*soiiginnlinleiitionir<!ish>rh*<l«jiikIw-<<:iiiIIilel!oilk»kh\i^iding.IKil卜411y^yMeini<-liiii<ti<>n；i)iM^aixlAm^nranfun<ti<»n;iliMsthinklai^iiagt*iri>>1;iiliili;iiyatthe01Mlicle\**l.Doesthetraificlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimple-graph?light<l(ix»tkive<lualily.O|hioiisly.ili>nota<k>iJ>le-le^rl邙7fm.Hirh*i>onlyoih-lo-oik-i.Iatioi«>hi|iIk-hverii«>igisand姆,疝取ItlittheHumminguniIslirdiiid-dinl<»>ni2ilki!iu»:inilink'ss iurlliPi.S<>ll»(Iniliiclightonkhuxllr|iri»uiKiLi(1the*HHoixiaiylevellike)^ininuik*uullr.(Ihapler1liHihtioib>IoLinguiMirs•3•Rr<l-•»k*p<；rmYr-UnVrgrtmkhiogoor»fi,iTherecursh/enatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthecreativityoflanguage.Canyouwritearecursi/esentencefollowingtheexampleinsection1.3.37T<MlayI ;iiioldfrirndhomycLizmak*^hrn1infknienkiry llierewaranappkofxkudinwhi<liw4*Ji<ll<»s<*!<•<<!ripe；ip|ile>tkil...Communicationcantakomanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacialexpression.Dobodylanguageandfacialexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguage?Ontliewhoh*.ImkIvLmgiiige；m<lfacialeciire^ionki<kin<»t<>iflu*<listinrtivepiopeiti^<>lhunianl.iiiguagemmIias*duality*dispk<*<*ment«v'K^itivilyaik«lc”<»ii.I工xlyLmgu^<*<-xhiliilrv“ihiliuiiixcc<ilit!I<-bit.F<»rinstaixe.funltneanx44OK/YES**forusbutin.Arabianworldiiisequall<>Kiyinx”、(>“.Sunela<ial haven<>n>;iiliilraiii>*»liecAU^tl>eyareinMinrliveMirhllx*<tv;in<ilauxliof;ineivliominlanl.Doyouagreewiththeviewthatnolanguageisespeciallysimple?AllLunumIuif3六c*ii<- cymu*of ati<»n.Il<k*<*i<ie<!I»yiheirsluie<l<iesignfeatires.WhatdoyouthinkofBertrandRusseirsobservationofthedoglanguage：“Nomatterhoweloquentlyadogmaybark,hecannottellyouthathisparentswerepoorbuthonest"？Areyoufamilarwithanytypeofwaysanimalscommunicateamonothemselvesandwithhumanbeings?hengazellynviz，|K»trnthil•Linger,lor«*xaai|ile.Iler;iimIll>er<*li\zigulitoxaz<*IP>inllirKicinilyllulckiitgeii、linking.A<l«>g>ignal>it>w\hlwItiiKicktlwIioum*bykirkiiigan<lMgnnUllwpos^iliililylluililmid>tbitrin<»in4*nknilvliydisplayingit>Ling>.CanyoumentionsometypicalexpressionsofphaticcommunioninChinese?ThereisthedialoguebetweenMs.PandMs.Qonp.12.Whensomeonesneezesviolently,doyousayanythingofthenatureofphaticcommunion?Haveyounoticedyourparentsorgrand-parentssaysomethingspecialonsuchanoccasion?<>fliir|ih:ilir in(JiiiRx*arc:"Zf吗？'家里都吧?这是去哪里山?最近都挺好的？UjM»mr<>nri>刃>，zin«violrntly•maxlieyompircnU:nxigiuml|i：ir4*nt>mayzi”“Airy<m<>k"IMy<m!«,♦<!toM*ea "IMyoun••♦*<1wnk・i?"•"Doyouah；nxR<*ivliief?**•“D”youhave.1cold?**orsomrlhingliket<»>howtheircoimiz.TherearemanyexpressionsinanguagewhicharemetalinguaIly,talkingabouttalkandihinkaboutlinking,forinstance.(obehoaesi10makeabagsioiyshoecometothhkofii•4•讲"学教程（第:版）练”刑onsecondihoughLcanyoucollectafowmoretomakealistoftheseexpressions?Whendoweusethemmostoften?Tlrrriiiviiumyex|iir^M<H3>MicharToleJlihe〃〃前■.”〃〃《/、5/wYrAi71x•f”〃〃，“〃”，，，/；2[•///bepjfvi”•hiftiftej」，"，”其■l/uti〃/r><"、-Swellf\piex^i<»ir>:ii<-I4r<liikml11»(<]u«*utlsw !<>•eX|iiiti;ilellirinpiningofGwnievrhu^sinjiiHhniwayinargimwntaliflin.Comment-onthefoltowingprescriptiverules.Doyouthinktheyareacceptable?ItisI.'B)Itisme.VoushouldsayAinsteadofBbecause^i>Gwshouldbe-followedbyth。nominativeca&G.nottheaecu5ativ©a^c6rdingtotherulesinLam.(A)Wlx)ddyouspeakto?<B)Whomdidyouspeak2?YoushouldsayBinsteadofA.(A)Ihave-n-tdon©anything.Ihave-n'tdoiwncthiinig.Biswrorygbecausetwonegativesmakeapo"sihe.(I)IhrLilinruki、mluiiivrn>til.InEiigl用鼠mei>iidomuiland1i、irlltolit*ver5'I<miiuiI.(2)11 iU«lillfohkuil iihilirt itfitt-ishioiw;ic<-4*|iLililriniidioniuilwh.(3}Languaged<H^n<Hhavrktiolhwlogit*rraxuiinR.Hrirhv>urgulivoonlyamo-reeni|iluiti<*live.ThinwM«hmwinim"iLilikillSkuuhnlEnglishimM ilisilh^girdl.Imt hinxiri斜，iliiingmicjreK山心u>iig<-now.Theprescriptivismin-gramifnarruleshasnowshiftedtoprescriptionsin•choiceofw&rcls.Inth^“guidtelin^sonaftti-§existlanguago,"issuedbytheBritishsociologicalassociation,somo-guidteline-sarelistedbelow.Do,youthinktheyare3sc「iptMeaMprescriptive?What'syou-roommrentonthem?Donotusemantomaanhurnanrtyingeneral.Use?eisonpeopt.humanbeiigamenandwtmenhandniyandhimanKndcolored：ThistermisregardedasoutdatedintheUKandshouldbe-avoidedasitisgenerallyviewedasotfonsivGtomanyblackpeople.<3)civilized：Thistermcanstillcarryracistovertoneswhichderiveiromacolonialistperceptionoftheworld.ItisoitenassociatedwithsocialDarwinistthoughtandisfullofimplicitvaluejudgmentsandignoranceofthehistoryofthenon-induistrializ^dworld.Th，yar4-uiMlniiliU'dlyik»scri|itii4>.<4iHHiiM*smiwixHiuhsIlullrandetrnninrwliethrj4wentenc^islightoriiqI.ThusuidMinem\\i»e.Hiloavohlllw<»l|kii!i<ulaiwor<Ulliulart* ^illv Imtollei^nt*I<»ceitaiii Artiuilh.lli<^ik-Miiliellm-WaVxlnuciUM-atoiS>jiejkwrite.I1hvit4ti<»i¥stoIJiigiiiMio-5-Whyisthedistinctionbolwoencompetenceandperformancoimportantinlin?gu冶悦s?Doyouthinkthelin^canbeneatlydrawnbetweenthem?Howdoyouliketheconceptcommunicativecompetence?Thib|iix»|K^rxlbyChomskyinhi>UmjiuIi>Ilii嘴uiMic Ilirrcnwlihifkn«ltoxhxiwashi<!line.S<nn<*"Murchmina|i|ilie*<llinguiMi<>think 4i<»ni|MihM3<M>111:13Ih*iimoi4>Hn，ulin火ruiH'HplinLiHgung^lenchinjKihantliepuirhihtwiWicH|uii<<>m|itlriK<•“ndpriformance.WhichbranchoflinguisticsdoyouthinkwilldeveloprapidlyinChiaaandwhy?11isii|it<»y<»uh»<1<•<•i<k;ilt<uyougouriluoiagliilirli«M»k.Ailhi>、&i.H—Wrmj^>!dllliuiiixlh-><»lliugiii^lkIhiU-tliepolviitialtoik»iaii>h.Thetollowingaresomewell-knownannbiguoussentencesinsyntacticstudiesoflanguage.Canyoudisambiguatethem?(1)Thediiek^nbtoohotioearFlynxplanescaabedangefouxrinHFrrhve>WillingsIn(1)•(a)TIh«rhicU'iiisUmIwd.““ileiinixHhrruirnn\ll>*momnil：(li)Thrihickriifrt*hIxH(iiKiyhralirirMMiwiulrn^arrohirexerri»e^>thatilcaiiihM>kinrulingandnefxbt<»lulm«Uwnlind.Tlw；iiiiliigiiity♦/a%.(2)imhiiphIixuii44HyingpLinp^".IlvanIw<V<i|ihfiv<lHr44tin-|ikin<^thdlisIhinx^<>iMl<>ily|ikiur>".Therearemanyreasonsforthediscrepantbetweencompetenceandperformanceianormallanguageusers.Canyouthinkofsomeofthem?EtlmiclKi<kgic»iiiMl.mm<i<»<*4a<>i)<»nii<a <»lilir<(<»untiv.an<ljihy^i<al(su<lixiSi<^i1ioII. illiWz)uni.Iiotkkiiuli^i<lualIoindividikil.Whatdothesetwoquotesrevealabomtthedifferen!emphasisorperspectw&soflanguagestudies?A I皿斤i»j rr-iriarkxlileLO<ri|iJr«iiit.T«・t-xamrtokncmjIimrixdwuiihlbe-jiidKtr^nlinAry mal k«r」(r川umno<xycitfkulh«lr>•，a*i«inijJix!ilht>1a»L_AnomiA1«hi!«l»quiretfia>knMHlevl^r«iirulwhel]>1ig^it a“lnidiom寸r Imin IIr(上"ibrn<|ukenukruvrdoilmtricMirmuufciwidsprcificruleguidinx|irinci|ilr>fcirtmir)!ii>an<i(eGii科to ,.'门“4L .；■amirjea■:/min<linaJrirpuiialant*n)>r.Iti>4iircaluIoftninuniaiirUixmcr-.crrurilaiirwincuhintliiiliiitlbyopunuion%llufliekrlirnot».l<h«*/ucMclnillorccomciN«^ani《:附的Ui■朋，c#1975:41Ili»nii»nibihiHUnpi"。unnlasrnr■kATicfl)cfcltftfciminmh»liuiuutilwecianiijirit>^r4iiinixrihrrr*■>no«icurebmhifur<U«>iAangisn***inantlumiiiiLrwIfriwner.wiirnw^evunuirdir |n«riitialMUnwoveMfcdrf.findtliAtlli<-»a>!nuin!«*r>3 initoMiibiiieii・,,4trn4fwrr-l^lhrbif»ld|krvk*wi1八5・,成、”=andibrYrxM〉rk»of .«*n«**fK>ndM Lisi«f«m«ticm»«)T 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