2021年大学英语四级试题

2021年大学英语四级试题PartIListeningComprehension20minutesSectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear10shortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Example:Youwillhear:Youwillread:AAttheoffice.BInthewaitingroom.CAttheairport.DInarestaurant.Fromtheconversationweknowthatthetwoweretalkingaboutsomeworktheywillstartat9o’clockinthemorningandhavetofinishat2intheafternoon.Therefore,D“5hours”isthecorrectanswer.Youshouldchoose[D]ontheAnswerSheetandmarkitwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.SampleAnswer[A][B][C][D]AThewomanisaclosefriendoftheman.BThewomanhasbeenworkingtoohard.CThewomanisseeingadoctor.DThewomanistiredofherwork.CAThisapplepietastesverygood.BHismotherlikesthepieverymuch.CThispiecan’tmatchhismother’s.DHismothercan’tmakeapplepies.AATakeawalk.BGiveaperformance.CListentothemusic.DDancetothemusic.DAReadanarticleonpoliticalscience.BPresentadifferenttheorytotheclass.CReadmorethanonearticle.DChooseabetterarticletoread.CAThewomanwouldunderstandifshedidMary’sjob.BThewomanshoulddothetypingforMary.CThewomanshouldworkashardasMary.DThewomanisn’taskillfultypist.AAHewantstomakeanappointmentwithMr.Smith.BHewantstomakesurethatMr.Smithwillseehim.CHewantstochangethetimeoftheappointment.DHewantsthewomantomeethimatthreeo’clock.BAHegetsnervousveryeasily.BHeisaninexperiencedspeaker.CHeisanawfulspeaker.DHehasn’tpreparedhisspeechwell.BAShedidn’tlikethebooksthemanbought.BTherewasn’talargeselectionatthebookstore.CThemanboughtalotofbooks.DShewantedtoseewhatthemanbought.CABuyaticketforthetemo’clockflight.BAskthemantochangetheticketforher.CGototheairportimmediately.DSwitchtoadifferentflight.DADr.Lemoniswaitingforapatient.BDr.Lemonisbusyatthemoment.CDr.Lemonhaslosthispatience.DDr.Lemonhasgoneouttovisitapatient.BSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageoneQuestions11to14arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.AAcaroutsidethesupermarket.BAcaratthebottomofthehill.CPaul’scar.DThesportscar.CAInsidethecar.BAtthefootofthehill.CInthegarage.DInthesupermarket.DAThedriverofthesportscar.BThetwogirlsinsidethecar.CThemanstandingnearby.DThesalesmanfromLondon.AANobody.BThetwogirls.CThebusdriver.DPaul.APassageTwoQuestions15to17arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.AHisfriendgavehimthewrongkey.BHedidn’tknowwherethebackdoorwas.CHecouldn’tfindthekeytohismailbox.DItwastoodarktoputthekeyinthelock.AAItwasgettingdark.BHewasafraidofbeingblamedbyhisfriend.CThebirdsmighthaveflownaway.DHisfriendwouldarriveanytime.BAHelookedsillywithonlyoneleginsidethewindow.BHeknewthepolicemanwouldn’tbelievehim.CThetorchlightmadehimlookveryfoolish.DHerealizedthathehadmadeamistake.BPassageThreeQuestions18to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.AThethreatofpoisonousdesertanimalsandplants.BTheexhaustionofenergyresources.CThedestructionofoilwells.DThespreadoftheblackpowderfromthefires.DATheundergroundoilresourceshavenotbeenaffected.BMostofthedesertanimalsandplantshavemanagedtosurvive.CTheoillakessoondriedupandstoppedevaporating.DTheundergroundwaterresourceshavenotbeenpolluted.DATorestorethenormalproductionoftheoilwells.BToestimatethelossescausedbythefires.CToremovetheoilleftinthedesert.DTousetheoilleftintheoillakes.CPartIIReadingComprehension35minutesDirections:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Unlesswespendmoneytospotandpreventasteroids小行星now,onemightcrashintoEarthanddestroylifeasweknowit,saysomescientists.Asteroidsarebiggerversionsofthemeteoroids流星thatraceacrossthenightsky.MostorbitthesunfarfromEarthanddon’tthreatenus.ButtherearealsothousandsofasteroidswhoseorbitsputthemonacollisioncoursewithEarth.Buy$50millionworthofnewtelescopesrightnow.Thenspend$10millionayearforthenext25yearstolocatemostofthespacerocks.Bythetimewespotafatalone,thescientistssay,we’llhaveawaytochangeitscourse.Somescientistsfavorpushingasteroidsoffcoursewithnuclearweapons.Butthecostwouldn’tbecheap.Isitworthit?Twothingsexpertsconsiderwhenjudginganyriskre:1Howlikelytheeventis;and2Howbadtheconsequencesiftheeventoccurs.ExpertsthinkanasteroidbigenoughtodestroylotsoflifemightstrikeEarthonceevery500,000years.Soundsprettyrare—butifonedidfall,itwouldbetheendoftheworld.“Ifwedon’ttakecareofthesebigasteroids,they’lltakecareofus,”saysonescientist.“It’sthatsimple.”Thecure,though,mightbeworsethanthedisease.DowereallywantfleetsofnuclearweaponssittingaroundonEarth?“Theworldhaslesstofearfromdoomsday毁灭性的rocksthanfromagreatnuclearfleetsetagainstthem,”saidaNewYorkTimesarticle.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutasteroidsandmeteoroids?ATheyareheavenlybodiesdifferentincomposition.BTheyareheavenlybodiessimilarinnature.CTherearemoreasteroidsthanmeteoroids.DAsteroidsaremoremysteriousthanmeteoroids.BWhatdoscientistssayaboutthecollisionofanasteroidwithEarth?AItisveryunlikelybutthedangerexists.BSuchacollisionmightoccuronceevery25years.CCollisionsofsmallerasteroidswithEarthoccurmoreoftenthanexpected.DIt’sstilltooearlytosaywhethersuchacollisionmightoccur.AWhatdopeoplethinkofthesuggestionofusingnuclearweaponstoalterthecoursesofasteroids?AItsoundspracticalbutitmaynotsolvetheproblem.BItmaycreatemoreproblemsthanitmightsolve.CItisawasteofmoneybecauseacollisionofasteroidswithEarthisveryunlikely.DFurtherresearchshouldbedonebeforeitisprovedapplicable.BWecanconcludefromthepassagethat .AwhilepushingasteroidsoffcoursenuclearweaponswoulddestroytheworldBasteroidsracingacrossthenightskyarelikelytohitEarthinthenearfutureCtheworryaboutasteroidscanbelefttofuturegenerationssinceitisunlikelytohappeninourlifetimeDworkablesolutionsstillhavetobefoundtopreventacollisionofasteroidswithEarthDWhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthispassage?AOptimistic.BCritical.CObjective.DArbitrary.CPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Believeitornot,opticalillusion错觉cancuthighwaycrashes.Japanisacaseinpoint.Ithasreducedautomobilecrashesonsomeroadsbynearly75percentusingasimpleopticalillusion.Bentstripes,calledchevrons人字形,paintedontheroadsmakedriversthinkthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyare,andthusdriversslowdown.NowtheAmericanAutomobileAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.isplanningtorepeatJapan’ssuccess.Startingnextyear,thefoundationwillpaintchevronsandotherpatternsofstripesonselectedroadsaroundthecountrytotesthowwellthepatternsreducehighwaycrashes.Excessivespeedplaysamajorroleinasmuchasonefifthofallfataltrafficaccidents,accordingtothefoundation.Tohelpreducethoseaccidents,thefoundationwillconductitstestsinareaswherespeed-relatedhazardsarethegreatest—curves,exitslopes,trafficcircles,andbridges.Somestudiessuggestthatstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroadscaninitiallycuttheaveragespeedofdriversinhalf.However,trafficoftenreturnstofullspeedwithinmonthsasdriversbecomeusedtoseeingthepaintedbars.Chevrons,scientistssay,notonlygivedriverstheimpressionthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyarebutalsomakealaneappeartobenarrower.Theresultisalongerlastingreductioninhighwayspedandthenumberoftrafficaccidents.Thepassagemainlydiscusses .AanewwayofhighwayspeedcontrolBanewpatternforpaintinghighwaysCanewapproachtotrainingdriversDanewtypeofopticalillusionAOnroadspaintedwithchevrons,driverstendtofeelthat .Atheyshouldavoidspeed-relatedhazardsBtheyaredrivinginthewronglaneCtheyshouldslowdowntheirspeedDtheyareapproachingthespeedlimitCTheadvantageofchevronsoverstraight,horizontalbarsisthattheformer .AcankeepdriversawakeBcancutroadaccidentsinhalfCwillhavealongereffectondriversDwilllookmoreattractiveCTheAmericanAutomobileAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyplansto .AtryouttheJapanesemethodincertainareasBchangetheroadsignsacrossthecountryCreplacestraight,horizontalbarswithchevronsDrepeattheJapaneseroadpatternsAWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroads?ATheyarefallingoutofuseintheUnitedStates.BTheytendtobeignoredbydriversinashortperiodoftime.CTheyareapplicableonlyonbroadroads.DTheycannotbeappliedsuccessfullytotrafficcircles.BPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Amtrak美国铁路客运公司wasexperiencingadownswinginridership客运量alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham,werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.]Atonetime,trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast,veryluxurious,andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However,timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica’sstandardofconvenience.Also,airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore,thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1anxiousfliers—thoseconcernedwithsafety,relaxation,andcleanlinessand2travel-lovers—thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed,casual,andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom,escape,relaxation,andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.AdvertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrainsEmpireBuilder,etc..Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead,enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?AToshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.BTostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica’sstandardofconvenience.CToemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.DToillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes.DItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedropinAmtrakridershipwasduetothefactthat .AtrainswerenotsuitableforshortdistancepassengertransportationBtrainswerenotthefastestandmostconvenientformoftransportationCtrainswerenotasfastandconvenientastheyusedtobeDtrainscouldnotcompetewithplanesintermsofluxuryandconvenienceBToencourageconsumerstotravelbytrain,DDBNeedhamemphasized .AthefreedomandconvenienceprovidedontrainsBthepracticalaspectsoftraintravelCtheadventurousaspectsoftraintripsDthesafetyandcleanlinessoftraintripsCThetrainadswereplacedamongfamily-orientedTVprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericabecause .AtheycouldfocusonmeaningfultravelexperiencesBtheycouldincreasetheeffectivenessoftheTVprogramsCtheirprofitscouldbeincreasedbysome15percentDmosttravel-loversandnervousflierswerebelievedtobeamongtheaudiencesDAccordingtothepassage,theEmpireBuilderenjoyedanincreaseinridershipandprofitsbecause .AtheattractivenessofitsnameandroutewaseffectivelyadvertisedBitprovidedanexcitingtravelexperienceCitspassengerscouldenjoythegreatwesternoutdoorsDitwaswidelyadvertisedinnewspapersandmagazinesinChicagoandSeattleAPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whydoescramgobadfasterthanbutter?Someresearchersthinktheyhavetheanswer,anditcomesdowntothestructureofthefood,notitschemicalcomposition—afindingthatcouldhelpridsomeprocessedfoodsofchemicalpreservatives.Creamandbuttercontainprettymuchthesamesubstances,sowhycreamshouldsourmuchfasterhasbeenamystery.Bothareemulsions—tinyglobules小球体ofoneliquidevenlydistributedthroughoutanother.Thedifferenceliesinwhat’sintheglobulesandwhat’sinthesurroundingliquid,saysBrocklehurst,wholedtheinvestigation.Incream,fattyglobulesdriftaboutinaseaofwater.Inbutter,globulesofawaterysolutionarelockedawayinaseaoffat.Thebacteriawhichmakethefoodgobadprefertoliveinthewateryregionsofthemixture.“Thismeansthatincream,thebacteriaarefreetogrowthroughoutthemixture,”hesays.Whenthesituationisreversed,thebacteriaarelockedawayincompartments隔仓室burieddeepintheseaoffat.Trappedinthisway,individualcoloniescannotspreadandrapidlyrunoutofnutrients养料.Theyalsoslowlypoisonthemselveswiththeirwasteproducts.“Inbutter,yougetaself-limitingsystemwhichstopsthebacteriagrowing,”saysBrocklehurst.Theresearchersarealreadyworkingwithfoodcompanieskeentoseeiftheirproductscanbemaderesistanttobacterialattackthroughalterationstothefood’sstructure.Brocklehurstbelievesitwillbepossibletomaketheemulsionsusedinsaladcream,forinstance,morelikethatinbutter.Thekeywillbetodothiswhilekeepingthesaladcreamliquidandnotturningitintoasolidlump.ThesignificanceofBrocklehurst’sresearchisthat .AitsuggestedawaytokeepsomefoodsfreshwithoutpreservativesBitdiscoveredtinyglobulesinbothcreamandbutterCitrevealedthesecretofhowbacteriamultiplyincreamandbutterDitfoundthatcreamandbuttersharethesamechemicalcompositionAAccordingtotheresearchers,creamsoursfastthanbutterbecausebacteria .AaremoreevenlydistributedincreamBmultiplymoreeasilyincreamthaninbutterCliveonlessfatincreamthaninbutterDproducelesswasteincreamthaninbutterBAccordingtoBrocklehurst,wecankeepcreamfreshby .AremovingitsfatBkillingthebacteriaCreducingitswatercontentDalteringitsstructureDTheword“colonies”Line2,Para.4refersto .AtinyglobulesBwateryregionsCbacteriacommunitiesDlittlecompartmentsCCommercialapplicationoftheresearchfindingwillbepossibleifsaladcreamcanbemaderesistanttobacterialattack .AbyvaryingitschemicalcompositionBbyturningitintoasolidlumpCwhilekeepingitsstructureunchangedDwhileretainingitsliquidformDPartIIIVocabularyandStructure20minutesDirections:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe toolong.AhasbeenreadingBhadreadCisreadingDreadANiagaraFallsisagreattourist ,drawingmillionsofvisitorseveryyear.AattentionBattractionCappointmentDarrangementBIdon’tmind thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.AyoutodelaymakingByourdelayingmakingCyourdelayingtomakeDyoudelaytomakeBThehopes,goals,fearsanddesires widelybetweenmenandwomen,betweentherichandthepoor.AalterBshiftCtransferDvaryDCornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit inCuba.AbeingcultivatedBbeencultivatedChavingcultivatedDcultivatingAThesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience onbenches,chairsorboxes.AhavingseatedBseatingCseatedDhavingbeenseatedCThiskindofglassesmanufacturedbyexperiencedcraftsmen comfortably.AiswornBwearsCwearingDarewornBSomediseasesare bycertainwateranimals.AtransplantedBtransformedCtransportedDtransmittedDWouldn’tyouratheryourchild tobedearly?AgoBwentCwouldgoDgoesBAlthoughAnneishappywithhersuccessshewonders willhappentoherprivatelife.AthatBwhatCitDthisBThewordsofhisoldteacherlefta impressiononhismind.Heisstillinfluencedbythem.AstayingnotBnottostayCthathewouldnotstayDthathenotstayCMike’suncleinsists inthishotel.AwhateverBwhomeverCwhicheverDwhoeverDWeagreedtoaccept theythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.AwhateverBwhomeverCwhicheverDwhoeverDItisour policythatwewillachieveunitythroughpeacefulmeans.AconsistentBcontinuousCconsiderateDcontinualABetween1974and1997,thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded 27%.AbyBforCtoDinAAlthoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad,conflictissometimesuseful itforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbehaviors.AbywhichBtowhichCinthatDsothatCHeis abouthischancesofwinningagoldmedalintheOlympicsnextyear.AoptimisticBoptionalCoutstandingDobviousASometimesIwishI inadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.AbelivingBwerelivingCwouldliveDwouldhavelivedBThedirectorwascritical thewayweweredoingthework.AatBinCofDwithCInasudden ofanger,themantoreupeverythingwithinreach.AattackBburstCsplitDblastB sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.ANosooneritgrewdarkthanBHardlydiditgrowdarkthatCScarcelyhaditgrowndarkthanDItwasnotuntildarkthatDInBritainpeople fourmilliontonsofpotatoeseveryyear.AswallowBdisposeCconsumeDexhaustCI’d hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.AtakeintoaccountBaccountforCmakeupforDmakeoutAItisessentialthattheseapplicationforms backasearlyaspossible.AmustbesentBwillbesentCaresentDbesentDShecookedthemeatforalongtimesoastomakeit enoughtoeat.AmildBslightClightDtenderDWetakeourskinforgranteduntilitisburned repair.AbeyondBforCwithoutDunderAThecomputerrevolutionmaywellchangesocietyas asdidtheIndustrialRevolution.AcertainlyBinsignificantlyCfundamentallyDcomparativelyC inthisway,thesituationdoesn’tseemsodisappointing.ATolookatBLookingatCLookedatDTobelookedatCAlotofantsarealwaysinvadingmykitchen.Theyareathorough .AnuisanceBtroubleCworryDanxietyASomewomen agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.AmustmakeBshouldhavemadeCwouldmakeDcouldhavemadeDPartIVCloze15minutesDirections:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreach