Unit5西方文化导论

Unit5西方文化导论第1页/共102页GetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusIn第2页/共102页GetStarted_1.1GetStarted第3页/共102页GetStarted_1.2GetStarted

AfterthelastRomanemperorwasdethronedbytheGermanmercenarytroopsinthe5thcentury,EuropeenteredtheMiddleAges,whichlastedabout1000yearsorsoandwasdominatedbyGermanicpeoplewhomtheRomanshadcalled“thesavage”.Consequently,theintellectualdevelopmentoftheEuropeancivilizationwasretardedorevenregressedtosomeextentbecauseoftheseso-calledDarkAges.ItwasalsoaperiodofsomenegativeandrepressiveinfluencefromtheRomanCatholicChurch.Thisperiodwascharacterizedbyfrequenteconomicandpoliticalcrisesandgreatlyaffectedbydeep-seatedsocialcontradictionsandconflicts,whichwerefirstdemonstratedinthedistressanddisastersoftheordinarypeopleandtheninthefrequentlyoccurringrevoltsandclashesarisingfromthecrueltyoftyrannicalrulersandtheirunrestraineddemandsformorepowerandterritory.第4页/共102页GetStarted_1.3GetStartedHowever,theintellectualdeclineandretardedsocialdevelopmentoftheMiddleAgesalsobroughtforwardsomenotablepersonalties,eventsandachievementsinculturalandsocialaffairs.Theymadeupforalongandtortuousintervalbeforethedawnofthemodernage,whichwasmarkedbythearrivaloftheRenaissanceinthe14th-15thcenturies.第5页/共102页GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryoftheperiodoftheMiddleAgesTogettoknowtheformationanddevelopmentofGermancultureandByzantinecultureTobefamiliarwithMedievalsocialideologyandliteraryandartisticachievementsTounderstandthesignificanceandspecialfeaturesofMedievalcultureandpolitics第6页/共102页TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheSettingoftheMiddleAgesII.TheFormationandDevelopmentofGermanCultureIII.ByzantineCultureIV.MedievalSocialIdeologyV.LiteratureandArtVI.TheSignificanceandSpecialFeaturesofMedievalCultureandPolitics第7页/共102页TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheMiddleAges:aperiodinEuropeanhistoryfromthecollapseoftheRomanCivilizationinthe5thcenturyADtotheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthe14thcentury第8页/共102页TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFormationstages:AttheendoftheRomanEmpire,somebarbaroustribesincludingCelts,GermansandSlavswereformed.Attheendofthe1stcenturyAD,theGermanswerestillinaprimitivesociety.Fromtheendofthe1stcenturytothe3rdcentury,Germansintroducedclassdivision,anduntiedtheirtribesintoalliancesandoftenharassedandstagedattacksontheRomanborders.LatertheymovedintoRomanterritorytilltheendofthe6thcentury.AnumberofsmallkingdomswereestablishedinRomanterritories.第9页/共102页TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasWiththeoverthrowoftheWesternRomanEmpire,aseriesofkingdomsweresetup.Amongthesekingdoms,thelargestwastheonefoundedin481ADbyCloviswhoconqueredGaulandinitiatedacooperativelylargenationcalledtheMerovingianDynasty.GraduallyitbecamethemostpowerfulGermankingdom.In752,TheMerovingianDynastywastoppledandtheCarolingianDynastyfounded.In800,LeoIIIendowedthecrownwiththetitleofHolyRomanEmperortoCharlemagne,andtheFrankKingdombecametheCharlemagneEmpire.第10页/共102页TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasDuringthereignofCharlemagnetheGreat,theconflictbetweenthefeudalistplantationownersandserfsdeepened.Andsocialdisintegrationoccurredaftertheexpansionoftheempire,especiallyafterthedeathofCharlemagne.AcivilwartookplaceamongthreegrandsonsofCharlemagnefrom817to843.TheyconcludedthecivilwarbysigningtheTreatyofVerdunanddividedtheempireintothreeparts:theEasternFrankKingdom(laterdevelopedintoGermany),theWestFrankKingdom(laterdevelopedintoFrance),andMiddleKingdom(latermadeupofItaly).TheborderlineofthethreemodernEuropeancountrieswerebeginningtotakeshape.第11页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRomanCatholicChurch罗马天主教:thepartoftheChristianChurchwhichacceptstheauthorityofPope,indistinctiontotheOrthodoxEasternChurchseparatedfromitin1054andtotheProtestantChurchwhichbrokeawayinthe16thcentury第12页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsserfdom奴隶制:asocialsystemofproductioninwhichlabourersareboundtoworkforanestate,ratherthanbeingownedbythelordofthatestateandcouldchoosetoworkelsewherethoughfewwoulddosoinreality第13页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTacitus,PubliusCornelius(55–120AD)塔西佗:ARomanhistorian.HisworksincludeDialogueonOrator,Germaniaandtwofragmentsoflongerworks:HistoriesandAnnals.Hisstyleisextremelyterseandpolished,whichearnedhimmuchreputationinthelatergenerations.第14页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsCelt凯尔特人:OneoftheancientpeoplesinEurope,originatedinthesouthwestofGermanyandthenspreadtothenorthofSpainandtheBritishisles.LaterontheywereconqueredandabsorbedbyRomansandbarbarians.SomeofitsdescendentsandculturewerestillfoundinBritain,Ireland,SpainandFrance.第15页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsAttila阿提拉:kingofHuns,famousforhisbraveryandmilitancy,whichallowedhimtooverrunmuchoftheByzantineandWesternRomanempiresandwonmanyvictoriesuntilhediedofillnessbeforehisempirecollapsed第16页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsGaul高尔人:TheRomanprovinceofGallia,dividedintotworegions:CisalpineGaulinNorthernItalyandTransalpineGaul.TheareanowcomprisingFrance,Switzerland,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.TheformerwasconqueredbytheRomansin222whilethelatterwasravagedbyVisigothsbeforeitwasfinallyconqueredbyClovisandmergedintotheFrankishkingdom.第17页/共102页TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsmayorofthepalace宫相:thechiefministeroftheFrankishkings,whoseizedmoreandmorepowerfromthekingsduringthelateryearsoftheMerovingianKingdomuntiltheeventualusurpationofthethroneandtheestablishmentoftheCarolingianDynasty第18页/共102页TextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.(1)AfterthelastRomanemperorwasoverthrownbytheGermanmercenarytroops,theEuropeancivilizationmovedinto_____.A.

themoderneraB.theMiddleAgesC.thenewperiodD.theRenaissance

ComprehensionExercises第19页/共102页A.

FrenchB.ItaliansC.SlavsD.Tartars TextStudy_I_3.2TextStudyComprehensionExercises(2)ThebarbaroustribesincludedCelts,Germansand_______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第20页/共102页A.

theelderleaderB.themilitarychiefC.thewisemanD.thenoblemanTextStudy_I_3.3TextStudyComprehensionExercises(3)Thenortherntribesweremostlyruledby_______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第21页/共102页A.

seizingterritoriesB.stagingwars

C.collectingtreasures

D.inter-marriageTextStudy_I_3.4TextStudyComprehensionExercises(4)TheCarolingianDynastywasexpandedby_______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第22页/共102页A.

ministers

B.generalsC.generalassemblyD.deputies

TextStudy_I_3.5TextStudyComprehensionExercises(5)Charlemagneofferedhisreignthroughthecourtwhichworkedfortheemperorintheguiseofthepeopleassymbolizedby______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第23页/共102页TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussWhichpartoftheEuropeanhistoryiscalledtheMiddleAges?Andtellbrieflyabouttheformationoftheperiod.PleaseseeMainIdeasofPartI:TheSettingoftheMiddleAges.ThinkandDiscuss第24页/共102页TextStudy_I_pop1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第25页/共102页TextStudy_I_pop2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第26页/共102页TextStudy_I_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第27页/共102页TextStudy_I_pop4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第28页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasTheCarolingianCultureTheCarolingianculture,developedundertheinfluenceoftheChristianChurch,wasmorebackwardthanitscontemporaryculturesofByzantium,Arabia,IndiaandChina.Apartfromtheless-developedeconomyandcultureoftheGermans,yearsofwars,politicalandsocialinstabilityalsocontributedtotheculturalinferiority.Onlypriestsandmonksreceivededucation.AndthelanguageusedinteachingwasLatinandthesevensubjects.Ancientmanuscriptsweregatheredandcopied,whichhavebeenkepttillthisday.Inarts,thebuildingofpalacesalsoencouragedthedevelopmentofpaintingandcarvingandotherartforms.Inall,MainIdeas第29页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasCarolingianliterature,educationandcultureingeneraladvancedthroughborrowingfromlateRomanandcontemporaryByzantinemodelsandtechniques.

第30页/共102页TheMythsofScandinaviansandGermansTheancientGermanandNorsepeopleshadmadeasystematicrecordoftheirdivinitiesandreligiousbeliefs.ThebasisoftheirnorthernreligioncamefromabookcalledEdda,whichwasdividedintoElderEddaandYoungerEdda.Eddatellsastoryoftheformationoftheworldandlegendsofgodsandspirits.ModernEnglishnamesoftheweekdaysaremostlyderivedfromthenamesofnortherngods.TextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第31页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasNameofGodCharacterOdinThemostimportantgodamongnortherngods.Hewasnotperfect,butheisdevotedtothehappinessofman.FreyjaOdin’swifewhoisfierceandinflexiblebynatureinthemannerofHeraandherdutyistoprotectmarriageandfamilies

FlaireagoddessofloveandbeautyThorOdin’sson,theThunderGod第32页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasNameofGodCharacterFrayThor’sbrother,agodoffertility,in

chargeofsunandrainTyrFray’sson,theGodofWar

BalderThemostrespectablegod,who’sregardedverypowerfulinthatnodeadlyweaponsorspearscanhurthim.

Yetheisvulnerabletomistletoe,withwhichhewasattackedandkilledbytheFireGod.第33页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheCharlemagneLegendsOnepartofthelegendisabouthowCharlemagnesupportedtheactivitiesoftheChristianChurch,helpingPopeLeoIIItodefeattheRomanaristocratsandrecoverthepapalsovereignty.AnotherpartisabouthowCharlemagnedefeatedonebranchofGerman-Saxonsaftertheirattack,thusconsolidatinghisruleandexpandinghisborders.第34页/共102页TextStudy_2_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsAachen亚琛:Itwashistoricallyaspatown,andafavouredresidenceofCharlemagne,andtheplaceofcoronationoftheKingsofGermany.Geographically,AachenisthewesternmosttownofGermany,locatedalongitsborderswithBelgiumandtheNetherlands.AachenCathedralwaserectedontheordersof

Charlemagnein786AD

andwasoncompletionthelargestcathedralnorthoftheAlps.OnhisdeathCharlemagne’sremainswereinterredinthecathedralandcanbeseentheretothisday.Thecathedralwasextendedseveraltimesinlaterages,whichturneditintoacuriousanduniquemixtureofbuildingstyles.第35页/共102页TextStudy_2_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRoland罗兰:ItwasapopularlegendaryfigureinmedievalEurope.Overthenextseveralcenturies,Rolandbecamea“popicon”inmedievalminstrelculture.Accordingtomanylegends,hewasanephewofCharlemagne(whetherornotthiswastrueisunknown),andturnedhislifeintoanepictaleofthenobleChristiankilledbyIslamicforces,whichformspartofthemedievalMatterofFrance.第36页/共102页(1)CarolingianculturewasfeaturedwithChristianitybecauseofthelatter’sstronginfluenceonthebarbaroustribes.(2)EddaisacollectionofGermanicmythswhichprovidestheprototypesforlatertalesofEuropeannations.(3)AlltheEnglishnamesoftheweekdaysderivefromtheNortherngods.(4)ThelegendsinCharlemagne’slifeanddeedswerefrequentlyreferencedbymanypoetsoftheRenaissanceandlaterperiods.(5)IntheGermanandNorsemythology,thegodsarenotperfect.TheyrepresentdifferentforcesoftheGod,strugglingagainsttheprimevalgiants.

TextStudy_2_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueorfalsequestions.ComprehensionExercisesF__F__T__T__T__第37页/共102页TextStudy_2_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscuss(1)TellbrieflythemeasuresCharlemagnetheGreattooktoimprovetheculturalconditionsofhisempireandtheresultsofthesemeasures.ThemeasuresCharlemagnetookincludedcareforeducationandacademicstudiesbyaskingthechurchtorunschoolsandinvitingfamousscholarstolectureattheroyalcourt,thecollectionandrecoveringofclassicalbooksbycopyingbooksborrowedfromelsewhere,thereestablishmentofculturalcustomsandethicalnorms,andfoundingofmagnificentbuildingsbypullingdowntheoldbuildingsinRomeandotherhistoricalcitiesandtransportingtheirmaterialstotheemperor’scapital.ThinkandDiscuss第38页/共102页TextStudy_2_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThereforeliteracywasgreatlyimprovedandenhancedamongtheaverage,especiallyamongtheyoungerpeople,whowouldbechosentoservetheempire.Moreandmoreattentionwaspaidtoculturalaffairsandmoralvalueswiththeobvioussignsofsocialprogressandculturalprosperity.ThecitiesbecamebeautifulwiththeincreasingnumbersofgrandbuildingsputupofRomantype.Inaway,culturalrevivaloftheempirewasbasicallylaunchedandmodeledonRomanorclassicalpatternandthusensuredcontinuityandconsistenceofWesterncultureandcivilizationinspiteofthechangeofpoliticalregimes.ThinkandDiscuss第39页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1_pop1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第40页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1_pop2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第41页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第42页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第43页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第44页/共102页TextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第45页/共102页TextStudy_3_1MainIdeasTextStudy(1)CulturalAchievements

ByzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofGreeceandRomewiththeEasterncultureinitsuniqueway.TheforemostculturalaccomplishmentoftheEasternChurchwasthefoundingoftheUniversityofConstantinoplewhosehead,Leo,andhissuccessorsturneditintoasuccessfulinstituteoflearninginliteraryandreligioussubjects.

MainIdeas第46页/共102页TextStudy_3_2MainIdeasTextStudyLiterature:EpicofDigenesAkritasPhilosophy:ThefoundingofNeo-Platonism,whichwasasyntheticresultofcombiningStoicism,Pythagoreanism,PlatonicandAristotelianphilosophywithEasternmysticism.ItfocusedonthepowerofspiritandassertedmancouldjoinGodinHisactions.ItisaresultoflinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticism.TheprincipalbooksofthisperiodincludedToursamongtheOrientalCountries,TheHistoryoftheJustinianWar,andTheSecretHistory.MainIdeas第47页/共102页TextStudy_3_3MainIdeasTextStudyArchitecture:characteristicofboththeclassicalagesandtheEasterncountries.TheSophiaCathedralinConstantinoplewasarepresentationoftheByzantinearchitecturalandartisticstyle.MainIdeas第48页/共102页TextStudy_3_DVD_SophiaCathedralMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第49页/共102页TextStudy_3_1DVD_ByzantinesculptureMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第50页/共102页TextStudy_3_4MainIdeasTextStudy(2)ChristianCulture

Administration:LegalcodesandadministrationpolicieswerefurtherimprovedandmademorepreciseintheByzantineEmpire.Itcouldbeseeninthemanagementofecclesiasticalaffairs,wheretheEmperorJustiniangaveorderstocontrolthesizeofchurchesandmonasteries.Inthe7thcentury,ByzantineEmpirebecameareligiouscommunityunderecclesiasticalleadership.Andthisperiodprovidedsteadyurbandevelopmentandculturalprosperity.MainIdeas第51页/共102页TextStudy_3_5MainIdeasTextStudyMusic:Hymns

writtenbySt.Romano’sMelodosmarkedthestrikingmusicaldevelopmentoftheliturgyduringJustinian’sreign.MainIdeas第52页/共102页TextStudy_3_6MainIdeasTextStudyLiterature:BiographybecamemarkedlyChristianandmarkedlypopular.Following

thepatternusedinthe4thcenturybyAthanasiusinwritingthelifeofSt.Anthony,hagiographersrecordedthedeedsoftheseextraordinaryholymen,creatinginthesaint’slifetimeaformofliteraturethatwenttoflowerinthe6thand7thcenturies.Spirit:Theincreasingvenerationaccorded

withtheicon,anabstractandsimplifiedimageofChrist,theVirgin,oroneofthesaints.Iconsappearedinbothprivateandpublicuseduringthelasthalfofthe6thcentury.Theyprovidedachannelofdivinityfortheindividualsandwerecarriedastalismanstoguaranteesuccessesinbattle.MainIdeas第53页/共102页TextStudy_3_7MainIdeasTextStudyTheology:AmovementknownasHesychasmsprungup,butwasconsistentlyundercontroversy.Intellect:RediscoveryofancientGreeklearning.ThescholarMaximusPlanudescompiledafamousanthologyandtranslatedanumberofLatinworksintoGreek.OtherfamousintellectualsareDemetriusCydones,NicephorusGregoras,etc.History:TherewasaglorioustraditionofByzantinehistoriography,whichwasmaintainedbyanumberoffigureslikeGeorgeAcropolites,GeorgePachymeres,Gregoras,andEmperorJohnVICantacuzenus.

MainIdeas第54页/共102页yourclosettopray”,hesychasmintraditionhasbeentheprocessofretiringinwardbyceasingtoregisterthesenses,inordertoachieveanexperientialknowledgeofGod.ItsspokesmanwasGregoryPalamas,amonkfromAthos.TextStudy_3_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyHesychasm静修：Itisaneremitic(隐士的)traditionofprayerintheEasternOrthodoxChurch,andsomeoftheEasternCatholicChurches,suchastheByzantineRitebytheHesychast.BasedonChrist’sinjunctionintheGospelofMatthewto“gointoInterpretationofCulturalTerms第55页/共102页(1)Byzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofandwiththeculture.(2)isaphilosophylinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticism,whichfocusedonthepowerofspiritandtranscendentalism.(3)Spirituallyandculturally,centuryinByzantiumshowedremarkablevitality.TextStudy_3_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesFillintheblanks.Greece______Rome_____Eastern______Neo-Platonism____________14th____第56页/共102页TextStudy_3_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)CitesomefactstomanifesttheculturalachievementsoftheByzantineEmpire.

Generally,theByzantineEmpireenjoyedalessharshandmorecomfortableintellectualclimateandenvironmentthanRomanEmpireduetotherelaxationofideologicalandculturalcontrolaftertheOrthodoxEasternChurchbrokeawayfromVatican.Therelaxationpolicyallowedfortheoccurrenceofanumberofculturaleventsortendencies,suchasthefoundingoftheUniversityofConstantinoplewhichwasturnedintoasuccessfulinstituteoflearningbasedonliteraryandreligiousThinkandDiscuss第57页/共102页TextStudy_3_4.2ThinkandDiscussTextStudysubjects,theemergenceofaseriesofliteraryandartisticworksliketheEpicofDigenesAkritas.Moreimportantthanthesechangeswasthefashionofadvocatingclassicalculturewhichpromotedthedevelopmentofclassicalideas.Asaresult,Neo-Platonism,asynthesisofavarietyofGreekphilosophiesandEasternculture,cameforwardasanewfashionpopularamongtheelitefirstinAlexandriaandthenintherestoftheempire.Thecombinationofdifferentcultureswasfurtherextendedfromideologytosomepracticalareaslikearchitecture,whichwitnessedtheerectionofanewkindofbuilding,suchasSophiaCathedral.ThinkandDiscuss第58页/共102页TextStudy_3_4.3ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss(2)TrytoworkoutthereasonswhytheByzantineEmpirecouldstaymuchlongerthantheWesternRomanEmpirebymovingintoreligiousandethnicaldiversities.ThereareanumberofreasonsforthelongersurvivaloftheByzantineEmpireincomparisonwiththeWesternRomanEmpire.Firstly,geographicaladvantageseemedimportantfortheByzantineEmpirewhenitfounditsrivalwasseparatedbylongdistanceandaliencultureoftheeast.Theempiretooktheopportunitytoconsolidateitsnewpositioninamorefriendlyneighbourhood.第59页/共102页TextStudy_3_4.4ThinkandDiscussTextStudySecondly,theempiretooklessonsfromtheWesternRomanEmpireandmadeitspolicymoretolerantofdifferentviews,likeallowingfortheemergenceofclassicalideasinassociationwithaliencultureoftheeast.Thirdly,theempireencouragedthemeetingofdiversenationalitiesandtheirculturessothatakindofharmonycouldbeachievedoveritsvastterritory.Fourthly,Christianitywasgreatlychangedinitsnewform,theOrthodoxEasternChurch,andofferedmorefreedomandindependencetoitschurchesanddisciplesandthusattractedmorepeopletojoinitsactivities.ThinkandDiscuss第60页/共102页TextStudy_3_4.7ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscussBecauseofthesefactors,theempireachievedpoliticalagreement,socialstability,intellectualequalityandculturalharmonyandthuspreparedforthebasicconditionsrequiredforalong-termdevelopmentandexistence.第61页/共102页TextStudy_3_1DVD_IconMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第62页/共102页TextStudy_3_St.Romano’sMelodos

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第63页/共102页TextStudy_4_1MainIdeasTextStudyBackground(1)IntheearlyandmiddleperiodsoftheMedievalAges,majorprinciplesofChristianlostacceptanceandwereevenopposedbymoreandmoreenlightenedpeople.(2)ThedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandscientificandtechnologicaladvancesinthemiddleandlaterperiodsoftheMiddleAgesprovidedtheideologicalconditionsfortheRenaissancewithitsresurgenceofartandliterature.(3)Itwashighlynecessaryforthechurchtoconvincetheaveragepeoplethatitofferedareasonableandacceptabletheology.MainIdeas第64页/共102页TextStudy_4_2MainIdeasTextStudyTwocontroversialtheologies

NameofPhilosophyRepresentativesFeaturesofPhilosophyScholasticismAnselm,ThomasAquinasTodefendandconsolidatethestatusofChristianity.ThescholarsusedPlatoandAristotle’sphilosophiestoexplainChristiandoctrines.MainIdeas第65页/共102页TextStudy_4_3MainIdeasTextStudyNameofPhilosophyRepresentativesFeaturesofPhilosophyMaterialismAverroes,

RogerBaconTheuniversewasnotcontrolledbyGod,butbyitsownlaws.

Theoreticalprinciplescouldonlybeachievedbyexperiments.MainIdeas第66页/共102页TextStudy_4_4InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsSyllogism(orLogicalAppeal)直言三段论:Itisakindoflogicalargumentinwhichoneproposition(theconclusion)isinferredfromtwoothers(thepremises)ofacertainform.第67页/共102页TextStudy_4_5ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercisesChoosetherightsentencesaboutScholasticism.A.ScholasticismwasinitiatedbythemedievaltheologianstodefendandconsolidatethestatusofChristianity.B.TheScholarsemployedAristotle’sstatementandPlato’stheoryofideastoexplainGod’sexistence.C.TheScholarsmadeacompromisebetweenscienceandphilosophy.D.ScholasticismregardedtheBibleastheonlysourceofabsolutetruth,makingreasonsubmittoreligiousfaith.E.Scholasticismbelievedthattheoreticalprinciplescouldbeachievedbybothreasoningandexperimentation.A,B,D第68页/共102页TextStudy_4_6ThinkandDiscussTextStudyPleaseillustratethefactorswhichattributedtotheappearanceofScholasticism.

Subjectivefactor:IntheearlyandmiddleperiodsoftheMedievalAges,majorprinciplesofChristianlostacceptanceandwereevenopposedbymoreandmoreenlightenedpeople.Objectivefactor:ThedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandscientificandtechnologicaladvancesinthemiddleandlaterperiodsoftheMiddleAgesprovidedtheideologicalconditionsfortheRenaissancewithitsresurgenceofartandliterature.Therefore,itwashighlynecessaryforthechurchtoconvincetheaveragepeoplethatitofferedareasonableandacceptabletheology.ThinkandDiscuss第69页/共102页TextStudy_4_FourteenthcenturyimageofaschoolMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第70页/共102页TextStudy_4_1ThomasAquinasMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第71页/共102页TextStudy_4_1AverroesMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第72页/共102页TextStudy_4_1RogerBaconMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第73页/共102页TextStudy_5_1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasLiteraturePoemearlyperiodrepresentedbyhymnsexpressingtheintensereligiousfeelingsofloveofGod.Latinwasitslanguage.later