Chinese-pidgin-English英语教学课件

ChinesePidginEnglishcontentsBriefIntrductionofChinesePidginEngish.TheOriginofChinesePidginEnglish.TheCharacteristicsofChinesePidginEnglish.TheInfluencesofChinesePidginEnglish.Conclusion.Whatispidgin?Asimpleformofalanguage,especiallyEnglish,PortugueseorDutch,withalimitednumberofwords,thatareusedtogetherwithwordsformalocallanguage.Itisusedwhenpeoplewhodonotspeakthesamelanguageneedtotalktoeachother.

——《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第六版商务印书馆牛津大学出版社“Pidgin”meansalanguagethathasdevelopedfromtheneedofspeakersoftwodifferentlanguagestocommunicateandisprimarilyasimplifiedformofoneofthelanguages,withareducedvocabularyandgrammaticalstructure.

——WebsterAdvancedLearner'sEnglish-ChineseDictionary

《韦氏高阶英语学习词典》Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Pidginisnotamothertongueforanyspeechcommunities.——ANewConciseCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish《新编简明英语语言学教程》戴炜栋何兆雄用两种或多种语言混合而成的一种简化的说话方式，语法和词汇较初级，被用于不同语言者进行交流，不作为第一语言或者母语。——2007版金山词霸

TherearemanydifferentkindsofPidginlanguageservingasaneffectivemeansofcommunicationaroundtheworld.PidginEnglish,takentheworldover,ismixedbyEnglish(asthesuperstratelanguage上层语言)andlocallanguageorlocaldialect(asthesubstratelanguage下层语言).ThevocabularywasmainlyborrowedfromEnglish,while,thegrammarbasedonthelocallanguageorlocaldialect.

TherearedifferentsocialfactorsoftheformationofPidginEnglish.Forinstance:

JapanesePidginEnglish——Militaryoccupation

IndianPidginEnglish——Internalcommunicationbetweenmasterandservantwithinfamily

HawaiianPidginEnglish——Planationeconomic

ChinesePidginEnglish——Trading

WhatisChinesePidginEnglish?

ChinesePidginEnglish,alsoknownasChinaCoastPidgin,hasbeencalledthe“motherofallpidgins‟foranumberofreasons(Li,Matthews,&Smith2005:79).Itfunctionedasalinguafranca（混合语）inthecommunitiesofWesterntradersfoundintheportsoftheChinaCoastandsomeinlandmarkets.ItrepresentstheglobalexpansionandthelocalizationoftheEnglishlanguage.Itwasgreatlyaffectedbythepronunciation,rulesandexpressionsofChineselanguage.

TheOriginofChinesePidginEnglish“洋泾浜”是上海的一条小河，与黄浦江相连。19世纪中叶，英国、法国相继在上海设立租界，洋泾浜正是英法租界的界河。最早的中西混合语言,即“广东葡语”(CantāoPortuguēs)或“澳门葡语”是明嘉靖三十二年（１５５３年）后一些葡萄牙殖民者强行租占澳门之后，为了与当地人交往和通商而随之产生的工具语言。从19世纪初到鸦片战争前后,随着英美殖民主义者在广州、上海成为最主要的贸易者并逐渐取代葡萄牙老殖民主义者,作为一种优势媒介语的英语自然取而代之,随着英国在中西贸易中地位的上升,“广东英语”逐渐代替了“广东葡语”。到19世纪中叶,五口通商,英租界在上海建立以后，洋泾浜成为租界和华界的分界线，沿岸也成了上海最繁华的地段，也是英语和汉语接触最频繁的地方。“广东英语”开始盛行于上海外国商馆集中的洋泾浜,遂称“洋泾浜英语”(PigeonEnglish)。“广东英语”带有浓厚的广州特色,而“洋泾浜英语”带有浓厚的上海特色。

《洋泾浜英语在近代中国产生的历史渊源之探讨》周毅2005

Emigration(移民)

Colonization(殖民)

Needofcommunication

LanguageblendingPidgin

洋泾浜英语的历史可以分成四个时期诞生期：1715—1748年，诞生于广州和澳门；早期：1748年—1842年，使用于广州；扩展鼎盛期：1842年—1890年，使用于香港和各地通商口岸衰落期：1890年至今，由于标准英语的普及。

ｂａｃｋTheCharacteristicsofChinesePidginEnglish1.Particularitiesinvocabulary

Firstly,thevocabularyofChinesePidginEnglishisextremelylimited,onewordusuallystandsforthemeaningofseveralothers,somewordsaremorefrequentlyusedthanothers.Forexample:

"belong"Youbelongploper——Areyouok?Howmuchee(much)belong?——Howmuchisit?Youbelonginside——YouareintelligentMybelongsorry——Iamsorry"pay"Ifaforeignhostesswantstodrinksomewater,inordertomakeherservantunderstandhermeaning,shemightsay:"Paymythetea".Itmeansgivemethetea.

"side"whatside——wherehomeside——homewindowside——atthesideofthewindowsitdown,inside——comeinandsitdown

Secondly,invocabularyChinesePidginEnglishislocalized.SomewordsandphrasesadoptedinChinesePidginEnglishsometimesareblendedwithbothChinesecharactersandEnglishwords.Suchas,中国chess——Chinesechess买bill——paythebill小case——smallcase

Tosumup,simplificationandlocalizationarethemainfeatureofChinesePidginEnglishintheaspectofvocabulary.2.ParticularitiesinpronunciationThepronunciationofChinesePidginEnglishisdistinctive.Firstly,itisablend.ChinesePidginEnglishusuallyusesChinesecharctersinsteadofinternationalphoneticsignstomarkthepronunciationofanEnglishword.ManyEnglishwordsarepronouncedwithastrongdialectalaccent.Forexample,whatthing——货屈听（Cantondialect）steam——水汀（Shanghaidialect)shop——沙浦(Ningbodialect)Secondly,thephonemicsystemofChinesePidginEnglishisgreatlysimplified.Generallyspeaking,thereareonlythreevowelphonemes——[i],[a]and[u].Sotheword"sheep","ship","soup"and"soap"areallutteredas[sip].Meanwhile,thesystemofconsnantphonemesisalsosimplified.Forexample,[s],[∫]and[dᴣ]areallpronuncedas[s].

Thirdly,thepronunciationsaregreatlylocalized.InordertohelpChinesepeopletopronuncetheplosives(破裂音),suchas[t],[t∫]and[k]attheendof"want","catch"and"make",peopleaddthesuffix"-ee"tothesewordstoalterthepronunciation.

Therearemanyotheralterations,too.Forinstance,[r]ischangedto[l]rain→[lin]friend→[flin][θ]ischangedinto[t]mouth→[maut]cloth→[glut]

Inbrief,thecharcteristicsofChinesePidginEnglishinpronunciationcanfinditsfullexpressioninthreewords——"blend","simplication"and"localization".3.ParticularitiesingrammarComparedwiththeChineselanguageortheEnglishlanguage,ChinesePidginEnglishseemstobelackingincomplicatedgrammaticalsystem.

Firstly,verbsdonothavegrammaticalchangesintenseandvoice.Oneformofaverbcanreplacealmostalltheotherforms.

Secondly,thereisnopluralformforanoun.

twoapples→twoapplesixmen→sixman

Thirdly,thereisnoinflectionofpronouns.Asaresult,thedifferencesamongthenominativecase,theobjectivecaseandpossessivecasearejustneglected.SoinPidginEnglishtheword“my”cantaketheplaceof“me”and“I”.Beside,inPidginEnglish,thewordorderofasentenceisoftenarrangedaccordingtotheusualpracticeoftheChineselanguage.Forinstance,

“Youseenoseetheplay”

whichmeans“Doyouwanttoseetheplay?”Moreover,peoplespeakPidginEnglishaccordingtothetypicalexpressionsoftheChineselanguage.“Giveyousomecolorseesee”whichmeansIwillpunishyou.ThemostimportantcharacteristicsofChinesePidginEnglishcanbesummarizedinasentence—ChinesePidginEnglishisgreatlysimplifiedandheavilylocalized.

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TheInfluencesoftheChinesePidginEnglishAsavarietyoftheEnglishlanguage,ChinesePidginEnglishhasexertedgreaterinfluencesonChinesethanonEnglish,revealingthemselvesrespectivelyinvocabularyandingrammar.

Ontheonehand,ChinesePidginEnglishenlargedtheChinesevocabularyintwoaspects.First,asthepopularizationofChineselanguageareenriched.Forinstance,beggars→begsay→瘪三

Secondly,somewordsandphraseofChinesePidginEnglishbecamepartoftheofficiallanguageofChina.Forexample，

smart→时髦litter→邋遢