人体寄生虫学复习总结

人体寄生虫学复习总结第1页/共62页实验课安排时间：周三下午（双周）（第2,4,6,8,10周，共5次）第1次实验，9月16日（周三）下午上课地点：病原生物学实验室（东1号楼3楼东）带上实验报告纸（8张，订起来）

穿实验服按要求入座并固定下来（不要迟到）第2页/共62页教学辅助精品课程网站：2.教学大纲3.教学参考书4.其他：常用网址：

1./dpdx/Default.htm

2.http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/atlas.htm第3页/共62页HumanParasitology(MedicalParasitology)MedicalParasitologyisabranchofmedicalsciencedealingwithparasiteslivinginandonthebodyofhumansandwithaspectsofthishost-parasiterelationshipshavingmedicalsignificance.第4页/共62页Bridgecoursebetweenbasicmedicineandclinicalmedicine第5页/共62页认识寄生虫及寄生虫病诊治寄生虫病预防寄生虫病Whydowestudyparasites?MedicalimportanceIsalionaparasite?

Isamosquitoaparasite?Whoisaparasite?第6页/共62页

Protozoa原虫Helminths蠕虫Arthropods节肢动物ThreemajorgroupsInthiscoursewewillconcentrateon:

第7页/共62页Thedetrimentsofparasitestohumans

Recentestimatesofprevalenceofparasitesintheworldare:Ascaris 1.5billion Hookworms 1.3billion Whipworms 1billionFilarialworms 657millionMalaria 500million1.1568m(mortality)Schistosomes 270millionAmebiasis 50millionTaeniadtapeworms 50millionClonorchis 20millionChagas’Disease 15million

第8页/共62页diseaseburden(WHO,2000-2004)malaria42.7386millionleishmania2.066millionDALYs(disability-adjustedlifeyears)

失能调整生命年Thesumofyearsofpotentiallifelostduetopremature

mortalityandtheyearsofproductivelifelostduetodisability.第9页/共62页Year1975Malaria疟疾Schistosomiasis血吸虫病Filariasis丝虫病Leishmaniasis利什曼病Trypanosomiasis锥虫病(麻风leprosy)Year2000疟疾malaria血吸虫病schistosomiasis丝虫病filariasis

淋巴丝虫病lymphaticfilariasis盘尾丝虫病onchocerciasis利什曼病leishmaniasis锥虫病trypanosomiasis

非洲锥虫病美洲锥虫病麻风leprosy结核病tuberculosis登革热denguefeverTropicalDiseases

第10页/共62页第11页/共62页--ForgottenPeople,ForgottenDiseases第12页/共62页Includingseveraldiseases,whichaffectoneinsixpeopleglobally,areneglectedbyeverybody-bythepharmaceuticalindustry,bymainstreamglobalhealtheffortsandbythemedia.被忽视的热带病(NeglectedTropicalDiseases)一类盛行千年，危害严重，多见于极端贫困地

区的慢性传染性疾病第13页/共62页malaria疟疾第14页/共62页schistosomiasis日本血吸虫病

第15页/共62页

elephantiasis淋巴丝虫病

(象皮肿)riverblindness(盘尾丝虫病,河盲症)第16页/共62页

leishmaniasis

利什曼病第17页/共62页Chagasdisease

美洲锥虫病第18页/共62页

sleepingsickness(非洲锥虫病,睡眠病)第19页/共62页CurrentsituationofparasiticdiseasesinChina

1950’s2000’sMalaria3×1073×104Schistosomiasis1.16×1078.4×105Lymphaticfilariasis3×107

eliminated

Leishmaniasis5.3×105eliminatedHookwormdisease1.94×108(1988-92)

3.93×107(2001~04)第20页/共62页ParasiticdiseasesimportingfromothercountriesIntestinalhelminths(1.29×108)

Food-borneparasitosisEmergingparasiticdiseasesNeoemergingReemerging2004年第二次寄调食物源性寄生虫病第21页/共62页2.EconomicimportanceWhydowestudyparasites?3.Veterinaryimportance4.Biologicalimportance第22页/共62页思考：寄生虫（寄生虫病）的研究发展史。人类能最终战胜寄生虫病吗？（寄生虫病能消灭吗？）3.Sometypesofparasiticinfectionsareincreasing,pleasediscussindetail.第23页/共62页Evolutionofparasitism：FreelivingSymbiosis（共生）

biologyofparasites

commensalisms共栖mutualism互利共生parasitism

寄生第24页/共62页CommensalismBeneficialtoonepartnerandatleastnotdisadvantageoustotheother

（Onepartnerbenefitsbuttheotherisnothurt.）

鮣鱼return第25页/共62页Mutualism

beneficialtobothorganisms(Bothpartnersbenefit)

Seaanemones/

hermitcrabsTermite/

flagellatedprotozoanreturn第26页/共62页Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneanimal(thehost)istosomedegreeinjuredthroughtheactivitiesoftheotheranimal(theparasite).Inotherwords,Onepartner(theparasite)harmsorlivesontheexpenseoftheother（thehost）Parasitism---awayoflifeParasitesaresmart!第27页/共62页Parasite（寄生物，寄生虫）:AnorganismwhichisdependentonanotherorganismforitssurvivalHost（宿主）:Anorganismwhichharborstheparasite（andisusuallylargerthantheparasite）Definitionofparasite,hostandparasitism第28页/共62页Morphologicaladaptations

2.Specializedattachmentorgansbeendeveloped(hooks,suckers)3.SomeorganslostorreducedSomeorgansstrengthened(reproductivesystem)1.Adaptationofbodilyform

AdaptationstoParasitism第29页/共62页Physiologicaladaptations

Metabolicchanges代谢改变Specializedmechanismsforaffectingentranceintothebodyortissue(elaborationofenzymes)侵入机制特化

Highreproductivecapacityformaintainingthespecies

繁殖能力增强

第30页/共62页Lifecycleandtheclassificationofthehostandparasitelifecycle生活史Thewholeprocessofthegrowing,developmentandreproductionofparasitewithinandoutsidethehost.(寄生虫完成一代的生长、发育与繁殖的整个过程。)Twocommonphases:

therouteaparasitefollowsinsidethebodyTherouteaparasitefollowsoutsideofthebody第31页/共62页Threecommoncomponents:

amodeoftransmission(discusslater)aninfectivestageadiagnosticstagethestageofdevelopmentofparasiteswhichcaninvadehostandcontinuefurtherdevelopmentwithinthehost.感染期infectivestage（感染阶段）生活史过程中对人体具有感染能力(侵入人体并继续发育）的阶段?第32页/共62页Directlifecycle:

Inwhichtheparasiteispassedfromhosttothenextthroughthecontaminatedfoodorwater,itdoesn’tneedintermediatehost.Indirectlifecycle:

Intermediatehostisnecessaryinthestyleoflifecycle

KindsoflifecyclesEx：Enterobiusvermicularis

Ex：Taeniasolium

第33页/共62页Definitivehost:Host(终宿主

definitivehost：成虫或有性生殖阶段寄生的宿主。)Theoneinwhichtheparasitereachessexualmaturityorundergoessexualreproduction.(harbourstheadultorsexualreproductionstagesoftheparasite)第34页/共62页Inwhichonlylarvaldevelopmentorasexualreproductionoccursorboth(中间宿主

intermediatehost：幼虫或无性生殖阶段寄生的宿主。)Intermediatehost:第35页/共62页Reservoirhost:

Theparasitecanbetransmittedtohumans(zoonosis)ordomesticanimalsasadditionalsourcesofhumaninfection某些寄生虫既可寄生人体，也可寄生某些脊椎动物，并可传播给人,在流行病学称这些动物为保虫宿主。Domesticorwildanimalsthatharborstheadultorsexualstageofcertainhuman’sparasite.保虫宿主（储蓄宿主）：第36页/共62页Paratenichost(transporthost):转续宿主某些寄生虫的幼虫侵入非正常终宿主,不能发育为成虫,长期保持幼虫状态,只有当该幼虫有机会侵入正常终宿主体内时,才能发育为成虫,这种非正常宿主称为转续宿主。Anabnormalhost(notsuitableforparasitedevelopment),whenaparasiteenters,itdonotundergoanydevelopmentbutcontinuestostayaliveandbeinfectivetoanormalhost（causedisease).第37页/共62页facultativeparasite兼性寄生虫Aparasitecanlivebothinoronthehostaswellasinafree-livingformparasiticandfreelivinggenerationscanalternatedependingonenvironmentalconditionsParasiteAccordingtocharacteristicofparasites:Obligatory(obligate)parasite专性寄生虫Aparasitecanliveonlyinaassociationwithahostoranorganism,cannotsurvivewithoutahostAccidentalparasite偶然性寄生虫按宿主选择性第38页/共62页permanentparasites

永久性寄生虫temporaryparasite暂时性寄生虫someanimalsinvadingthehosttemporaryonlyforbloodsucking,suchasmosquitoes,ticks,etc.Ectoparasite

体外寄生虫ExistonthebodysurfaceEndoparasite

体内寄生虫Parasiteslivingwithin(inside)thehostbody按寄生时间按寄生部位第39页/共62页OpportunisticparasiteSomeparasites,suchasToxoplasmagondii,cryptosporidiumparvum,pneumocystisjiroveci,etc,onlyinduceunapparentinfectioninthehostwithnormalimmunecompetency,butcanleadtoseverediseaseevendeathinthepersonsufferedwithAIDSorotherimmunedeficiencyconditions.immunocompromisedhost（免疫受累宿主）机会致病寄生虫：如弓形虫、隐孢子虫、肺孢子虫等，在宿主体内通常处于隐性感染状态，在宿主免疫功能降低时，出现异常增殖或致病力增强。第40页/共62页Nourishmentandmetabolismoftheparasites(omit)Asexualreproduction

无性生殖sexualreproduction

有性生殖Alternationofgeneration(世代交替)Areproductionmodeofsomeprotozoonandhelminthicparasitescharacterizedbythealternationofgenerationswithasexualandsexualreproductionintheirlifecycle.reproductionmodeofparasites第41页/共62页NominationoftheparasiteParasitologyhistoricallycoversadiversecollectionofmetazoanandunicellularorganisms

Kingdom界Phylum门Class纲Order目Family科Genus属Species种第42页/共62页BinominalsystemisappliedforparasitesGenusname+speciesname

WithacapitalwithasmallInitialletterinitialletterspecificnameofparasitesAllinlatiniedlanguagewithitalicorunderlinedSchistosomajaponicumAbbreviation:S.japonicum

（SchistosomajaponicumAbbreviation:S.japonicum）第43页/共62页Parasite-hostrelationship3.PoisoningandImmunopathologyEffectsoftheparasiteonthehost1.Nutritionrobbing2.Mechanicalinjury第44页/共62页--Naturalimmunity(nonspecificimmunity)EffectsofthehostontheparasiteBarrier:Skin/Mucousmembrance/Placenta.Fluid(Acid):Phagocytosis:Butnotverystrong!Immuneevasionhypersensitivity第45页/共62页--Acquiredimmunity(specificimmunity)EffectsofthehostontheparasiteSterilizingimmunity消除性免疫Wipeouttheparasitescompletely,meanwhilegetalong-termspecificresistancetore-infection.Non-sterilizingimmunity非消除性免疫

(Common!)Wipeoutmostoftheparasites,butnotcompletely.Noparasite,noimmunity!

premunition带虫免疫

concomitantimmunity伴随免疫第46页/共62页Thecharacteristicsofparasiticinfectionsandparasitosis

parasiticinfections寄生虫感染:

establishmentoftheparasiteinitshostparasiticdiseases(parasitosis寄生虫病):

Clinicalmanifestationoftheparasiticinfectionwhichshowstheactivepresenceandproductionoftheparasitecausingdamageinthehost.第47页/共62页Carrier带虫者:

apersonwhoisinfectedwithacertainparasitewithoutdisplayinganyclinicalsignsorsymptomsbutcanserveasasourceofparasiticinfection.Suppressiveinfection

隐性感染

withoutanyclinicalsignsorsymptoms

cannotbedetectedbyusualmethodsmayormaynotasasourceofparasiticinfection

chronicinfection慢性感染第48页/共62页Polyparasitism多寄生现象larvamigrans幼虫移行症Somejuvenilesofanimalhelminthsinvadehumanifhumanisnottheiradaptedhost,thejuvenilescannotdeveloptoadultsbutmigrateinthebodyofhumanandcauselesionstotissuesororgans.为什么会出现多寄生？多寄生后会出现什么结果？……第49页/共62页ectopicparasitism异位寄生

Generally,humanparasitewilldwellinadefinitivesiteinhumanbody,butinsomecases,theparasitelodgeindifferentsites,thisphenomenawascalled.第50页/共62页Epidemiologicalfactorsandprincipleofcontrol

BasicrulesfortheprevalenceofparasiticdiseasesPatientscarriersSourcesofinfectionanimalsHumansRoutesoftransmissionSusceptiblepopulation传染源传播途径易感人群第51页/共62页ThroughfoodThroughwaterThroughsoilThroughairThroughblood-suckingarthropodThroughdirectcontactRoutesoftransmission第52页/共62页1.Pre-oralingestion(throughmouth)

EX，consumingcontaminatedfoodorwaterhand-to-mouthcontamination(fecal-oral)2.Pre-cutaneous(viaskin)orothersurface

Ex,eyecontactwithinfectedswimmingwater3.Pre-respiratory(throughinhalation)4.Throughdirectcontact（sexualtransmission）