系统功能语言学视角下的翻译研究

ASystemicFunctionalLinguisticsApproachtoTranslationStudies

系统功能语言学视角下的翻译研究HuangGuowen(SunYat-senUniversity)<>近年来我们的有关研究黄国文2001，《语篇分析的理论与实践》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。黄国文2002，关于语篇与翻译，《外语与外语教学》2002第7期。黄国文2006，《翻译研究的语言学探索》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。张美芳、黄国文2002，语篇语言学与翻译研究，《中国翻译》2002年第3期。黄国文、张美芳2003,从语篇分析角度看翻译单位的确定,(香港)TranslationQuarterly,2003（30）。黄国文：功能语言学分析对翻译研究的启示,《外语与外语教学》，2002(5)。黄国文：杜牧《清明》英译文的逻辑功能分析,《外语与翻译》，2002(1)。黄国文：《清明》英译文的人际功能探讨,《外语教学》，2002(3)。黄国文：从语篇功能的角度看《清明》的几种英译文,钱军编《语言学：中国与世界同步》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2002。黄国文：唐诗英译文中的引述现象分析，《外语学刊》2002(3)。黄国文：对唐诗《寻隐者不遇》英译文的功能语篇分析，《解放军外语学院学报》，2002(5)。黄国文：古诗英译文里的时态分析，《四川外语学院学报》2003（1）。Outline1Introduction:Twogeneralapproachestotranslationstudies2FunctionalLinguistics3FunctionalLinguisticsandtranslationstudies4Hallidayanfunctionalismintranslationstudies(Catford,Hatim&Mason,Bell,Baker)5SFLapproachrevisited(assumptions,functionalviewsoflanguage,levelsofanalysis)6Illustration:“JiangXue”7Summary1Introduction:TwoapproachesTwoapproachestotranslationstudies:(1)Linguistics(formalvsfunctional)(2)LiteraryTranslationstudiesasascienceTranslationasanartTranslationasapracticeandtranslationstudiesasainter-disciplineoramulti-discipline2FunctionalLinguisticsLinguistics:(1)Formallinguistics(e.g.generativelinguistics)(2)Functionallinguistics(includingSystemicFunctionalLinguistics,Pragmatics,CognitiveLinguistics,DiscourseAnalysis,Sociolinguistics,etc.)2FunctionalLinguistics(6)Autonomistfunctionalismorgenerativefunctionalism(S.Kuno,E.Prince)(7)Functionalgrammar(S.Dik)(8)Text/Discoursegrammar(vanDijk)(9)Mixedfunctionalism(S.Levinson)2FunctionalLinguistics(10)Typologicalfunctionalism(W.Croft)(11)RoleandReferenceGrammar(R.D.vanValin,W.A.Foley)(12)WestCoastFunctionalism(T.Givón,P.Hopper,S.Thompson)(13)Cognitivelinguistics(R.W.Langacker)Notethatdifferentfunctionalapproachesareusuallyrelatedinonewayoranother.E.g.,HallidaywasFirth'sstudentandbothwereinfluencedbythePragueSchool.BothHallidayandFirthcamefromaEuropeantraditioninfluencedbydeSaussure(espHalliday)(aswasthePragueSchooltosomeextent).Whatisclearisthatthereareinfluencesratherthanhierarchiesinvolvedhere.3FunctionalLinguisticsandtranslationstudiesThereareanumberofimportantfunctionalapproachestotranslationstudies.Belowarethreemajorones:(1)Hallidayanfunctionalism(M.Baker,B.Hatim,R.Bell,J.House)(2)Germanfunctionalism(K.Reiss,H.Vermeer,C.Nord,J.Holz-Manttari)(3)Pragmatics/Mixedfunctionalism(E-A.Gutt,L.Hickey)3FunctionalLinguisticsandtranslationstudiesBasicassumptions:ViewinglanguageasameansofcommunicationEmphasizingcognitive,socio-cultural,physiologicalfactorsRegardingsemantic,pragmatic,functionalpatterningascentralDoinganalysisoftextsandtheircontextsTranslationistranslatingmeaning!Hallidaydevelopshistheoryoflanguagefromthestudyofsyntax.From“atheoryofsyntax”to“atheoryoflanguage”ScaleandCategoryGrammar,SystemicGrammar,FunctionalGrammar,SystemicFunctionalGrammar,SystemicFunctionalLinguistics4.1Catford’sapproachJ.C.Catford,ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation:AnEssayinAppliedLinguistics,1965.(卡特福德《翻译的语言学理论》;穆雷译.北京旅游出版社1991)Notes:(1)BasedonScaleandCategoryGrammar;(2)AnEssayinAppliedLinguisticsIn1956,theUniversityofEdinburghestablishedthefirstSchoolofAppliedLinguisticsunderthedirectionofJ.C.Catford.《翻译的语言学理论》目录(穆雷译)第一章：普通语言学理论第二章：翻译的定义和基本类型第三章：翻译等值第四章：形式对应第五章：意义和完全翻译第六章：转移第七章：翻译等值的条件第八章：按音位学原理的翻译，或称音位翻译第九章：按字形学原理的翻译，或称字形翻译第十章：音译第十一章：语法翻译和词汇翻译第十二章：翻译转换或翻译转位第十三章：翻译中的语言变体第十四章：可译性的限度“Catford（1965）以系统语言学为基础，提出了‘翻译对等论’。他认为，翻译实践的中心问题是寻求等值成分：等值关系可以在‘层面’(levels,语法、词汇、语音、词形等)和‘等级’(ranks,语法结构、句子、短语、词、词素等)的任何一个交叉点上建立。”(黄国文2003)DefinitionTranslation:thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).(Catford1965)翻译是用另一种语言（译语）的等值的文本材料来替换一种语言（原语）的文本材料。（穆雷译1990）“textualmaterial”“textualmaterial”(ratherthan“text”):itisnottheentiretyofaSLwhichistranslatedReplacement:replacementofSLgrammarandlexisbyequivalentTLgrammarandlexisReplacementofSLgraphologybyTLgraphology–buttheTLgraphologicalformisbynomeansatranslationequivalentoftheSLgraphologicalform“transference”“atoneormorelevelstheremaybenoreplacementatall,butsimpletransferenceofSLmaterialintotheTLtext.”Innormaltranslation,theTLtexthasaTLmeaning.ThevaluesofTLitemsareentirelythosesetupbyformalandcontextualrelationsintheTLitself.However,itispossibletocarryoutanoperationinwhichtheTLtext,orpartoftheTLtext,doeshavevaluessetupintheSL(i.e.hasSLmeaning).Catfordcallsthisprocess“transference”.“Aformalcorrespondent,ontheotherhand,isanyTLcategory(unit,class,structure,elementofstructure,etc.)whichcanbesaidtooccupy,asnearlyaspossible,the‘same’placeinthe‘economy’oftheTLasthegivenSLcategoryoccupiesintheSL.”穆雷.评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》[J]《外语教学》1990(2):37林克难.重新认识卡特福德翻译理论[J]《天津外国语学院学报》2001(1)刘文华梁燕.卡特福德翻译等值论中的翻译的转移及对语言教学的启示[J]《鞍山师范学院学报》2004(3)范祥涛.从卡特福德到翻译规律的探讨--兼论语料库翻译研究的意义[J]《外语研究》2006（2）孙乃荣王秀娟.《语言学翻译理论》评介[J].《安徽工业大学学报》2006（6）

4.2ApproachbyHatim&MasonHatim&Mason(1990)takesafunctionaldiscourseapproachRegisteranalysisDiscoursestructureTextureTexttypeContextIntertextualityandintentionality4.3Bell’sapproachBell(1991)focusesonelementsincommunicationWhat?Why?When?How?Where?Who?4.4Baker’sapproachBaker(1992)focuseson“equivalence”:EquivalenceatwordlevelEquivalenceabovewordlevelGrammaticalequivalenceTextualequivalencePragmaticequivalence5SFLapproachrevisitedRevisitingtheSystemicFunctionalLinguisticsapproachtotranslationstudies5.1BasicassumptionsAtranslatedtextisdifferentfromtheoriginaltextintermsofcontextofco-text,contextofsituationandcontextofculture.Afunctionallinguisticsapproachtotheanalysisofatranslatedtextisafunctionallinguisticsstudyofthetextanditscontext.5.2AfunctionalviewoflanguageLanguageasmeaning-potentialChoicesoflanguagearemeaningfulinrelationtothesystemofchoicesavailable(whatcouldhavebeensaidbutwasnot)LanguageasmetafunctionalIdeationalInterpersonalTextualLanguageasmulti-stratal(Discourse)SemanticsLexicogrammarPhonology/GraphologyThetrafficlightsystem

StopSlowdownREDGoAMBERGREENMeaning(isrealizedby)FormLanguageasmeaning-potentialHeismyfather/dad.

父亲。他是我爸爸。

老窦。

MeaningasmetafunctionalIdeationalmetafunctionInterpersonalmetafunctionTextualmetafunctionIdeationalequivalenceInterpersonalequivalenceTextualequivalenceIdeationalequivalenceA.HeisateacherofEnglish.(Relationalprocess)B.HeteachesEnglish.(Materialprocess)(1)他是英语老师。（关系过程）(2)他教授英语的。（物质过程）Interpersonalequivalence窈窕淑女，君子好逑。（《诗经》）Agoodyoungmaniswooingamaidenfairheloves.（许渊冲译，1992）Theladiskeentowoothelass,averydream.（赵彦春译，2002）Aladwouldliketowooalasswithprettylooks.（汪榕培译，1997）TextualequivalenceTheyarrivedattheairportyesterdayafternoonandweremetbythemayorofBeijingthere.(passive)（1）他们昨天下午到达机场，北京市市长到那里接见了他们。（主动语态）（2）他们昨天下午到达机场，便受到北京市市长的接见。（被动语态）5.3Levelsofanalysis

(1)Ideology(2)ContextofCulture:genre(schematicpatterning)(3)ContextofSituation:register(field,tenor,mode)(4)Contextofco-text:language(Ideational,Interpersonal,Textual)

5.3LevelsofanalysisMetafunction:Transitivity(processtypes:material,mental,relational,verbal,behavioral,existential),Ergativity,Voice;Speechrole(offer,statement,command,question),Mood(declarative,indicative,interrogative),Modality(modalisation,modulation);

5.3LevelsofanalysisThematicstructure,Informationstructure,Cohesion(reference,ellipsis,substitution,conjunction).Grammaticalmetaphor(ideational,interpersonal,textual)GroupsandphrasesClauses5.3LevelsofanalysisClausesincombinationTypesofrelationsbetweenclauses:logicaldependencyrelations(dependence/hypotaxis;equality/parataxis);logico-semanticrelation:(a)expansion:elaboration,extension,enhancement,(b)projection:locution,idea)6Illustration:“JiangXue”Illustrations:RiverSnow柳宗元《江雪》6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

江雪

柳宗元

千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

Text1:RiverSnowAhundredmountainsandnobird,Athousandpathswithoutafootprint;Alittleboat,abamboocloak,Anoldmanfishinginthecoldriver-snow.(WitterBynner译）6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

Text2:TheSnowboundRiver

O’ermountainsandmountainsnobirdisonthewing;Onthousandlinesofthepathwaysthere’snofootprint.Inaloneboatonthesnowboundriver,anoldman,Inpalm-barkcapeandstrawhat,dropshisanglestring. (吴钧陶译)6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

Text3:RiverSnowfall

Amidstallmountains,birdsnolongerfly;Onallroads,nomoretravelerspassby.Strawhatandcloak,oldman’sinboat,headlow,Fishingaloneonrivercoldwithsnow.(王大濂译）6.Illustration:“JiangXue”T1:Thing(nominalgroups)T2&T3:Situation(clauses)T1&T2:State(relational,existential)T3:Event(material)6.Illustration:“JiangXue”Text1Ngp+ngp:Ahundredmountainsandnobird,Ngp:Athousandpathswithoutafootprint;Ngp+ngp:Alittleboat,abamboocloak,Ngp:Anoldmanfishinginthecoldriver-snow.