09年12月27日中行统考英语真题

09年12月27日中行统考英语真题LtDbyusingbrightlightsintheworkplace,minimizingshiftchanges,andtakingschedulednaps.Manypeoplewithtotalblindnessexperiencelife-longsleepingproblemsbecausetheirretinasareunabletodetectlight.Thesepeoplehaveakindofpermanentjetlagandperiodicinsomniabecausetheircircadianrhythmsfollowtheirinnatecycleratherthana24-hourone.Dailysupplementsofmelatoninmayimprovenight-timesleepforsuchpatients.However,sincethehighdosesofmelatoninfoundinmostsupplementscanbuildupinthebody,long-termuseofthissubstancemaycreatenewproblems.Becausethepotentialsideeffectsofmelatoninsupplementsarestilllargelyunknown,mostexpertsdiscouragemelatoninusebythegeneralpublic.阅读A

AsmallcardsitsaboveanemptyshelfintheWholeFoodsstoreinPetaluma,CaliforniaOnSeptember14ththeCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventioninAtlantaissuedthefirstofseveraldailyalertsconcerninganoutbreakofE.coli0157:H7,apotentiallylethalpathogentypicallyassociatedwithadulteratedbeef.Investigatorshadtracedittoconsumptionoffreshrawspinachsoldinbags.Afewdayslater,aninvestigationconductedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)hadnarroweddowntheculpritstoaCalifornia-basedgrower,NaturalSelectionFoods,andatleastoneofitsdistributors.Sofar,a77-year-oldwomaninWisconsinhasdiedfromeatingspinachtracedbacktoNaturalSelection,and146peoplein23statesareill,someveryseriously.Halfofthevictimshavebeenhospitalized,ahighratethatmayindicateanespeciallyvirulentstrainofE.coli.Investigatorscontinuetosearchforthecauseoftheoutbreak.Theyhavescouredthecompany’sprocessingplantaswellasthefarmsthatgrowthespinach,lookingateverythingfromirrigationwatertotheproximityoflivestock,withnosureconnectionsmadesofar.ThefactthatNaturalSelectionisinCalifornia’sSalinasMoreoverNaturalSelection,whichsuppliesseveralsupermarketchainsacrosstheUnitedStateswithconventionallyproducedfreshspinach,isalsothenation’slargestgrowerandshipperofcertifiedorganicproduce,underitsEarthboundFarmbrand.Iforganicspinachbecomesimplicated,thefinancialconsequencesfortheorganicsectorofthefreshproducemarket,whichpridesitselfonitspurity,couldbesevere.ButwiththeFDAadvisingconsumersnottoeatfreshspinachfromanysourceuntilfurthernotice,theoutbreakcouldruinCalifornia’swholespinachindustry.Thestategrowsaboutthree-quartersoftheAmericancrop.Inrecentyearsthemarketforfreshspinachhasbenefitedhugelyfromwhatoneproducers’spokesmancalls“agreathealthprofile”.In2005,percapitaconsumptioninAmericawasforecastat2.2pounds(onekilogram),upfromjust0.6poundstenyearsago.Thattotalisn’tlikelytoincreaseagainforawhile.阅读BAnotherroundhasjustbeenfoughtinthebattlebetweentobaccocompaniesandthosewhoregardthemasspawnofthedevil.InappearjustpublishedintheLancet,withtheprovocativetitle“Secretscience:tobaccoindustryresearchonsmokingbehaviorandcigarettetoxicity”,DavidHammond,ofWaterlooUniversityinCanadaandNeilCollishawandCynthiaCollard,twomembersofPhysiciansforaSmoke-FreeCanada,alobbygroup,criticizethebehaviorofBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT).Theysaythefirmconsideredmanipulatingsomeofitsproductsinordertomakethemlow-tarintheeyesofofficialdomwhiletheyactuallydeliveredhightarandnicotinelevelstosmokers.Itwasandisnosecret,asBATpointsout,thatpeoplesmokelow-tarcigarettesdifferentlyfromhigh-tarones.Thereasonisthattheywantadecentdoseofthenicotinewhichtobaccosmokecontains.Theythereforepullalargervolumeofairthroughthecigarettewhentheydrawonalow-tarratherthanahigh-tarvariety.Theextravolumemakesupforthelowerconcentrationofthedrug.Butaburningcigaretteisacomplexthing,andthatextravolumehassomeunexpectedconsequences.Inparticular,abiggerdrawisgenerallyafasterdraw.

[1]Thatpullsahigherproportionoftheairinhaledthroughtheburningtobacco,ratherthanthroughthepapersidesofthecigarette.This,inturn,meansmoresmokeperunitvolume,andthusmoretarandnicotine.Thenatureofthenicotinemaychange,too,withmoreofitbeinginaformthatiseasyforthebodytoabsorb.AccordingtoDrHammondandhiscolleagues,aseriesofstudiesconductedbyBAT'sresearchersbetween1972and1994quantifiedmuchofthis.Thestandardizedwayofanalyzingcigarettesmoke,aslaiddownbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO),whichregulateseverythingfromcomputercodetogreenhousegases,usesamachinetomake35-millilitrepuffs,drawnfortwosecondsonceaminute.Thefirm'sresearchers,bycontrast,foundthatrealsmokersdraw50-70mlperpuff,anddosotwiceaminute.DrHammonds'sconclusionisdrawnfromthehugebodyofdocumentsdisgorgedbythetobaccoindustryaspartofvariouslegalsettlementsthathavetakenplaceinthepastfewyears,mainlyasaresultofdisputeswiththeauthoritiesintheUnitedStates.阅读CChemicalengineersinNorthDakotahavesuccessfullyturnedoilfromplants-canola(rapeseed),coconutsandsoybeans-intojetfuelindistinguishablefromtheconventionalkind,accordingtoU.S.governmenttests.[1]WorkingwiththeU.S.DepartmentofDefense’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA),scientistsattheEnergy&EnvironmentalResearchCenter(EERC)attheUniversityofNorthDakotaturnedtheseplantoilsintofuelthathadasimilardensity,energycontentandevenfreezingpoint.

“It’sprocessedsothatitcontainsonlythesamehydrocarbonmoleculespresentinpetroleumfuel.”sayschemicalengineerChadWocken.Althoughhedeclinedtoexplaintheexactdetailsoftheprocess,Wockensaysitisthermocatalytic-inotherwords,theengineersheattheplantoilsinthepresenceofanundisclosedcatalysttocreateaslewofpetroleumproducts.Infact,theprocessisnotunlikeconventionaloilrefininginthatitproduceseverythingfromthekeroseneusedasaviationfuel

toregulargasoline.

“Theprocessingcostswouldbesimilarandcomparabletopetroleumoilrefining,”andperhapsevenlessexpensive,Wockennotes,“becauseyou'renotdealingwithcontaminantslikesulfur.”

Ofcourse,thebiofuel’sultimatepricetagisyettobedeterminedasonly“gallons”ofithavebeenbrewedcomparedwiththemorethan60milliongallons(225millionliters)ofjetfuelconsumeddailyintheU.S.Butitwillinlargepartdependonthepricetogrowthecropsthemselves-allhavebeenfluctuatinginrecentmonthsduetonewlyvolatileglobalcommoditymarkets.

VirginAtlantichasflownajumbojetonacombinationofconventionaljetfuelandbiofuelmadefrompalmoil,andajetpoweredsolelybybiodieselhasstayedaloftformorethan30minutes-albeitwithaspecialdevicetokeepitsfuelfromfreezingathighaltitude.AndtheEERCfuelisnottheonlybio-basedjetfuelavailable:UOP,LLC,adivisionofHoneywellSpecialtyMaterials,hasasimilarfuelmadefromvegetableandanimaloils.

TheEERCiscurrentlyintheprocessofproducing25gallons(95liters)ofthebio-jetfuelforgroundtestinginajetengineasearlyasnextmonth.

[2]“ThethingthatneedstohappenisapurchaseordertocomethroughfromtheAirForcesowecanget[the]investmenttobuildthatfirstplant,”Wockensays.“Wecouldgetaplantoperationalintwotofiveyearsiftherewereacommitmenttobuythefuel.”阅读DProponentsofdifferentjazzstyleshavealwaysarguedthattheirpredecessors’musicalstyledidnotincludeessentialcharacteristicsthatdefinejazzasjazz.Thus,1940’sswingwasbelittledbybeboppersofthe1950’s,whowerethemselvesattackedbyfreejazzersofthe1960’s.Theneoboppersofthe1980’sand1990’sattackedalmosteverybodyelse.ThetitanicfigureofBlacksaxophonistJohnColtranehascomplicatedtheargumentsmadebyproponentsofstylesfrombebopthroughneobopbecauseinhisownmusicaljourneyhedrewfromallthosestyles.Hisinfluenceonalltypesofjazzwasimmeasurable.Attheheightofhispopularity,Coltranelargelyabandonedplayingbebop,thestylethathadbroughthimfame,toexploretheouterreachesofjazz.Coltranehimselfprobablybelievedthattheonlyessentialcharacteristicofjazzwasimprovisation,theoneconstantinhisjourneyfrombeboptoopen-endedimprovisationsonmodal,Indian,andAfricanmelodies.Ontheotherhand,thisdoggedstudentandprodigioustechnician-whoinsistedonspendinghourseachdaypracticingscalesfromtheorybooks-wasneverabletoabandoncompletelytheinfluenceofbebop,withitsfastandelaboratechainsofnotesandornamentsonmelody.TwostylisticcharacteristicsshapedthewayColtraneplayedthesaxophone,hefavoredplayingfastrunsofnotesbuiltonamelodyanddependedonheavy,regularlyaccentedbeats.ThefirstledColtraneto“sheetsofsound,”whereheracedfasterandfaster,pile-drivingnotesintoeachothertosuggeststackedharmonies.Thesecondmeantthathissenseofrhythmwasalmostasclosetorockastobebop.ThreerecordingsillustrateColtrane’senergizingexplorations.RecordingKindofBluewithMilesDavis,Coltranefoundhimselfoutsidebop,exploringmodalmelodies.Hereheplayedsurging,lengthysolosbuiltlargelyaroundrepeatedmotifs-anorganizingprincipleunlikethatoffreejazzsaxophoneplayerOrnateColeman,whoalteredmelodiesinhissolos.OnGiantSteps,Coltraneactedasleader,introducinghisowncompositions.Herethesheetsofsound,downbeataccents,repetitions,andgreatspeedarepartofeachsolo,andthevarietyoftheshapesofhisphrasesisunique.Coltrane’ssearchingexplorationsproducedsolidachievement.MyFavoriteThingswasanotherkindofwatershed.HereColtraneplayedthesopranosaxophone,aninstrumentseldomusedbyjazzmusicians.Musically,theresultswereastounding.Withthesoprano’spipingsound,ideasthathadsoundeddarkandbroodingacquiredafeelingofgiddyfantasy.WhenColtranebeganrecordingfortheImpulse!label,hewasstillsearching.Hismusicbecameraucous,physical.Hisinfluenceonrockerswasenormous,includingJimiHendrix,therockguitarist,who,followingColtrane,raisedtheextendedguitarsolousingrepeatedmotifstoakindofrockartform.Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto

[A]discusstheplaceofColtraneintheworldofjazzanddescribehismusicalexplorations.

[B]examinethenatureofbebopandcontrastitwithimprovisationaljazz.

[C]analyzethemusicalsourcesofColtrane’sstyleandtheirinfluenceonhiswork.

[D]acknowledgetheinfluenceofColtrane’smusiconrockmusicandrockmusicians.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefourthparagraph？

[A]Athesisreferredtoearlierinthetextismentionedandillustratedwiththreespecificexamples.

[B]Athesisisstatedandthreeexamplesaregiveneachsuggestingthatacorrectionneedstobemadetoathesisreferredtoearlierinthetext.

[C]Athesisreferredtoearlierinthetextismentioned,andthreeexamplesarepresentedandrankedinorderoftheirsupportofthethesis.

[D]Athesisisstated,threeseeminglyopposingexamplesarepresented,andtheirunderlyingcorrespondenceisexplained.

Accordingtothetext,JohnColtranedidallofthefollowingduringhiscareerEXCEPT

[A]improviseonmelodiesfromanumberofdifferentcultures.

[B]performasleaderaswellassoloist.

[C]spendtimeimprovinghistechnicalskills.

[D]eliminatetheinfluenceofbeboponhisownmusic.

AccordingtothetextamajordifferencebetweenColtraneandotherjazzmusicianswasthe

[A]degreetowhichColtrane’smusicencompassedallofjazz.

[B]repetitionofmotifsthatColtraneusedinhissolos.

[C]numberofhisowncompositionsthatColtranerecorded.

[D]indifferenceColtranemaintainedtomusicaltechnique.

Intermsofitstoneandform,thetextcanbestbecharacterizedas

[A]dogmaticexplanation.

[B]indignantdenial.

[C]enthusiasticpraise.

[D]speculativestudy.

[答案与考点解析]

「答案」A

「考点解析」本题是一道中心主旨题。第一段的倒数第一、二句是全文的中心主旨句，全文就是根据这两句话展开论述的。抓住这两句话就可以找出本题的正确选项A.考生在解题时，尤其是破解中心主旨题时，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。

「答案」C

「考点解析」这是一道例（举）证与细节理解题。第四段第一句明确指出“三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明”。这说明第四段将讲述三个例子用来说明在前一段即第三段所提出的论点。另外这三个例子是按着先后顺序给出的，因此本题的正确选项是C.考生在解题时要注意段落之间的相互关系，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

「答案」D

「考点解析」这是一道细节理解题型。本题属于比较难的题型，因为本题的涉及面比较广。本题A、B、C选项的内容分别在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到过。故本题的正确选项应该是D.其实这道题表面上非常难，但是对于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句的同学来讲确比较容易，因为从第一段第四句的原因状语从句中就可以推导出本题的正确答案D.考生在解题时应时时牢记全文的中心主旨句。

「答案」A

「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题型。根据本题题干中的“otherjazzmusicians”可将本题的答案信息来源定位在第一段的第一至四句，因为在这四句话中提到了其它的爵士音乐家。第一段第四句的状语从句明确指出了“Coltrane”与其它音乐家的不同在于他吸收了各种风格的爵士音乐。故本题的正确答案应该是A.考生在解题时应重视审题定位。

「答案」C

「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题型。细心的同学可从本文作者在论述时使用的词语中推导出本题的正确答案C.例如作者在第一段第四句的主语上使用了“titanicfigure”；在第五句使用了“hisinfluence…wasimmeasurable”；在最后一段的第三句使用了“hisinfluence…wasenormous”，这都反映了作者的“enthusiasticpraise”。考生在解题时要重视原文作者在表达观点时的遣词造句。

[参考译文]

不同的爵士乐风格的支持者一贯认为他们前辈的音乐风格没有包括那些使爵士乐之所以成为爵士乐的本质特征。这样，二十世纪五十年代的比波普派轻视二十世纪四十年代的摇摆音乐派，而他们自己又受到二十世纪六十年代的自由爵士派的抨击。二十世纪八十至九十年代的新比波普派几乎对任何其他人都进行抨击。而黑人萨克斯管巨匠约翰？科尔特兰尼使这些从比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主张更加复杂化，因为在他自己的音乐例程中，他经历了所有这些风格。他对所有爵士音乐的风格的影响是不可估量的。在他最受欢迎的时期，科尔特兰尼基本上放弃了比波普风格的演奏以便探索爵士乐更深的处延，然而正是比波普风格的演奏使得他成名。

科尔特兰尼自己可能认为爵士乐的唯一本质特征就是即兴创作，这是他从比波普风格到对形式音乐、印度音乐、非洲音乐的自由即兴演奏的历程中一直没有改变的。另一方面，这个顽强的学生和异常的技巧家每天花几个小时用以练习理论书籍上的曲谱，从未能完全抛弃比波普的影响，在他的旋律中可以找到带有比波普特点的快速和精细的音符以及修饰效果。

有两种风格特征影响了科尔特兰尼演奏男高音萨克斯管的方式：他喜欢对建立于一种旋律上的音符进行快速的演奏，同时也依赖于强有力的、有规律的重音节奏。前者引导科尔特兰尼走向“片状声响”的境界，在那里科尔特兰尼的演奏越来越快，将音符成堆互相累放起来以表达一种堆叠起来的和谐感。而后者意味着，他的节奏感之接近于摇滚乐几乎就像其接近于比波普风格一样。

三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明。和马尔斯？戴维斯合作录制《有几分忧伤》时，科尔特兰尼发现他已离开了波普风格，对形式音乐进行探索。在这中间，他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗长的独奏，而这些独奏基本上是围绕着一个重复主题展开的。该种主题是用以组织其音乐的原则，它和自由派爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家奥尼迪？科尔曼采用的组织方式不同。后面这位音乐家在他的独奏中会对其旋律进行调节改变。在《大踏步》中，科尔特兰尼初次以领导者角色出现，对他自己的作品进行了介绍。在这中间，“片状声响”、强拍重音、重复回旋和极快的速度组成了每一段独奏的各个部分，各乐章的形式的多样性是独一无二的。科尔特兰尼深刻的探索获得了稳固的成就。《我的钟爱之物》是另一种意义上的分水岭。在这里，科尔特兰尼演奏了爵士乐演奏家很少使用的女高音萨克斯管，所产生的音乐上的效果是惊人的。伴随着女高音萨克斯管的尖音，那些显得昏暗及带有沉思意味的主题获得了一种令人眼花缭乱的梦幻感觉。

当科尔特兰尼开始为冲动唱片公司进行音乐录制时，他仍然在探索。他的音乐变得沙哑而感性。摇滚乐手受到他的巨大影响，其中包括吉米？亨德瑞克斯这位吉它手。后者仿效科尔特兰尼，使基于重复主题的大段吉他独奏上升成为一种摇滚艺术形式。段落排序Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneofthieveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.

Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderid