建筑学毕业设计外文翻译

毕业计外文资译学专姓学

院：业名号

建工程院建学外出处WorldArchitecture(外文写)附

件外文料翻译文外原文指教师语：签：年

月

日注：将该封面与附装订成册附件外文资料翻译译文定制3种生态建筑学摘要挪威的许多城在过去的年经历了持不断的转变。入后工业期，各管和政府控制步销这些新由主义的手与油济共同生了日益

官僚主义建筑行业环境然而，人还是能辨出那些在法满足外复杂条件

的时，仍表现出建筑特的目。本探讨了量身制建设计方如何在挪威3种市生态环境展的程即近尺度水的峡湾环境在

有空肌理中进行等尺度改造的市环境、及在城市区进行小度住宅设

的区环境。关键：挪威城市,建态学，城化正：在最近的40年间。挪威济经历了某程的续增长程。石油经对发产生了重要推作，从而响了挪威的市进程。同，后工业化程也新自由主义管解和政府略交织在一。

这些景因素在建筑域共同产生数量丰富的建项目，如水开发区建设、对有城市空肌理进行的更、对旧业综合设施的造，以及市周边别区建筑密增加的过等等。

尽从高度业化的理论架审，这些目尺度不一类纷，它们仍有一共的特——也就是它的筑师除需要应对工和(建)工体系的挑战外还得不展现出一面力，以足司和法律越越官僚义特权要求尽管此，我们还是够分辨出些在挪威特定城市境下，在

方法适应外部的杂条件、完定设过程的时，还能够约现建筑学征的项目本文探讨在这些设计项中，为业度身定制方式是如在3种具的筑态学条件逐一展开的—体括大型水区域的地开项、在中规模的现有市环的改造项目以在市郊区行的小尺度宅计。峡也许位于奥斯陆内的一处建代早的阿克尔(r工集团船舶制厂可称得上挪城最有代性的象征—巨的油平台邻奥斯陆政厅而，而后者作为贝尔和平颁奖典礼办场所而名。自此后，几乎

挪的每城市都启动自的水区域发项目。这项的施模型少有同—混合能的项目地段常会被高迅捷地划为一些可的小片地块，

辅高度清晰空间表达方。场海滨木道的城市母经出，让人象深刻，其边又常建有一座富创力的消者特别设计宏建。其中型的例奠过于奥陆的小偷岛和克尔码头它们就建过去的石平台上。

在似的歌剧院开项目中，大度间表达方则发生了微的化个项目由威lab筑师务所rk建师事务所和荷师事务共合作完成设用视遮挡分析的式定28hm2面的筑态。景轮廓的概和以城市某些特位臵作为起点最观视廊析被用作讨和确定筑体量的据。整个建筑体量分割为若干可开发的垂条带，彼之间留一的开放间可人欣赏边的景观和越地用——由此形成了似条码的空。为了让项被公和政府规划门理和接受自然要素纳入设计之。此奥斯陆峡而建、周边环绕葱山林的城空间概念得到保留。出同样的原，这项策略最在优化项目开效益方面表现出了样优秀的质，投资们慕名而至，绎不。这些分区规会为项目设计可控的围带各种变多端的形式除一相对保守的发件区划也供了一些需全手才能解的主题开发容其，由挪威MAD筑事务所设街就于此类项目这地块规戈Ⅱ条非常特殊一规建筑外围寸为7．8m(最窄处6m)、90m长15高。这座建筑外形比例不禁人以为地是随机余的空间。联起些在挪之其国的大规模城聚区会现场景。此外．虑到过去

年间展的大规模住宅计的理念，这项目明显离了人们通可接的条件建筑物的每楼有6住宅单元，别绕3组电梯竖井围分布。尽这项的规划件整区的架内、某程上自觉自愿却有武和强迫方式形成。筑们是成功设计了各种约化住宅单元，用对端的细设计表达了筑品。城在现挪威城市肌理进行积极索的建筑目为数不，“填充”改造更新城市保护项是中种。过已经完成的类目括建设城市剩余空上的中规模住宅项目它们通常市政开发目，建在世期工业化代遗留下来历史建筑中—手作坊、造厂、发电等这项目意重大，因们是推人们“返回城”的重要素。在这项目中，市生活与化项

目将成为市经历了长代化进和代思考之进行自身重的介。这些补空间的项目载着人们理想，无是参与其的建筑师是开发商

都感雄心勃勃。类目的一个典案例是帕街5(kveien—A务所与开商INFILL同紧合作完成(后者的务范围也要关注这类体中等尺度城住项)。帕克街5号项中，建筑师用了斯堪纳维亚地举世闻名的现主义选材略，并在基础上提了城市聚的概念，最终通过凝土、木材和璃材质的洁特质和心设计的定节点细构造

实了这一设。考虑到KI所的许成员曾是斯勒-费(SvereFehn)去的学生和雇，出现这一况不想见。对于这个在斯背下显得为侈不同寻常的项，人们许容易被FuthArk事务所的克里蒂罗住宅项目打动。这由单元成的住宅目探索了块化生的流程，以便大程度地约建筑成。这一方为建筑提了在

公区域几乎度使用植被条下索材料用的可能性在威城市环下，这个项显很意思，因它法建筑变可移动的状，此奥斯陆乎最为心域造起了人得起的高品质宅—由大数的住目几都为懒惰的建师和贪婪的开商所要挟这几乎是可能完成任务。在新改造式的护目面，也生了若千能处建再利用题的同

时，足以为另一种感性志的项目延森与斯温(Jn)建事务所设计的威设计与建中(2004)、雅蒙与斯奈斯Vigsnaes)建筑师事所设的奥斯陆建与计院(AHO和间组(r事所计内德文区(2013)是其最秀的3个例这些项目沿克河奥斯旧工业区分。那，那些存的世早的红砖建被重划定容纳教机构或文化部的区域，为城市总更新战略组成部分再用的方法在具项中不的方式得表。延森与科建筑师事务所“挪威设计与筑中心”过考古学方法探索现存的建结构——建筑

师过细的研究，现个筑经过漫长的历史淀保了不同次的材料筑内新加建的部分设法与材的粗犷风取得了相的效果，果形的同气质彼此织后示录风。雅蒙德与斯斯筑师事

成建筑材料所的斯陆建筑与设学院项目应对计任务的式则是著的“发现物本身”

的法。在形式材质表达方式上建师用了在有结构内并碰的式捉摸的对效果显了建筑学特。后，空组事务所的目能

这个角组合中最不声色的个。建筑物的墙得到当标志性建物委员会廓建筑师的改必包在现有构范围之内而

保，是不可触的筑正是间组事务所进系统性探索议题。建筑采了舞台式空间分隔式，内部构全拆除后入了完全度身制的建筑空间—这是一为满足奥陆无政府义的城市间对文化消费渴望而计的风格化舞。山区挪的城市空间定为个相对小而高密度滨城中心，围环绕着地势伏的山区，中布无边无的低层住宅丰的极地植令人印象深。所这些元素通建完的高速路和铁道基路组在一起独栋住宅这种环境最典型的建筑型。二战后。独栋宅开始作独立项目人们所接受。时，威社会的大部领域受政管辖，资有限——国家会预每年数。在过去的年内，城市进程以强大多方突破了些

的建建筑约政府为适城市密集化过逐改变区条例。于是大地可以被更的地块作新的宅基地用正在山区

城市力量的日益显使人们对然和“天资源抱有的传统观面临挑战这种冲突生了极具现力和高

度熟的建筑学果—即相对于件为杂且备约束的城市划件它产了男种建筑生态，探索何在地形复杂场地中建小尺度的住空间。克特〃耶尔特斯的别就这样一个目这一非常紧凑的栋宅建造在块新近划定宅地。设计思是要在坡上叠两个独立的筑素—一个层高的建筑座顶一层高木盒

子这个木子相对于其境得常自闭它采用竹材为筑围合材，空间尺不大比例当，对周围颜丰富的坡顶木结构宅构成的统环境视不。尽管体量为凑调，建物在尽可能缩身展范围同时，却以妙的式彰显了自身复杂性。果说。耶特内斯的默别墅探了建筑物如何

通过单的体量组获建学特质那么，雅蒙与斯斯建筑事务所的双子宅则及结构“构造体系的建学潜质。个项目追了与建筑度相关的

类主题—过去属于邻权一个果被重新划分建地—成一胞胎弟住的宅基地。这住宅沿垂方向分隔两套完全致的单元采用

传木框架作结构设计原，不连续式框架体系。这座3层房用结)方形成，后者成剖上所变化建筑轮廓。个目结构简程产生尺度感，为建的实用功、空间品和社会交提供了各量性—如楼起室兄两及配偶公用。遭各种生态学

度及由此身制的可能这3种生环境——湾、城市山区，共同组了3种具有建筑学质的独立领域它们为各自的现形式所义，而不由著名的念或形式解的神话来

限。大度公共空间复功的观念已枯竭，相于过种方式讨城市概念们反选择了由建师真的城市境中进行设所成定制方来探索这个题这建筑生态学整针建筑客定制进行的讨行悖，它揭了自由与边界的域，为建筑学供了在预设定的形与概念母的世界之进行阐释的可性。竟，最终只有筑至关重。附2：文原（复件）CustomMade:TheArchitectureOfThreeEcologiesAbstract:NorwegiancitieshavebeencontinuallytransformedoverthelastfortyyearsThepost-industrialprocessesofneo-liberalderegulationandgovernancecombinedwithanoileconomy.havegivenrisetoanIncreasinglybureaucraticbuildingreality.Butinthiscontext,onemaystillidentifyprojectsthathavemanagedtorespondtotheexternalcomplexitieswhilesuggestingarchitecturalparticularity.ThisessaydiscusseshowsuchcustomizationhasunfoldedwithinthreespecificbuildingecologiesofTheNorwegiancity:tie-fjord-large-scalewaterfrontdevelopments;thecity-medium-scaleinterventionswithinTheexistingcity;andtilehills-small-scaleresidentialProjectsontheurbanperiphery.Keywords:Norwegianurbanity,Buildingecology,urbanizationThelastfortyyearshavebeenmoreorlessAcontinuouseconomicboominNorway.Theoil-EconomyhasinitiatedasignificantdevelopmentalpotentialimpactingthewayNorwegiancitiesevolve.Simultaneously,thepost-industrialprocessesconjoinedwiththeneo-liberalderegulationandgovernancestrategies.SuchcontexthasgivenriseTovarietyofbuildingassignmentslikewaterfrontdevelopments,infillinterventionswithintheexistingurbantissue.transformationsoftheformerindustrialcompoundsanddensificationsinthesuburbanvillacarpet.Whattheseprojectshaveincommon,despitethevariationinscaleisthecomplexrealityofbuildingdefinedbyahighlyprofessionalizedframework:Besidesthenecessitytoencounterthechallengesofcraftsmanshipandindustrial(building)systems,architectsalsohavetoshowacapacitytofulfillincreasinglymorebureaucratic(juridicalandlegal)prerogatives.Tobuildinsocial-democraticcontextdefinedbylate-capitalismisdemanding.Still,onemayidentifyprojectswithintheNorwegianurbanconditionthathavemanagedtocustomizetheexternalcomplexitieswhilesuggestingarchitecturalparticularity.Thisessaydiscusseshowcustomizationhasunfoldeditselfwithinthreespecificbuildingecologies:thelarge-scalewaterfrontdevelopments,themedium-scaleinterventionswithintheexistingcityandthesmall-scaleresidentialprojectsonurbanperiphery.TheFjordPerhapsthemostemblematicimageoftheNorwegianurbanityfromtheearly1980sistheAkerIndustriehip-buildingfacilityintheinnerOsloharbor,adjacenttothecitycore:thelarge-scaleoil-platformswerebuiltjustnearbytheOsloCityHall,famousforitsNobelPeaceprizeceremonies.Sincethen,almosteveryNorwegiancityhasgotitswaterfrontdevelopment.Theimplementationmodelforsuchprojectshasbeenmoreorlessthesame:thesemixed-useprojectshavebeenefficientlyfragmentedintomanageablepartswithinahighlyarticulatephasingstrategy,perpetuatedithurbanmotivesofplazasandboardwalkssurroundedbyaspectaculararchitecture,andspecificallyprogrammedforthecreativeconsumers.ThemostsuitableexamplesofsuchdevelopmentsaretheareasofTjuvholmenAkerBryggeinOslo,builtatthesiteswheretheoff-platformsonceereconstructed.Inoneoftheequivalentprojects,theOperakvartalet-development,thereisaslightConceptualtransitioninhowthelarge-scaleisarticulated.Theproject,aproductofthecollaborationbetweentheNorwegianofficesA-labandDarkArkitekterwiththeDutchofficeMVRDV,usestheconstraintofvisibilitytoconditionthevolumetricdispositionof280.000m2:Thenotionoflandscapesilhouetteanditsappearancefromcertainpositionswithinthecityisusedasaninstrumentindiscussingtheproject'svolumetricset-up.Theoverallbuildingmassisdividedinseveraldevelopableverticalstripswithopenspacesinbetweenallowingtheviewtowardsthesurroundinglandscapetopassthrough-thereforetheanalogytobarcode.Natureisinstrumentalizedinordertomakeprojectdigestibleforthepublicopinionandplanningauthorities,sothattheideaofOsloasacityatthe00rd,

y

theetsurroundedbygreenwouldbemaintained.BthesametokenthisStrategyhasalsoturnedouttobeAsproductiveintermsofoptimizingtheprojectsdevelopmentalpotential,somethingthatwasstronglydesiredbytheinvolvedinvestors.ThezoningplanwouldprovideAnimageofendless,yetdesigned,variation.BesidesRelativelyconventionaldevelopmentalenvelopes,theplanhasalsogivenenvelopesthatwoulddemandatotallynewapproachinsolvingtheirprogrammaticcontent.ThehousingblockbytheNorwegianofficeMADASisoneofsuchprojectsthatcameoutofthisplan.envelopeisexceptional:7.8meterswidef6metersatthe1eanest),90eterslongandfifteenfloorstall.Itsproportionsremindofrandomleft-oversitesandsituadionsfrom1argerurbanagglomerationsfoundoutsideNorway.Also,intermsofthelogicforthelarge-scalehousingthathadbeencreatedinthecourseofthe1asttwentyyears,theprojectstrongdeviatesfromwhatusuallywouldbeacceptable:eachfloorhousessixresidentialunitsdistributedaroundthreeverticalcommunicationshaftswithelevators.Despitethefactthattheconditionsforthisprojecthavebeenformulatedwithintheframeworkofthe

zoningplanassomekindofself-imposed,yetdogmatic,constraint,thearchitecthasmanagedToproducecompactlivingunits,articulatedwithrelativelyhigh-enddetailing.ThecityOneofthefewspotsofactivearchitecturalexplorationwithintheexistingurbantissueoftheNorwegiancitieshasbeenintheterventionsandtransformativepreservations.TheformeronesArethemediumscalehousingprojectsthathavebeenbuiltontheremainingemptylotswhilethelatteronesaretheinstitutionalprojectsdevelopedwithinthehistoricstructuresfromtheindustrializationPeriodoftheearlytwentiethcentury,suchasworkshops,foundries,electricplants,etc.Theimportancetheseprojectliesinthefactthattheyhavebeenthepromotersofthereturn-to-the-cityapproachwheretheurbanlivingcombinedwiththeculturalprogramswouldbetheagentsinthereconstructionofthecityitselfafteralongperiodofmodernizationandmodernistthinking.Theambitionlevelembeddedintheinfillprojectshasbeenontherise.bothasseenfromthesideofinvolvedarchitectsanddevelopers.AtypicalexampleofsuchendeavorhasbeentheprojectofParkveien5.AclosecollaborationbetweenthearchitectKIMAandthedeveloperINFILL(whosebusinessplanfocusesonthisparticularkindofmid-scaleurban-livingprojects).InParkveien5thearchitectprojectstheideaofurbandwellingontothewell-knownNordicmodernistmaterialitygivenbythesimplicityofconcrete,woodandglasssupportedbythefixationTodetailing,predictablyenoughasKIMAarchitectsWereformerstudentsemployeesofSverreFehn.AsanoppositeofthisrelativelyluxuriousandUnusualprojectfortheOslocontext,onemaytouchuponbyFuthArk

ChristianKroghsgateHousing.ThisProject,consistingofthirty

一threeunits,exploresThemodularityofproductionprocessesinordertoOptimizetheconstructioncost.Suchapproach0pensupapotentialformaterialexplorationcombinedwithalmostexcessiveuseofvegetationinthecommonareas.ItisaninterestingprojectfortheNorwegianurbanconditionasitmanagestomobilizearchitectureinordertomakeaffordablehousingwithhighqualitywithinthemostcentralareaofOslo-anImpossiblemissionasmostofthehousingproductionhasbecomehigh-jackedbothbyindolentarchitectsandreedydevelopers.ThetransformativePreservationhasgivenseveral.ProjectsthathavesignaledanothertypeofsensibilityWhendealingwiththeissueofre-use.ProjectslikeAcenter"(2004)centerbyJensen＆skodvinArchitects."TheOsloSch001ofArchitectureandDesign"(AHO2002)byJarmund/VigsnaesArchitects,and"Nedregate"(2013)byspacegrouparethreeMostProminentones.TheseprojectshavesprungoutofOsloormerindustrialareaalongtheriverofAkerselva,wheretheexistingbrick-workstructuresFormtheearlytwentiethcenturybeenrezonedtohouseeducationalinstitutionsorculturalprograms,Beingpartoftheoverallurbanrenewalstrategy.Theapproachtowardsre_useisarticulateddifferentlyinthesethreespecific

projects.

Jensen＆Skodvin’s“Dogacenter"explorestheexistingstructurethroughAnarcheologicalendeavor-differentmaterialla

yersthathavebeensedimentedinthebuildinglifearecarefullyuncovered,whilethenewadditionswithinthebuildingplayalongwithsimilarmaterialroughness.Theresultisaprojectofpost-apocalypticappearancedefinedbyintertwiningmaterialatmospheres.Jarmund/VigsnaesHOproject"encounterstheassignmentthroughthewell-knowsfound"approach.ThearchitectinterventioninitsFormalandmaterialarticulationisinadirectcollisionwithintheexistingstructure,bythevirtueoftheelusivecontrastthebuildingclaimsitsarchitecturalparticularity.Finally,theprojectbyspace

g

roupisPerhapsthemostunsentimenta

linthistriangle:thebuildingbeenprotectedbythe1ocalland-markcommissionsomethingthat

has

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ivenanuntouchablebuildingenvelope.Thearchitectinterventionhadtobecontainedwithintheextentoftheexistingstructureandthatispreciselywhatspacegroupsystematicallyexplored.Asastagedrupture,TheinteriorhasbeentotallyeradicatedandanewHypertailoredarchitecturehasbeeninjected-astylizedarenaforanihilisticOlso-urbaniteeagtoengagetheculturalconsumption.TheHillsTheNorwegianurbanconditioncouldbedefinedbyarelativelysmallanddensecitycenteradjacenttothewaterfront,surroundedbyahillyandendlesslow-riseresidentialcarpetperpetuatedbyabundantsub-polarvegetation,alltogetherbeingweavedbypresenceofwell-developedinfrastructurallayersofmotorwaysandrailroads.Themosttypicalarchitecturalmanifestationofthiscontexthasbeenthatofsingleilyhouse.Itisinthepost-WWIIPeriodthatthefamilyhousebecameformulatedasaproject.TheresourceserelimitedwhilethemostoftheNorwegainsocietywasregulated,forexampleannualnumberofbuildingpermitswaspredefinedbystate.Inthecourseofthelasttwentyyearstheprocessesofurbanizationwouldunfoldinamuchstrongermanner.Themunicipalitieshavecontinuallychangedzoningregulationsallowingdensification:Thelargeparcelscouldbedividedinsmallerpartswherenewhouseswouldbebuilt.ItisintheHillsthatthetraditionalideasofnatureand"thenatural"wouldbecontestedastheforcesofurbanizationmadethemselvesmoreapparent.ThisencounterHasyieldedhighlyarticulatedandsophisticatedarchitecturalresults-anecologyofprojectswhichExplorethesmall-scalelivinginthetopographicallychallengingsites,perpetuatedbytheconstraintsofHighlycomplexandrestrictivezoningenvelopes.Knuthjeltnesillasomme"issuchproject:itIsacompactsingle-familyhousebuiltonarecentlyparceledsite.Itisconceivedoftwodistinctelementsplacedintheslopinglandscape:atwo-storyplinthandawoodenone-floorboxonthetop.Theboxisanelementautistictoitscontext:Beingsmallwell-proportionedandpackedinbambooitignoresratheritstraditionalsurroundingsconsistingofcolorfulwoodenhomeswithpitchedroof.Despiteitsmodestdimensionsthishousessubtlymaximizesitsc