精益生产之全面生产维护TPM中英文版

精益生产之全面生产维护TPM中英文版Definition1).AnAffirmative

structure(EnglishandChinese)referstoasentencewhichispositiveinitsstructureorform,i.e.itdoesnothaveanynegativeelementinit,asismanifestinthefollowing:Heisfreewithmoney.etc.

肯定句—汉语或英语中不含有否定词或否定意义词语以及带有否定词缀的词的句子。

2).ANegative

structurereferstoasentence(clause)whichcontainsoneormorethanonenegativeelement(negativewords:not,never…,wordswithnegativeaffixes:impolite,amoral…,etc)initsstructures,asisevidentinsentencesasfollows:Americansarewellknownfortheirinformality.

Nothingisimpossibletoawillingmind.Thisisaninsecurehouse.

否定句—汉语中带有否定词，如“无”、“不”、“莫”、“勿”等的句子，和英语中带有否定词或有否定意义的词，如“hardly”、“butfor”、“fail”等以及带否定词缀的词的句子。1.NegationinE-CTranslationDuetodifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinthewayofthinkingandinthemodeofspeaking,whatisaffirmativeinforminonelanguagemayoftenmeansomethingnegativeinanotherorviceversa.

1).Heknewthathewasmortallyill.2).Wecan’tsignthecontractinhisabsence.3).Webelievethattheyoungergenerationwillproveworthyofourtrust.4).Thetwoteamstied.5).Lawisnorespecterofpersons.6).Theideathatheshouldbecomeanassistanttohisbosshasneverdesertedhim.

7).Ourcausehasnolackofsuccessors8).Keephandsoffthearticlesattheexhibition.9).Closedtopublic10).Wetpaint11).Letmealone,please.

12).

Don’twakethesleepingdog.A.Englishnegativewordsandexpressions:a).Fullnegatives:

no,never,none,nothing,not,nobody,nowhere,nor

Notrickerycanfoolus.b).Seminegatives:hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,few,little

Fewstudentswenttotheparty.c).Partialnegatives:notevery,notall,notboth,notmuch,notmany,notalways

Bothproposalsare

notacceptable.

d).Wordswithnegativeimplication:a)(verb):fail,miss,lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain

(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude;b).(noun):absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion;c)(adj.):few,little,freefrom,farfrom,safefrom,shortof;d).(adv):little,otherwise,too…to..;e).(conj.):unless,before,until,(rather)than,or;f).(pre):without,above,except,beyond,insteadof,inplaceof,outof,etc.(a).Hewas

deniedtheopportunitytospeakatthemeeting.(b).Heisengrossedinhisstudiestothe

neglectofotheraffairs.(c).Theroomisfreeofdust.e).Affixeswithnegativeimplication:a-,dis-,un,ab-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,non-,-less,etc.B.Chinesenegativewordsandexpressions:汉语常用的否定词：“不、无、非、没、未、勿、莫、否、别、毋”等A.Fullnegatives(完全否定意义）“不、没有、绝不、毫无、否则”B.Partialnegatives(部分否定意义）“并非都、不总是、未必全部”C.Doublenegatives(双重否定）非…….不（莫）、不……没有2.WaystoDealwithNegativesinE-CTranslationA.AffirmativeinEnglish,butNegativeinChineseA).Verbs

1).Suchachancewasdenied(to)me.我没有得到这样一个机会。2).Theweatherwillholdacoupledays.天气在两三天内会保持不变。3).Thefirstbombsmissedthetarget.第一批炸弹没有击中目标。Drills:1).Ifhehadkepthistemper,thenegotiationwouldprobablyhavebeenasuccess.假如他不发脾气，谈判可能已经成功了。2).Theachethathadpersistedinhischesthadturnedtoseverepain.他胸部老不消失的疼痛现在疼得更厉害了。3).Herhusbandhatestoseeherstonyface.

她丈夫不想（不乐意）看见/到她那张毫无表情的脸。B).Adverbs1).Timeiswhatwewantmost,butwhat,alas,manyuseitworst.时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。2).Wemaysafelysayso.我们这样说万无一失。3).Thesubversionattemptsprovedpredictablyfutile.

不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。Drills:1).Hesaididly,“Well,whatdoesitmatter?”他漫不经心地说：“哼，这有什么关系？”2).Theyresumedtheirseatsmoodily.他们不愉快地又坐了下来。

C).Adjectives1).Itwouldbemostdisastrousifevenarumorofitweregivenout.甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。2).Theexplanationisprettythin.这个解释是相当不充实的。Drills:1).Wearewatchingthefluidsituationwithconcern.我们关切注视着动荡不安的局面。2).Herfacehadastrange,lostlook.她的脸上有一种奇异的、不知所措的神情。3).Appearancesaredeceptive.外表是靠不住的。4）Ihavereadyourarticle.Iexpectedtomeetanolderman.5).Therockettravelinginspaceisindependentoftheearth’sgravity.D).Prepositions1).Itwasbeyondhispowertosignsuchacontract.他无权签订这种合同。2).Thisproblemisaboveme.这问题我不懂(不能理解)。Drills:1).Thelecturerspokeabovetheheadsofhisaudience.演讲者讲得太深奥，观众听不明白。2).Hisanswerisbesidethemark.他的回答文不对题。3).Nevermind,wecanmanagewithouthelp.E).Connectives1).Theywouldfighttodeathbeforetheysurrender.他们宁愿战死，决不投降。2).Theywouldratherhavetheblueonethanthegreenone.他们宁愿要那个蓝色的，不愿要绿色的。3).Thestrangerhadalreadygonebeforehehurriedtothehotel.

还没有等他赶到旅馆，那个陌生人早已走了。F).Nouns1).Theyfeelgreatanxietyabouthissickness.他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。2).Withinminutesthemencameracinginwiththetwojeeps.Theywereallexcited,sonowIhadtoputonthecalmacttopreventmyworryfromspreading.几分钟后，那些人乘着吉普车回来了。他们都很激动，所以这时我得故做镇静以免我的不安心情影响他们。Drills:1).Tomwasafoolfordanger.2).Herabstractionwasnotbecauseoftheteaparty.她那种心不在焉的神气，并不是因为那个茶话会的缘故。3).Silencereignedalloverthemeetingroomforawhile.一时全场寂静无声。4).ShewaspolitelyacquiescentinwhatwasevidentlyGreektoher.她有礼貌地默认了她显然不懂得的事情。G).Phrases1).Iamatmywit’sendtokeepthechildquiet.我实在是毫无办法让这孩子安静下来。2).Bothsidesthoughtthatthepeaceproposalwastheonetheycouldacceptwithdignity.

双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以不失体面地接受的建议。Drills:1).Weshouldabstainfromanyexaggerationsandvoidphrase-making.我们不应吹牛皮，讲空话。2).Hisexplanationisfarfrombeingsatisfactory.3).Thepioneersmadelightofdifficultiesandhardships.拓荒者不避艰险。4).Tomkepttohisroomalldaylong.汤姆终日足不出户。5).Thenewsofhisassassinationspreadlikewildfire.他被刺的消息不胫而走。6).Youshouldseizetheopportunemomenttoputinagoodwordforme.你应不失时机为我说说情。7).Thesystemofwatersupplyinthecityleavesmuchtobedesired.

H).Sentences1).Ifitworkedonce,itcanworktwice.一次得手，再次不愁。2).Hewas78,buthecarriedhisyearslightly.他七十八岁了，可是不显老。3).Thedecisionhastocome.

还没有做出决定。4).IthadbeensixorsevenhourssinceIhadhadanythingtoeat,drinkorsmoke.

我已经六、七个小时没有吃饭、喝水或抽烟了。5).Hastemakeswaste.

6).Mr.Willwasashortmanwithdarkhairandgrayeyes,andasmilethatseemedtobefrozenonhisfaceandeverybodyknewitwasanythingelsebutagenuinesmile.威尔先生是个身材矮小的人，灰脸黑发，脸上挂着一副似乎永远笑不出来的笑容，而谁都知道这是一副虚伪的笑脸。B.NegativeinEnglish,butAffirmativeinChineseA).Verbs1).Thedoubtwasstillunsolvedafterhisrepeatedexplanation.虽经他一再解析，疑团依然存在。2).Don’tunstringyourshoes.把鞋带系上。3).Irodearoundwithhimonedayseeinghowtheshipsunloaded.一天我与他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。B).Adverbs1).Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandthenleft.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。2).Manyagreedthatthemanagerhadineffectresigneddishonorably.许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。C).Adjectives1).Hewasanindecisivesortofpersonandalwayscapricious.他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。2).Itwasanunusualunit,setoffbyitself,flyinganeasilyidentifiableaircraft.这是一支异乎寻常的部队，显得与众不同，乘的是容易辨认的飞机。3).Allthearticlesinthemuseumareuntouchable.博物馆内的一切展品禁止触摸。D).Nouns1).Hemanifestedastrongdislikeforhisfather’sbusiness.他对他父亲的行业表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。2).Itwassaidthatsomeonehadsowndiscordamongthem.据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。3).Generallysheacceptedthefamilylifeinallitscrowdedinadequacy.在通常的情况下，她还是能够忍受她那拥挤贫穷/寒怆的家庭生活的。E).Phrases1).Don’tlosetimeinpostingthisletter.赶快把这封信寄出去。2).Theexaminationleftnodoubtthatthepatienthaddiedofcancer.调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。3).Students,withnoexception,aretohandintheirpapersthisafternoon.今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。5).Hereturnedhomewithnohopeonhisface.他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家。6).ThetraincomingfromBeijingwillarriveinnotime.7).Inthestreettheywerenotgoingtolosesightofher.在街上他们一直在监视她的行踪。

F).Sentences1).Suchflightcouldn’tlongescapenotice.这类飞行迟早总会被发觉的。2).Thesignificanceoftheseincidentswasn’tlostonus.这些事引起了我们的重视。C.SameEnglishWords,withEitherAffirmativeorNegativeEquivalentsinChinese1).Iamnewtothework.这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉）2).Heisfreewithhismoney.3).Herealizedthathewasintrouble.他意识到遇到麻烦了(他感到自己的处境不妙)。4).Thestationisnodistanceatall.车站咫尺

(车站一点儿也不远)。5).Itisnolessthanafraud.这简直是一场骗局（这无异于一场骗局）6).Theworksofartwereleftintact,themoneygone.艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。(艺术品原封不动，钱却不翼而飞。)D.DoubleNegativeforEmphasis

DoubleinEnglish,asinChinese,isusedforemphasis.Inthiscasewemayeitherdropboththenegativewordsorkeeptotheoriginal,dependingonwhichversionisidiomaticinChinese.

StructuresofdoublenegationinEnglish:

not…without…,no(never)…without…,nothing…without…,no…no…,not…until/till/unless…Nomoneynotalk.Nofirewithoutsmoke.Noin/pains,noout/gains..

1).Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.任何规则都有例外。2).Thereisnotanyadvantagewithoutdisadvantage.3).Itneverrainsbutitpours.不雨则已，雨必倾盆。4).Itisimpossiblebutthatamanwillmakesomemistakes.5).Itssignificanceandimportancecanneverbeoveremphasized.6).Nevercrossabridgeuntil/till/unlessyoucometoit.7).Hardlyamonthgoesbywithoutwordofanothersurveyrevealingnewdepthsofscientificilliteracyamongthecitizensofthiscountry.该国公民科学知识匮乏的现象日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。8).Nosweetwithoutsweat.9).Wemustneverstoptakinganoptimisticviewoflife.我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。10).Hehasnevercommittedoneactthatwasnotintheinterestsofhispeople.他所做的每件事都是为人民的利益着想的。E.RoundaboutAffirmative

Thisisanindirectwayofexpressingastrongaffirmative,andwhenputintoChinese,theemotionoftheoriginalshouldbeproperlykept.1).Hedidn’thalflikethegirl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。2).Icouldn’tfeelbetter.3).Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.4).Ifitisn’twhatIwant!我所要的就是这个呀！5).Hecan’tseeyouquickenough.6).Wecan’tthankyouenough.

7).Well,ifthisisn’tdisgraceful!8).Shedidn’thalfsupportourplan.F.SomeTrapsinNegativeStructures1).Not…because…a).Theenginedidn’tstopbecausethefuelwasfinished.b).Don’tscampyourwork,becauseyouarepressedfortime.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。c).Thisversionisnotplacedfirstbecauseitissimple.2).Cannot…too/over(+v)a).Theimportanceofthisconferencecannotbeoverestimated.这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。b).Youcannotbetoocarefulinproofreading.c).Ishallneverbeabletostresstoomuchyourkindness.不管我怎么感激你，都不足以报恩于万一。3).All/every…not(halfnegative)a).Allcitiesdidnotlookliketheydotoday.在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。b).No,everythingisnotstraightenedout.4).Both…not(halfnegative)a).Boththeinstrumentsarenotprecisionones.b).BothreadthesameBible,andpraytothesameGod;andeachinvokesHisaidagainsttheother.Theprayersofbothcouldnotbeanswered.双方念的是同一本圣经，拜的是同一个上帝，但各方都恳求上帝帮助去打倒对方。所以，双方的祈求不可能都得到满足。5).Forall…a).YoumayleaveatonceforallIcare.b).Heseemedasfreshasever;forallthatIneversawhimdrinkoreat.尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎依然精神饱满。c).Forallweknew,thefilesweweresupposedtophotographwerealreadyontheirway.说不定那些该由我们去拍摄的文件已在途中。6).Itbe+adj.+n+that…a).Itisagoodworkmanthatneverblunders.智者千虑，必有一失。b).Itisalonglanethathasnoend.路必有弯。c).Itisanillwindthatblowsnobodygood.d).It’sagoodhorsethatneverstumbles.好马也有失蹄时。3．NegationinC-ETranslation1).AffirmativeinChinese,butNegativeinEnglishA.NegationaccordingtoUsage（表达习惯）a).一直到写完作业，他才出现。Hedidn’tturnupuntilhefinishedhishomework.b).我很快就可回老家了。Itwill

not

belongbeforeIgobacktomyhometown.c).一分耕耘，一分收获。

Nopains,nogains.B.NegationaccordingtoMood(语气的需要）a).同行是冤家。Twoofatradedid

not

agree.b).走远点。Youhadbetternotbotherme.

c).为了提高工作效率，他非常关注工人们的权利。On

no

occasionhasheneglectedtherightsoftheworkersforhigherefficiency.d).他们的成功简直是个奇迹。Theirsuccessesarenothingshortofmiraculous.C.NegationforBetterExplicitness(使隐含之意更加明确）

a).我们劝他不要出门，他偏背着书包走了。Wetriedtodissuadehimfromgoingout,buthewouldn’tlistenandlefthomecarryinghisbagonhisshoulder.b).牛失去尾巴后才知道尾巴有用。Thecowknowsnottheworthofhertailtillshelosesit.c).在困难面前，他总是勇往直前。Theyndeverflinchedfromanydifficulties.d).与其他人相比，他是位非凡的教授。Ascomparedwithothers,heisnoordinaryprofessor.D.NegationforBetterExpression(利用英语某些词语特点，使译文更精当）a).恐怕这些调查工作是白做了。Iamafraidthattheseinvestigationsaredonefornothing.b).我也讨厌寒风和冰雪。Ialsodislikecoldwinds,snowandice.c).过马路时，越小心越好。Youcan’tbetoocarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.d)你肯定能找到那个地方。Youcan’tmisstheplace.e).有问题就请直接提出来吧。

Don’thesitatetoraiseyourquestions.2).NegativeinChinese,butAffirmativeinEnglishChineseNegativeWordswithoutNegativeImplication(汉语的否定词没有否定意义）a).这块地里的麦子长得不大离儿。

Thewheatonthisfieldisprettygood.b).这孩子有许多不三不四的朋友，跟他们在一起除了玩乐之外对什么都不在乎。

Thisboyhasmanyfrivolousfriendsand,withthem,hecaresfornothingbutamusement.B.Affir