高考英语一轮总复习Module4GreatScientists

Module4GreatScientists(主题语境——人与社会之科学与技术：对社会有突出贡献的人物)一、各种科学家1．physicist.物理学家2.astronomer.天文学家nn3．chemist.化学家；药剂师4.technologistn.技术专家n5．mathematiciann.数学家6.biologistn.生物学家7．inventorn.发明家8.geographern.地理学家9．zoologistn.动物学家10.botanistn.植物学家二、工作职责与资格1．certificaten.证明；证(明)书2．qualificationn.资格；学历3．qualifyvt.&vi.(使)拥有资格4．inventvt.发明；创建5．qualifiedadj.有资格的6．responsibilityn.责任；负责7．undertakevt.担当；从事；负责8．chargevt.负责；主管9．establishmentn.成立10．inspirationn.灵感三、科学家质量与智力1．potentialadj.潜伏的2.creativeadj.创建性的3．virtuen.美德；品德4.dignityn.尊贵；崇高5．determinedadj.意志坚定的6.reliableadj.可信任的7．considerateadj.考虑周祥的8.confidentadj.自信的9．strong-willedadj.意志坚毅的10．diligentadj.勤劳的1．makegreatcontributionsto对做出突出贡献2．becomeinvolvedin参加3．inthefieldof在领域4．getovervarietiesofdifficulties战胜各种各种的困难5．playaleadingrolein起侧重要的作用6．achieveone'sdream实现某人的梦想7．havemaderapidprogressin在某方面获得很大的进步8．findacurefor找到一个治疗方法9．receivetheNobelPrize获取诺贝尔奖10．facethechallenge面对挑战11．devoteoneselfto致力于12．scientificresearch科学研究13．setoutanewscientificidea创始科学新看法14．findaproblem发现问题15．findsupportingevidence找到支持的凭证1．Itisscienceandtechnologythatmakeourlifemoreconvenient.是科技使我们的生活更为方便。2．Sostrong-mindedwashethathecouldkeepupuntilhesucceeded.他意志很坚毅，他会持续做下去直到成功。3．Inthelastdecades,advancesinmedicaltechnologyhaveforpeopletolivelongerthaninthepast.

madeitpossible在过去的几十年里，医疗技术的进步令人们有可能比过去活得更长。4．However,educatedbyhismother,hetookaninterestinreading.但是，因为母亲的教育，他对念书产生了浓重的兴趣。5．Hefellinlovewithscienceanddevotedhimselftoit.他迷上了科学并且致力于它。单词巧练写准并记牢Ⅰ.识记单词(一)会其形1．leadingadj.主要的2.figuren.人物3．publishvt.第一版4.breakthroughn.打破5．supportvt.支持6.convertvt.改变；变换7．replacevt.取代；以取代8.victimn.受害者9．partlyadv.部分地；在必定程度上10．escapevi.逃跑；躲避；逃走11.clearvi.(烟雾)消失12．quantityn.数目13.qualityn.质量14．stapleadj.主要的；重要的15．brilliantadj.聪慧的；才干横溢的(二)知其意1．biochemistryn.生物化学2.botanyn.植物学3．geneticsn.遗传学4.zoologyn.动物学5．nicknamen.外号6.breeding.培养n7．species.(动物或植物的)种类8.yieldn.产量n9．hybridn.杂交种10．best-seller

n.

热销书

(或唱片等

)11．relativity

n.

相对论

12.rocket

n.

火箭13．millennium

n.

千年14．gunpowder

n.

火药15．arrow

n.(

弓)箭

16.biology

n.

生物学Ⅱ.拓展单词1．producer

n.

生产者→

produce

vt.

生产→

production

n.

生产；产量→product

n.产品2．educatevt.教育→educationn.教育→educatorn.教育工作者→educatedadj.受过教育的→educationaladj.教育的3．agriculturen.农业→agriculturaladj.农业的4．originaladj.本来的；最先的→originn.发源→originatevi.发源5．exportvt.出口→importvt.进口6．briefadj.简洁的；简洁的→brieflyadv.简洁地；简洁地7．graduatevi.毕业n.毕业生→graduationn.毕业8．personaladj.个人的→personallyadv.就个人而言→personalityn.个性；性格9．explodevi.爆炸→explosionn.爆炸；爆炸声高考与教材1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Theeight-partseries(

系列节目

),

SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproducts(produce)onthemarket.2．(2019·浙江卷)Myfatheralwaystoldmethataneducation

(educate)

wasoneofthegreatestadvantagesIcouldhave,onethatwouldalwaysstaywithme.3．(2019·北京卷)Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally(personal),you'llalsolearnnewskillsandincreaseyourculturalawareness.4．(2019·江苏卷)Theexplosion(explode)hadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacross—muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.5．(2018·浙江卷11月)BeforeIgetontowhatexactlywedidinourresearch,Iwouldliketoexplainbriefly(brief)thepurposebehindit.6．(2018·江苏卷)From2004to2013,agricultural(agriculture)landvaluesdoubled,andtheycontinuetoriseinmanyregions.7．(2018·浙江卷)Theabilitytodesign,buildandexport(出口)greentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.8．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)IlearnedthatFreddydidseveraljobsafter(graduate)fromhighschoolandremainedthesamecaringpersonImetfortyyears

hisgraduationbefore.1．“支持，拥戴”家族advocatevt.倡导；拥戴②backvt.支持③supportvt.支持，帮助④standby/for

支持⑤infavourof

支持，赞成⑥votefor投票支持2．“v.＋adv.”合成名词大观园breakthrough打破②breakdown故障；损坏③break-up破碎；崩溃④takeaway外卖食品⑤warm-up热身运动⑥get-together联欢会；聚会3．“数目”有好多quantity数目②amount数目③number数目④mass大批⑤plenty大批⑥abundance大批短语巧练写准并记牢1.bring_up培养；养育2．the_key_to_(doing)_sth.(做)某事的重点3．experiment_with对进行实验4．bring_in引进5．carry_out实行；执行；执行6．as_a_result_of因为的结果7．be_known_for因而有名/有名8．be_diagnosed_with被诊疗患有疾病9．earn_one's_living糊口10．come_to_power掌权高考与教材1.(2018·江苏卷)Tomakemattersworse,Mothwas_diagnosed_withaseriousdisease.2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Infact,the_key_toeasymorningwake-upliesinresettingyourbodyclock.3．(2015·湖北卷)Hegavehimselfanewnametohidehisidentitywhenhewenttocarry_outthesecrettask.4．(2015·安徽卷)AccordingtoSparrow,wearenotbecomingpeoplewithpoormemoriesas_a_result_oftheInternet.1．由thekeyto想到的①theapproachto的方法②theaccessto

的通道③theanswerto

的答案④thenotesto

的说明⑤theentranceto

的进口2．carry有关短语多棱镜①carryout实行；执行carryon持续；展开③carrythrough贯彻究竟carryaway拿走；带走⑤carryback取回3．“cometo＋n.”短语一览①cometopower

掌权②cometolife

活跃起来③cometoaconclusion

得出结论④cometoanagreement

达成协议⑤cometothepoint

谈正题句式仿写写准并记牢1.Itis/was

＋过去分词＋

that

从句InStephenHawking's

caseit

wasdiscovered

thathewasabrilliant

scientist.就史蒂芬·霍金的状况来说，人们发现他是一个优异的科学家。2．keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语Thetubeswereattachedtoalongstickwhichhelpedkeeptherocketmovinginastraightdirection.这些管子被绑在一根长木棍上，这根木棍能使火箭直线行进。3．“疑问词＋不定式”构造SoontheMongolslearnedhowtomakerocketsthemselvesanditispossiblethattheyintroducedthemtoEurope.不久，蒙先人学会了如何自己制造火箭，并且可能是他们将其引入欧洲的。4．此刻分词短语作结果状语Orwashecarriedmilesintospace,becomingtheworld'sfirstastronaut?或许他被带到了太空中数英里的地方，成为世界上第一个宇航员？高考与教材1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)说到餐桌礼仪，请在用餐时保持低的、令人快乐的声音。Speakingoftablemanners,keep_your_voice_low_and_pleasantduringthemeal.2．(2018·浙江卷)当电话发明时，人们不知道如何给打电话的人打招呼。Whenthetelephonewasinvented,peopledidn'tknowhow_to_greetacaller.3．(2017·天津卷)近来这家医院已经获取了新的医疗设施，同意更多的病人获取治疗。Thehospitalhasrecentlyobtainednewmedicalequipment,allowing_more_patients_to_be_treated.4．(2017·江苏卷)中国经济有望在未来的几年会以中等速度增添。It_is_expected_thatChina'seconomywillgrowatamediumspeedinthecomingyears..高频词汇精讲1．supportvt.&nTheresearchwas

．支持；拥戴；支撑；奉养supportedbythegovernment.这项研究获取了政府的支持。(1)supportsb.insth.

在某方面支持某人supporta(one's)family/oneself

养家生活

/独自自主(2)cometoone'ssupport

来支持某人withone'ssupport

在某人的支持下insupportof支持；拥戴offersupporttosb.给某人供给支持(1)用适合的介词填空①Myparentsalwayssupportme

inwhatIwanttodo.②Several

membersspokeinsupportofthevolunteers

atthemeetingyesterday.③Ourgovernmentofferssupport

tothegraduateswhoplantoruntheirownbusinesses.(2)达成句子With_the_support_of_the_government,_manypatientsinpoorareascanaffordtogotohospital.在政府的支持下，很多贫穷地域的病人都有能力去医院。2．replacevt.取代，以取代；放回原处Thenewricereplacedvegetablesin50thousandsquarekilometres.在5万平方千米的田地中，这类新式水稻栽种取代了蔬菜栽种。replacesth.with/bysth.

用/

以取代

/替代taketheplaceof

＝takeone'splace

取代inplaceof

取代写出以下句中replace的含义①Youhaveto

replace

thebooksontheshelvesbeforeyouleave.

放回原处②Doyouthinkitispossiblethatrobotswill

replace

theworkersintheworkplaceinthefuture

？取代(2)达成句子Teacherswillneverbe_replaced_bycomputersintheclassroom.讲堂上老师永久不会被电脑取代。一句多译约翰病了，我想知道谁将取代他。→JohnisillandIwanttoknowwhoisgoingto

replace_him.(replace)→JohnisillandIwanttoknowwhoisgoingto

take_the_place_of_him/take_his_place.(place)3.quantityn.数目；大批Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthe

quantity

.专家说，夸奖的质量比数目更重要。(1)alargequantityof大批的(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)largequantitiesof

大批的(作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式

)(2)inquantity

大批地，成批地inquantityandquality

在数目和质量上[名师指津

]aquantityof,largequantitiesof

既可接不行数名词，也可接可数名词的复数形式，但当它作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般依据

quantity

的单复数形式而定。[联想发散

]

表示“大批”的短语还有：①修饰可数名词：

alarge

numberof,

agreat

many,quite

afew,

scores

of,

dozensof

；②修饰不行数名词：

agreat

deal

of,

alarge

amountof,

large

amountsof,

quitealittle

；③既可修饰可数名词，

又可修饰不行数名词：

alot

of/lots

of,

plenty

of,

alargequantityof,quantitiesof

。(1)单句语法填空①Largechildrensofar.

quantities(quantity)ofmoneyhavebeenspentinbringinguphis②Alargequantity

offood

andtents

was(be)

sent

to

earthquake-stricken

areasfromShandongyesterday.③Wecanofferyouabetter

priceifyoucanbuyitinquantity.达成句子Thegroupofinformationtechnologytalentsshouldbestrengthenedin_quantity_and_quality.信息人材队伍在数目和质量上都需增强。4.escapev．&n．逃跑，逃走；避开；(气体、液体等)漏出；被忘记TheChinesediscoveredthatthegasescapingfromthetubecouldliftitintotheair.中国人发现从竹管里开释出来的气体能够使其飞向空中。[名师指津]注意下边两个短语的差别：escapefromprison逃狱；escapeprison逃过牢狱之灾。单句语法填空①Totheirrelief,theirstudentsnarrowlyescapedfromtheshakingbuilding.②Heescapedbeing_killed(kill)intheexplosionbecausehehadnotgonetowork.达成句子LastyearIhad_a_narrow_escape,_andIdon'twanttoriskmylifeasecondtime.昨年我虎口余生，所以我不想再去冒生命危险了。②Whoeverbreaksthelawwon'tescape_punishment/being_punished.不论是谁违犯了法律都将不会逃走处罚。5.bringup培养，养育；提出；呕吐YuanLongpingwasbornandbroughtupinChina.袁隆平在中国出生并长大。bringabout

惹起；致使

bringback

送还；使想起bringdown

降低；减少

bringin

引进；赚得，挣得写出以下句中bringup的含义①Hebroughtupapracticalplaninthemeeting,whichbroughtdownthecostofproduction.

提出②Hewasdrunkand

broughtup

whathehadeatenatmidnight.

呕吐③Herparentsdiedwhenshewasababyandshewas

broughtup

byheraunt.养育用适合的介、副词填空①Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhavebroughtinpeople'slife.

aboutmanychanges②Thesongbrought

backthehappymemeoryofmychildhood.③Thegovernmenthastakenmeasurestobringgoodstokeepthemarketstable.

downthehighpricesofdaily④Newideas

havebeenbrought

in

since

Chinawasopenedto

the

outside

world.6．cometo/intopower掌权；登台；执政AlbertEinsteinleftGermanywhenHitler

cametopower

andwenttoworkintheUS.希特勒掌权时，爱因斯坦走开德国去美国工作。beyondone'spower力所不及，不可以胜任in/withinone'spower

在某人能力范围内inpower

当权have/holdpoweroversth./sb.

对某事/人有控制权[联想发散]

“comeinto

＋名词”组成的短语还有：

comeintobeing

形成，产生；comeinto

existence

开始存在，成立，产生；

comeinto

effect/force

奏效；comeintouse开始使用；

comeintosight/view

看见，进入视线；

comeintofashion

开始流行。达成句子①Itissaidthatthenewmayorwillcome_to/into_powernextmonth.听说新市长下个月将上任。②Hehasbeenin_powerfortenyearsbutstilldoesn'twanttoleaveoffice.他已经掌权10年了，可是仍旧不想走开这个职位。③I'mafraiditisbeyond_my_powertodowhatyour'reasking.我唯恐不可以胜任你要求做的事。④Iwilldoeverythingin/within_my_powertohelpyou.我将尽我所能帮助你。重点词汇点拨1．clearvi.(烟雾)消失；变清亮；(天)变晴vt.使清亮；使清楚；除去；扫清adj.清亮的；明朗的；清楚的；通畅的写出以下句中clear的含义①Wehadtowaitonthefreewayuntilthethickfogclearedatlast.转晴，变明朗②Theremainsofthesnowhadbeen

clearedfromthestreets.

打扫③Thewaterwasso

clearthatwecouldseethebottomofthelake.

清亮的④Itwasnever

clearwhythemanhadn'treportedtheaccidentsooner.

清楚的⑤Sheneededa

clearheadtocarryoutherinstructions.

清楚的，清醒的⑥Thecloudslowly

clearedandthesuncameout.

消失2．figuren

．人物；数字；体形；图形

vt.计算；以为写出以下句中

figure

的含义①Heisanimportantpolitical

figure

inIndianhistory.

人物②Thewalliscoveredwith

figures

ofbirdsandflowers.

图形③Manywomenwanttokeeptheir

figures

bytakingmoreexercisethesedays.体形④Addallthe

figures,

andyou'llgetalargerone.

数字⑤Wefigured

thesensiblethingtodowaswait.

以为3．straightadj.

直的，直线的；坦诚的，爽快的；正确的，靠谱的

adv.

连续地，不中断地；直接，径直地写出以下句中straight的含义①Wedecidedtogostraighthome.直接，径直地②Astraightlineistheshortestdistancebetweentwopoints.直的，直线的③MrJohnsonhasareputationofstraighttalking.坦诚的，爽快的④Besureyouhaveyourfactsstraight.正确的，靠谱的⑤Wehadbeendrivingforfivehoursstraightandneededtohavearest.连续地，不中断地4．asaresultof因为，因为(表示原由)；作为的结果选词填空(asaresultof，asaresult，resultin，resultfrom)①Thefootballmatchwasputoffas_a_result_ofthestorm.②Hislazinessresulted_inhisfailure;that'stosay,hisfailureresulted_fromhislaziness.③Hestudiedhardlasttermand,as_a_result,_hepassedtheexamination.典型句式精析keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语,Thetubeswereattachedtoalongstickwhichhelpedkeeptherocketmovinginastraightdirection.箭管被绑在一根长棍儿上，这根长棍儿能使火箭沿直线运动。在“keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语”构造中，此刻分词与宾语之间为主谓关系，过去分词与宾语之间为动宾关系。[用法概括](1)keep＋n./pron.＋此刻分词(2)keep＋n./pron.＋过去分词(3)keep＋n./pron.＋形容词/副词/名词/介词短语[名师指津]常有的可接过去分词和此刻分词作宾语补足语的动词有：find，leave，feel，see，hear，have，get等。(注意：make往常只以过去分词作宾语补足语，少见以现在分词作宾语补足语。)单句语法填空Thequestionkeptmewondering(wonder)fortherestofthenight.Itisnecessarythatwekeeptheyounggenerationinformed(inform)ofthecurrentaffairs.(2)达成句子It

can

prevent

us

from

getting

short-sighted

and

it

cankeep_us_physically_healthy.它能够使我们预防近视，并且能使我们身体健康。Ⅰ.单词拼写1．JustasIwaswonderingwhattodonext,Isawafamiliarfigure(passingbyourclassroom.

人物)2．Thecitycouncilistakingstepstoreplace(

取代)itsstreetcarswithbuses.3．Surgeonshavemadeagreatbreakthrough(

打破)inthekidneytransplant.4．Hepublished(第一版)hisfirstnovelwhenhewaseighteenyearsold.5．Everyyear,

India

exports

(出口)alot

of

tea

andcotton

to

manydifferentcountries.6．Mostofthefloodvictims(

受害者)hadtoleavealltheirthingsbehind.7．Wehavetodealwiththeemotionalandphysical(alongwithobesity.

身体的)problemsthatgo8．Ifyoulookstraight(

直地)ahead,you'llseetheschoolinthedistance.9．Onaclear(明朗的)dayyoucanseethecoast.10．Localpeoplehavegivenusalotofsupport(支持)inourcampaign.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．Atthirteen,hewasdiagnosedwithkindofattentiondisorder.2．Asuccessfulperson

always

lays

out

plans

carefully

andlays

aside

all

theotherthingstocarryouthisplans.3．Scientificfarmingisthekeytothefurtherdevelopmentofagriculture.4．Theyhaveconvertedthespareroomintoastudy,wherechildrencanreadordotheirhomework.5．Themurderertriedtoescapebeing_caught(catch)bythepolicebutinvain.6．You'llsurelyseeyourimprovementifyoukeepyourattentionpaid(pay)tothestudy.7．Shethrewthetoyontheground,breaking(break)itintopieces.8．I'dliketospeaktoMrDavisaboutapersonal(person)matter,butheissobusynow.9．ItissaidthathewasforcedtoresignasTransportMinisterbecauseoftheundergroundexplosion(explode)．10．Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheireffortswill_be_rewarded(reward)withsuccessintheend.Ⅲ.单句改错1．Hehaslostallhisfriendsasresultofhisrudebehaviour.result前加a2．Trming

→informed3．

His

first

book

published

last

year

and

it

turned

out

to

be

abest-seller.

published

前加

was4．Largequantitiesofgoodshasbeensoldoutsincetheybroughtdowntheprice.has→have5．Onbrief,practiceisfarmoreimportantthanbookknowledge.On→In6．Hisconfidentwordshaveclearedoutourdoubtsabouthowtheplanwillbecarriedout.

第一个

out→up7．Thekeyto

protect

the

environment

is

to

let

people

realize

theimportanceofenvironment.

protect

→protecting8．Ascientistmustproduceevidenceinthesupportofatheory.

去掉

the9．Susanmadeclear

to

methat

shewished

to

makeanewlife

forherself.clear前加

it10．

The

bad

weather

was

part

responsible

for

the

failure

of

theperformance.

part

→partlyⅣ.语段填词1．Thisfactoryproduces

computers.

Its

producer

is

very

optimistic

abouttheproductionandsale.(produce)2．Onthewhole,people

whoare

well

educated

canfind

jobs

easier

thanthosewithoutagoodeducation.(educate)3．ThiswordoriginatedfromaLatinwordandtheoriginalmeaningisquitedifferentfromwhatitistoday.(origin)4．Thoughsheexplainedthetopicbriefly,_westilllearnedalotfromherbriefwords.(brief)5．Aftergraduation,_heisoneofthegraduateswhohavegraduatedthisyearandarelookingforajob.(graduate)6．Personallyspeaking,Idon'tlikehispersonalitybecauseheonlythinksofhispersonalprofit.(personal)7．Twobombsexplodedinthecentreofourcityandtheexplosioncausedsevendeaths.(explode)Ⅴ.达成句子1．据报导，在此次事故中没有乘客受伤。(Itis＋过去分词＋

that

从句)It_is_reported_thatnopassengerswereinjuredintheaccident.2．孩子们被要求保持教室洁净整齐。(keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语Childrenarerequestedtokeep_the_classroom_clean_and_tidy.

)3．我们应当教孩子危险时如何生计下去。

(疑问词＋不定式

)Weshouldteachchildrenhow_to_survivewhenindanger.4．他是奶奶带大的，所以他和她很亲密。

(bringup)Hewas_brought_upbyhisgrandmasoheisveryclosetoher.5．他击败了其余全部选手，获取了一等奖。(分词短语作结果状语)Hebeatallthe