明喻暗喻类比拟人

（优选(Xuan)）明喻暗喻类比拟人第一页，共四十七页。MetaphorPersonificationSimileAnalogy第二页，共四十七页。IntroductionFiguresofSpeechDefinition:Figuresofspeecharerecognizedformsofrhetoricalexpressionthatdepartfromcustomaryconstruction,order,orsignificanceforthepurposeofachievingspecialeffectsormeanings,andthatconformtocertainspecialclassification.--李亚丹《汉英辞格对比研究(Jiu)简编》第三页，共四十七页。辞格是人们在长期使用语言文字的过程中，逐步形成的具有特定方法，特定结构，特定功(Gong)能，为语言使用者所公认，符合特定类聚系统要求的美化语言的言语模式。--李亚丹《汉英辞格对比研究简编》第四页，共四十七页。E.g.1.StarshinebrightlyintheskyStartwinklelikediamondsinthesky.2.Imperialismappearstobestrongbutinwardlyitisweak.Imperialismisapapertiger.Thesecondonethemorevividandcolorfulthanthefirstone.第五页，共四十七页。ThepurposeoflearningfiguresofspeechItishelpfultodeepenourunderstandingofwhatwereadtoappreciatemorefullythefinerpointsofawriter'sstyle.tolearntowritebetterourselves.第六页，共四十七页。5.1Simile5.1.1Definition:E.g.1.JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.2.JimandBillyareaslikeastwopeas.第七页，共四十七页。1.ordinaryliteralcomparison,fora)wearecomparingtwolikeelements--JimandBillyarebothhumanbeings;b)

wemeanJimisliterallylikehisbrotherinappearance.第八页，共四十七页。2.asimile,fora)

Wearecomparingtwounlikeelements--humanbeingsandpeas;andb)wedon'tmeanJimandBillyareliterallylikepeas,butonlythattheyhaveonethingincommonwithpeas:greatsimilarityinappearance.第九页，共四十七页。Definition

Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.marker:like,as,seem,asif,as…as,so…as,asitwere…….第十页，共四十七页。第十一页，共四十七页。simile(明喻)用like等喻词联结两类不同的事物(主体和喻体)，以表明相似关系的比喻.---李鑫华《英(Ying)语修辞格详论》第十二页，共四十七页。Characteristicsofasimilea.tenor(本体);vehicle(喻(Yu)体)b.tenorandvehiclebelongstototallydifferentthingsofdifferentproperties.c.tenorandvehiclehaveonequalityincommon.d.similemarker(喻词)isusedtoconnecttenorandvehicle:like/as;

Structure:(tenor)(similemarker)(vehicle)第十三页，共四十七页。simile必须具备两个条件:一是本体、喻(Yu)体和喻(Yu)词三者缺一不可;二是喻词必须是like,as,asif,asthough等显性喻词。E.g.P171(1)(2)第十四页，共四十七页。Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.MyluveislikearedredroseThat'snewlysprunginJune:o,myluveislikethemelodieThat'ssweetlyplayedintune.(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose)第十五页，共四十七页。Considerifthefollowingexamplesaresimiles:Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.Iwasbornandbredamongbooks,andhavetheeasyfeelingwhengetintotheirpresencethatastableboyhasamonghorses.我是在(Zai)书本中生，在(Zai)书本中长的，一见到书就有一种自由自在(Zai)的感觉，就像一个小马倌在(Zai)马群中一样。第十六页，共四十七页。5.1.2PatternsofSimile

1、用介词引导2、用从属连(Lian)词引导3、用what引导4、用形容词比较级引导5、用并列连词“and”引导6、用theway或that引导---李鑫华《英语修辞格详论》---李亚丹《汉英辞格对比研究简编》第十七页，共四十七页。用介词引导最常(Chang)用的介词是as和likee.g.Thetrainsflowedlikeatorrentofdiamondstowardstheinterior.火车像奔流的钻石一样像内陆流去。Inhisdreamhesawthetinyfigurefallasafly.第十八页，共四十七页。

用从属(Shu)连词引导E.g.Afarmlayquitevisible,like/asawhitestoneinwater.农庄清晰可辨，犹如白石映于水中。Thesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.蓝宝石像大海一样蓝第十九页，共四十七页。

用(Yong)what引导AistoBwhatCistoDWhatCistoD,AistoBE.g.Thepeopleistothepeople’sarmywhatwateristothefish.Whatthegunistoafighter,thepenistoawriter.第二十页，共四十七页。AsCistoD,soAistoB.(themainclauseintroducedbyso)Asthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.鹰是鸟中(Zhong)之王，犹如狮是兽中(Zhong)之王。Aslungsaretotheanimals,soleavesaretotheplants.叶子之于植物，犹如肺之于动物。第二十一页，共四十七页。

用形容词比较级引导E.g.Therubyshallberedderthanaredstone.(?)Wehavenomorerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.我们无权只消耗财富而不创造财富，我们也无权只享受(Shou)幸福而不创造幸福。第二十二页，共四十七页。

用并列连词and引导E.g.Loveandcoughcannotbehidden.爱情像(Xiang)咳嗽一样掩盖不了。Ofsoupandlove,thefirstisthebest.恋爱如喝汤，头一碗最香。第二十三页，共四十七页。

用theway或that引导E.g.Thebestworkisdonethewayantsdothings---bytiny,tirelessandregularadditions.最(Zui)好的作品都是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的---通过点滴、不懈、经常不断的增补而成。第二十四页，共四十七页。Youmightaswell

throwyourmoneyintotheseaas

lendittohim.你把钱借给他(Ta)好比/还不如把钱扔进海里。第二十五页，共四十七页。5.1.3Threemainusesofsimile1、Descriptive（描述）2、Illuminative（阐(Chan)释，启发）3、Illustrative（解释，说明）第二十六页，共四十七页。DescriptiveAgooddescriptivesimilecandrawsharperpicturesintheandwithmuchmorebrevity.P173(6)第二十七页，共四十七页。IlluminativeTheilluminativesimiletriestogivedeeperinsightintopersons,things,ideas,evenproblems,throughsuggestiveassociation;tothrowlight,asitwere,ontowhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople.P174(8)(11)第二十八页，共四十七页。IllustrativeTheillustrativesimileistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorprocessesinsimple,concreteimagery.P176(12)第二十九页，共四十七页。5.2Mataphor5.2.1DefinitionAmetaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.E.g.Theworldisastage.第三十页，共四十七页。明喻与暗喻的区别：明喻常用“似”“像”之类的比喻词，但暗喻则绝(Jue)对不能用这一类比喻词明喻中的本体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中，但暗喻的本体和喻体可同时出现，或本体隐去，或喻体隐去。第三十一页，共四十七页。E.g.Somebooksaretobetasted,othertobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.第三十二页，共四十七页。明喻是“相类”关系，即只是客观比较，是人的一种认识。

暗喻是“相合”关系，即是一种主观上带有内涵意义的融合，是人的审美能力与艺术想象力的再现。

---陈望道《修辞学发凡》E.g.女人像花(Hua)（女人是女人，花(Hua)是花(Hua)，各有所指）女人是花（女人与花不再分指，而是在美丽这一内涵上合二为一）第三十三页，共四十七页。5.2.2PatternsofMetaphor(源自李亚丹）

基本格式XbeY.Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是往桶里倒(Dao)水，而是把火点燃。除了系动词外，还可用get,become,等Theindividualdropsofrainbecomeanarmymarchingoverfieldsandrooftops.第三十四页，共四十七页。

并列式本体喻体各自成句Fireprovesgold,adversityprovesmen。金从火中锻炼出来，人从忧患(Huan)中磨练出来Inwateryoumayseeyourface,inwine,theheartofanother.第三十五页，共四十七页。

修饰式用定语和中心词之间的限定关系打比方Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.自由之树必须时常用爱国者和暴虐者的血去浇灌。（P180（6））Hehasanironwillandgoldheart.Thelecturerlookeddownattheseaoffacesbeneathhim.演讲者俯视(Shi)下面无数的面孔。第三十六页，共四十七页。

喻体(Ti)隐藏只有本体，喻体通过形容词，动词，或副词暗示。Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.（P180（5））Mysisterhasstarryeyes.Shesailedintotheroomelegantly.Hedoesn'thaveanyideaofhisown.Hejustparrotswhatotherpeoplesay.他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。第三十七页，共四十七页。5.3AnalogyDefinition:Analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Functions:Analogyischieflyusedforthepurposeofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea.第三十八页，共四十七页。E.g.P188(1)从结构上看(Kan)，类比往往带有明喻和暗喻，它是通过比喻手法的综合运用来说明事理或情况的。第三十九页，共四十七页。明喻/暗喻类(Lei)比两个不同事物的某一相似点。通过生动的形象来提高表达效果。两个不同事物平行比较，尽可能的罗列出两事物间的相同或相似之处。通过比较，参照来阐明某个观念，某种道理，以使人信服。第四十页，共四十七页。5.4PersonificationDefinition:Personificationisafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们(Men)以人的思想。感情与行为方式。第四十一页，共四十七页。Functions:Thepersonificationofanimals,objects,andnaturalphenomenawilladdbeautyandvividnesstodescription.第四十二页，共四十七页。E.g.1.MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.2.thewin