欧洲运营商 Open RAN进展及规划报告（2023年2月）-Open RAN MoUprogress updateon maturity;security andenergy efficiency

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OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

energyefficiency

securityand

OpenRANMoU

onmaturity,

progressupdate

modesishelpingOpenRANatleastmatchtheenergyefficiencyoftraditionalRAN.OpenRANMoUOperatorscollaboratewiththeindustrytoincreasetheenergyefficiencyofalltheOpenRANbuildingblocks,withparticularfocusonradiotransmittersandcloudinfrastructure.Inaddition,theyareproposingageneralframeworkforenergymonitoring,focusingontoolsandmethodologiestomeasurepowerconsumptionatallpossiblelevelsoftheOpenRANsystem.Suchreportingofpowermetricsinrealtime,combinedwiththenativeintelligenceofferedbytheOpenRANarchitecturewillunleashfullyautomatedmanagementofthenetworkenergyefficiency.ThiswilleventuallyallowOpenRANtooutperformthetraditionalRAN.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

Execuitivesummary

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Executivesummary

AsthemomentumbehindOpenRANcontinuestogrow,itisnaturalthatrelevantexpertsanddecisionmakerswanttounderstanditsprogressandhowtheOpenRANindustryhasrisentothechallenges,inparticularrelatingtomaturity,securityandenergyefficiency.Overthecourseof2022,OpenRANMoUOperatorsencouragedanopendialogueaboutOpenRANandhavetakenstepstounderstandconcernsandaddressvalidquestions.Thispaperrepresentsaprogressreportthathelpstoshowcasethegainsandsettheagendafor2023.Insummary:

Thetechnologygapbetween

traditionalRANandOpenRANisclosing.ConsiderableOpenRANdeploymentsarealreadyvisibleinmarketssuchastheUKandNorthAmerica,facilitatedbygovernmentsupport.InEurope,smalldeployments(trials)arealreadyinplace,newpilotsareannouncedforthisyearandlargerscaledeploymentsareexpectedfrom2025.Akeyfocusin2023willbearoundmaturityof5Gforurbanareasandminimisingsystemintegrationoverheadsbymaturingcertificationdeliveredthroughindustrycommunities.

Maturity

Security

OpenRANMoUOperatorsare

strengtheningcooperationwithrelevantnationalauthoritiestoshareinformationonsecurity,implementationandmanagementofOpenRANnetworks.ReportssuchastheEUNIS(Network&InformationSystems)Co-operationGroup’sassessmentofOpenRANsecurityhavehelpeddevelopstrongsecuritycontrolsforspecification,development,procurement,systemintegration,testingandoperations.OpenRANMoUOperatorshaverequestedtoformallyincludeOpenRANaspartoftheGSMA(GroupeSpecialeMobile

Association)NESAS(NetworkEquipment

SecurityAssuranceScheme)andtheEU´s5GcertificationschemedefinedbyENISA(EuropeanUnionAgencyforCybersecurity).

Energyefficiency

hardwarecombinedwithsleep

Theavailabilityofenergy-efficient

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

1.Technicalandecosystemmaturityandreadiness

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maturityandreadiness

1.Technicalandecosystem

Message1

ThetechnologicalgapsbetweentraditionalRANandOpenRANaremeltingaway.Someareassuchasnon-complexmacroRUs(e.g.,single-bandproducts,nonmMIMOandlowpowerproducts)andcloudplatformsarealreadyclosetoenablinglarge-scaledeploymentsinvariousmarkets.Otherareassuchascomplexmacroradios(e.g.,mMIMO,multi-bandproducts,particularbandcombinations,etc.)mayrequiredeploymentcommitmentstoacceleratetheenlargementoftherangeofproductalternativeswhileRIC(RANIntelligentController)platformsandthecorrespondingappecosystemneedfurtherdevelopment.

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Rationale/explanation

•Althoughperformanceoptimisationsarestillmonitoredanddiscussed(e.g.mMIMOuplinkperformanceinthemobilitycase),someproductsarematuringquicklyandcatchingupwithestablishedvendors’productsindifferentcategories(e.g.virtualisedbasebandplatforms,smallcells,enterprisenetworks).Variousmacronetworkandenterprisedeploymentsallovertheworldareproofpointsofthatmaturingprocess.Otherareasstillneedtoimproveasaresultofalackofdevelopment,standardsmaturityorlarge-scaledeployments.

•Radiounitswithspecificbandcombinationsonlyneededbysomeoperatorsincertaingeographicalareasarestillunderrepresentedinnewvendors’portfolios.WhiletraditionalRANvendorsmaintainalargefamilyofradiovariantsforthevariousglobalregions,newvendorsneedtofocusonproductswithhighvolumeandrevenueexpectations.Thatexcludeshighlyefficientmulti-bandradioswithoperator-specificbandcombinations,andthoseincombinationwithlegacyradioaccesstechnologies(RATs)suchas2G.

•TheRICsareentrypointsforsmallormediumenterprises(SMEs)orestablishedcompaniesfromnon-RANareasandthusdrivevendordiversityintheRANarea.Considerableadvancementshavetakenplacefromtechnicalanduse-caseperspectivesintheareaofnon-realtime(non-RT)andnear-realtime(near-RT)RIC.Nevertheless,openissueslikeconflictmitigationbetweenapplicationsorusecaseswhichrequirebothnon-RTandnear-RTRICremaintobesolved.Moreover,therelevanceofusecasesstillneedstobequantifiedinfielddeployments,particularlyforthenear-RTRIC.

•RelatedtoRICinterfacestandardisation,A1andE2interfacesarecompletewithexampleA1typedefinitionsandE2servicemodels.However,multi-vendorimplementationsbasedonstandardscompliantE2andA1interfaceshavenotyetshownupinthemarket.StandardisationofxAppandrAppAPIsisstillongoing,thusastablereferencestandardforonboardingthird-partyxAppsandrAppsonRICplatformsisstillneeded.

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OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

1.Technicalandecosystemmaturityandreadiness

•Fromastandardisationperspective,theopenfronthaulinterfaceisthefirstthathasbeenadoptedbyETSI(ETSITS103859)andimplementedincommercialproducts(aimingatlargescaledeployments).ThisincludesIOTtestcasesandconformancetestspecificationsdefinedbyO-RANALLIANCE.

•AlotofstandardisationworkisdoneforO-Cloudwithmanyspecificationsfordeploymentscenariosandusecaserequirements.However,standardisationoftheO2interfaceisstillnotfullydeveloped

intermsofAPIdatamodelsanddetailedinformationelements.Thesameappliestotheaccelerationabstractionlayer(AAL)specs.

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OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

1.Technicalandecosystemmaturityandreadiness

Message2

Globaldeploymentsarenowreachingthousandsofsitesbutaremainlyexecutedbynewoperatorsingreenfielddeployments.Brownfielddeploymentslagduetothecaptivesituationoperatorsface(vendorlock-in)withmodernisationcyclesundercurrentcontractsandsomemissingkeyfeatures.InEurope,small-scaledeploymentsarealreadyinplaceandmajordeploymentsareexpectedfrom2025.ConsiderableOpenRANdeploymentsarealreadyvisibleinmarketssuchastheUKandNorthAmerica,facilitatedbygovernmentsupport.Nevertheless,efficientdeploymentsinbrownfieldoperatorenvironmentsrequirethesupportofboth4Gand5GinCloudRAN,whichwouldenabledeploymentsofoff-the-shelfHW,CloudSWandrelatedtoolingforautomationandlifecyclemanagement.

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Rationale/explanation:

•Large-scaledeploymentsinvolvingOpenRAN

elementsarepresentonlyoutsideEuropecurrently.IncountriessuchastheUSA,IndiaorJapan,theOpenRANorpartialOpenRAN(vRAN)deploymentsareprogressing,e.g.VerizonvRANdeployment(10000sitesdeployedoutof20000by2025),Dish(>100005GOpenRANsites),NTTDocomo(100005GOpenRANsites)whileaninitialOpenRANdeploymentstartedintheUK.Othernon-fullyO-RANcompatiblesolutionsarebeingdeployedinhighvolumesbyRakuteninJapan.

•InEurope,themainfactorsdelayingtheOpenRANadoption(besidestheclosing,butstillexistinggaponmaturity)intier-

1operators’brownfielddeploymentsareexistingcontractualobligationswithregardstotraditionalnetworksolutionsandthechallengingfinancialsituationthatoperatorsandserviceprovidersarecurrentlysufferingfrom.Thelatterfactorhasthepotentialtorestrictoperatorsfromplanningadditionalinvestmentinnetworkrenewal,andsodelayOpenRANadoptionatscale.Newcontracts

forthenextmodernisationcyclewillbethevehicleforthewidescaleintroductionofOpenRANinthesecondhalfofthedecadein

Europe.

•DespiteinitialdelaysinEurope,someoperatorshavemadesomestrongcommitmentstowardsOpenRANdeployments,suchastheonefromVodafonecommittingtohave30%oftheirnetworkinOpenRANby2030,orfromOrangeannouncingprogresswiththeirEuropeannetworkupgrades,onlyfeaturingO-RANcompliantproductsfrom2025.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

1.Technicalandecosystemmaturityandreadiness

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Message3

Industrycommunitiesareworkingtogethermorecollaborativelytoensurecomplementaritybetweencertificationframeworks.Still,thesystemintegrationchallengeofOpenRANisnotsolvedandcommunities,togetherwithoperatorsandvendors,needtomakefurtherjointprogressonprocedurestoestablishastronguniversalcertificationsystemexecutedinopenlabs.

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Rationale/explanation:

•TheultimategoalofOpenRANMoUoperatorsisforcertificationtobecomesufficientlyrobustthatanyoperatorcouldrequestcertificatesasaprerequisitefortakingpartinRFPprocessesshoulditwish,promotinganefficientsupplychain.Therefore,awell-working,scalablecertificationsystemforthecomplianceofinterfaceconformancefunctional/non-functionalfeaturesexecutedbyleadingopenlabsisanecessitytominimisetheaddedsystemintegrationeffortofamulti-vendorOpenRANsolution.Certificationandbadgingsystemsneedtobemaintainedbyorganisationsthatarewellsupportedbybothoperatorsandvendors,andindependentfromsinglecompaniesorauthorities.

•TheO-RANALLIANCEistheundoubtedauthorityonOpenRANinterfacestandardsintermsoftheirspecificationandcertification.Avalidationframeworkaroundcomplianceofinterfaceconformanceandinteroperabilityhasbeenputinplacebythetestandintegrationtaskforce(TIFG)whileworkgroups(particularlyworkgroups4and5)publishedinitialtestspecificationstoenableearlycertificationprocessesinopentestandintegrationcentres(OTICs).O-RANALLIANCEisanopenorganisation,coordinatinghealthycooperationamongvendorsandoperators,withthemajorityofmajorvendorsandsupplierssignedupasO-RANALLIANCEmembersandtherestoftheindustryencouragedtojoin.

•TheOpenRANgroupoftheTelecomInfraProject(TIP)isdestinedtobecometheauthorityonproductandsystemfunctional/non-functionalfeaturescertification.WhileacertificationsystemframeworkhasbeenputinplaceandisheavilysupportedbyOpenRANMoUOperators,openissuesexistintheareasoflifecyclemanagementaswellasscalability,andtheseneedtobesortedoutjointly.Furthermore,operatorsandvendorsneedtotakeamoreactiveroleinsupportingTIPindevelopingandimplementingrelevantvalidationplanstoenablecertificationpriortoRFPshortlisting.VariousmajorvendorsstillstayawayfrombecomingTIPmembers.ReasonsmayberootedinamorerestrictiveIPR(intellectualpropertyrights)policyorthemorecentralisedapproachtocertification.ThesehesitationsshouldbeovercometoenableworldwideacceptanceofTIPcertificationandbadging.

•Bothorganisationsshouldbecomplementaryintheirscope.Amajorsteptowardsthatwasmadein2022,whenTIPandO-RANALLIANCEannouncedanagreementonmutualacceptanceofcertificatesandbadgeswithintheowncertificationactivities.However,detailedworkonspecificareassuchasend-to-endsystemcertificationstillneedstobeconductedforbothorganisationstomaximisecomplementarity.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

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•OpenlabsslowlypickuptheOpenRANcertificationframeworks.Whilemoreandmorelabsaroundtheglobeopentheirdoors,onlyfewhaveexecutedcertificationtestsonO-RANALLIANCEspecs.NosilverorgoldbadgeshaveyetbeenissuedbasedonTIPblueprints.Moreover,amethodologytogaintrustbetweenlabsandoperatorsstillneedstobeimplemented.Inatrustfulenvironment,operatorscouldacknowledgecertificatestoreducecumbersomeretestingeveniftheywereissuedbyalabtheoperatorsrarelydealwith.

•Requirementsandvalidationprocedurestotestagainstneedtobegloballyorganisedinatransparentandmaintainableway.In2021,theOpenRANMoUgroupinitiatedatechnicalprioritiesworkstreamtopreparealistofimportantRANrequirements,andissuedasecondreleasein2022.ThissetofrequirementsisintendedtoactasvaluableinputintoTIP’sOpenRANReleaseFramework,whichcouldthenbeusedasthebasisofthecertificatesthatoperatorsneed.

Afteraselectionprocess,thoserequirementscanformasetofrequirementsasglobalbasisforcertificates.Validationproceduresshouldbeopensourcedandtestresultsmadeavailabletooperators.

•Thebestworksplitbetweenopenandoperatorlabswillevolveovertime.AhighlyefficientOpenRANvalidationecosystemcouldprocessthebulkofrequiredtestsinopenlabsandreduceoperatorteststocustomrequirements.Bydifferentiatingbetweenglobalbaseandregionalspecificrequirements,theneedsofdifferentgeographicalareascanbeconsideredinopenlabtesting.Commonentry/exitcriteriashouldbedefinedtodriveacleartransferprocessbetweenvendor,openandoperatorlabs.

•Aprocessforlifecyclemanagementofcertificatesisrequiredtoenableupdatestoexistingcertificationrequirements

whiletechnologyadvances.Itcreatesthe

operationalheartbeataroundcertification

andenableslessadvancedvendorstocertify

againstolderversionsofrequirementsif

needed.

•Vendor-specificcertificationapproaches

arecurrentlyevolvingtofilltheexistinggap

foraglobalcertificationsystem.Forthe

sakeofhighestefficiency,thoseproprietary

certificationsystemsshouldideallyendupin

theglobalcertificationframeworksofrelevant

organisationsassoonasthosearemature.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

1.Technicalandecosystemmaturityandreadiness

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2.Security

OpenRANMoUOperatorsaremakingsignificantprogresstowardsmoresecureOpenRANdeploymentsbyimplementingrecommendationspublishedbytheNISCooperationGroupinMay2022.

Message1

Collaborationwithnationalauthorities

OpenRANMoUOperatorsarestrengtheningcooperationwithrelevantnationalauthoritiestoshareinformationonthesecurity,implementationandmanagementofOpenRANnetworks.OpenRANMoUOperatorsalreadycollaboratewithnationalauthoritiesincountriessuchastheUK,GermanyandItalybyprovidinginformationontheprogressmadeinsecurityspecificationandtestingaswellasondeploymentplans,whererelevant.

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Rationale/explanation

•OpenRANMoUOperatorsarestrengtheningcollaborationwithnationalauthoritiestoensuresecuritybaselinerequirementsaremetandthattheriskprofileofvendorsarecorrectlycapturedandassessed(ECNISSM01-SM02).

•OpenRANMoUOperatorsarealsocollaboratingwithindustrybodiessuchasGSMAandO-RANALLIANCEtoprovideOpenRANsecuritytestingspecifications.Thesespecificationsfrominitialdeploymentsaretobetakenasinputforthedefinitionofastandardtestingspecification(ECNISSA01-SA02-SA06).

•OpenRANMoUOperatorscommittocarryingoutsecurityhardeningtesting,consideringbutnotlimitedtoO-RANALLIANCERelease3andanyfuturesecurityassuranceschemerequirementssuchasNESASor5Gcertificationschemethatwillincorporate

OpenRAN.O-RANSecurityTestSpecification

3.0providestestspecificationsforcommonnetworksecuritytests,workprotocolfuzzingguideline,softwarecompositionanalysis,SoftwareBillofMaterials(SBOM)verification,OpenFronthaulPoint-to-PointLANSegmentsecurityverificationbasedon802.1xport-basednetworkaccesscontrol,andO1interfaceNetworkConfigurationAccessControl(NACM)verification.Vendorsandoperatorscanusetheseteststoassessthesecurityoftheirproductsanddeployments.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

2.Security

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Message2

Introductionofasecuritycontrols

OpenRANMoUOperatorsarecommittedtostrongsecuritycontrolsthroughoutthelifecycleofOpenRAN.Thisincludes:specification,development,procurement,systemintegration,testingandoperations.Asaminimum,MoUOperatorswillapplyallthemandatorycontrolsdefinedbytheO-RANALLIANCEand3GPPsecurityspecifications.MoUOperatorswillalsorequirethesamesecuritycontrolstobeenforcedacrossOpenRANsupplychains.

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Rationale/explanation

•TheintroductionofOpenRANwillnotbeanexceptiontoanymandatorycybersecuritypolicyrequirementssuchascontrolsthatpreventunauthorisedaccesstothenetwork(ECNISTM03).Toreinforcethesoftwareintegrity,aswellasupdateandpatchmanagement(ECNISTM07),OpenRANMoUOperatorswillconsiderCI/CT/CD(continuousintegration,continuoustestingandcontinuousdeployment)toolsfrommultiplevendors.RequirementsinthisareawillberequestedaspartofongoingRFI/RFQ(requestforinformation/requestforquotes)activitiesonCT/CDsolutions.

•Moreover,OpenRANMoUOperatorswillensuresupplierscommittoenforcingindustryrecognisedsecurityassurancestandardsinthesoftwaredevelopmentphase.ThiswillhelptodetectpotentialthreatsbymalicioususersespeciallyonOpenFronthaulinterfaceandrApps/xApps.Automationisalsorequiredforperiodicvulnerabilityscanning.

•Inadditiontoautomatedtesting,manualpenetrationtestingactivitieswillbeconducted,especiallywhennewcomponentsandsuppliersareintroduced.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

2.Security

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Message3

Supplierassurance

OpenRANMoUOperatorscommitthattheirfutureOpenRANprocurementsandRFQswillensuremandatorycompliancebyOpenRANsuppliers(productsandindividualcomponents)withsecurityspecifications.Asaminimum,thiswouldinclude,forexample,O-RANALLIANCEspecifications,aswellasoperatorsecuritypoliciesandanyrequirementsfromnationalauthorities.

OpenRANMoUOperatorsalreadyfollowaZeroTrustapproachtowardseveryvendor.Furthermore,infuturetheriskprofileofsuppliers(andthirdparties)willincludeanassessmentagainstthecriteriaintheEUCoordinatedRiskAssessment.

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Rationale/explanation

•AnyOpenRANsuppliersthatparticipateinindividualMoUoperatorprocurementandRFQprocesseswillberequired,asaminimum,tocomplywithindustryestablishedstandardsandspecificationssuchas3GPPandO-RANALLIANCE,aswellasanyrequirementsfromnationalauthoritiesandoperatorsecuritypolicies.

•Furthermore,ManagedServiceProviders(MSPs)willbeevaluatedinthesamewayasequipmentsuppliers(ECNISSM04).MSPandthird-partyvendorswillberequiredtocomplywithmandatoryoperatorsecuritycontrols,aswellasnew5Gcertificationschemes(ENISA),GSMANESASandindustrybadgese.g.TIP.

Message4

Certification

OpenRANsolutionsmustbeassecureastraditionalRANandshouldbesubjecttothesameofficialsecurityassuranceandcertificationprocesses.OpenRANMoUOperatorshavethereforerequestedthatOpenRANshouldbepartofboththe5GcertificationschemebeingdefinedbyENISAandthenextreleaseoftheGSMANESASsecurityassurancescheme.Furthermore,throughtheirparticipationinotherindustryfora(e.g.TIP/O-RANALLIANCE),OpenRANMoUOperatorswillworktosupporttheinclusionofsecurityfeaturesinanycertificationschemes.

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Rationale/explanation

•Fromanearlystage,thereisanopportunitytointroduceOpenRANaspartoftheENISA5GcertificationschemeandGSMANESAS.TheseschemesarecurrentlyunderdefinitionsothatallfutureOpenRANequipmenthasthesamelevelofsecurityassuranceandcertificationastheconventional5Gequipment(ECNISTM09-10andSM01).OpenRANMoUOperatorsalsocommitto

collaboratewiththenationalauthoritiesonO-RANcloudimplementation(ECNISTM10).

•Furthermore,OpenRANMoUOperatorswillcontinuetocollaborate,sharingbest

practices,lookingtopublishthesewherehelpful,anddefiningadditionalrequirementsforpotentialinclusionbystandardandcertificationbodies(ECNISSA01).

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

2.Security

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Message5

Securebydesign

OpenRANMoUOperatorsareaddressingoutstandinggapsinsecurityspecificationsthroughtheO-RANALLIANCE.Forexample,WorkingGroup11hasintroducednewsecuritycontrolmechanismsonA1(OAuth2.0)andO2(mTLS)interfacesdefinedinrelease3.0specifications.ThesewerecompletedinNovember2022andwillbepublishedinFebruary2023.OpenRANMoUoperatorshavealsocreatedaparallelSecurityWorkingGroupthatiscreatingacomprehensivesetofsecurityrequirementsaspartoftheOpenRANMoUTechnicalPrioritiesworkstream.

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Rationale/explanation

•PleaserefertoAnnex1onsecurityspecificationsprogress.

Message6

Vendordiversityandcollaboration

withEuropeansuppliers

OpenRANMoUOperatorsre-iteratetheircommitmenttocollaboratewithawiderangeofsuppliers,includingEuropeanincumbentsuppliersandSMEs,toensureamulti-vendorstrategy.

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Rationale/explanation

•DiversitywillincreaseresilienceandhelpdevelopaEuropeanecosystemthatwillacceleratecommercialreadiness,increasecompetitionanddriveinnovation.OpenRANMoUOperatorswillconsiderfuturefundingopportunitiessuchastheSNSPartnershipProjectforlarge-scaletrialsbyconsortiumsofEuropeanplayers.

•OpenRANMoUOperatorsareindependentlyassessingawiderangeofsupplierstopotentiallysupplytheelementsofeverylayerinthestack,strengtheningthecollaborationwithEuropeanvendors(ECNISSM03,SM05).Tofosterdiversityandcollaboration,theOpenRANMoUOperatorsencourageconsiderationofbothnewaswellasincumbentsuppliers(ECNISSM08).

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OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

3.Energyefficiency

3.Energyefficiency

EnergyefficiencyofOpenRANsystemsismakingprogress,withtheavailabilityofenergy-efficienthardwarecombinedwithmechanismstoactivatesleepmodesonbothradiotransmittersandcloudinfrastructure.WhiletheinitialtargetistoatleastmatchtheenergyefficiencyoftraditionalRANsolutions,OpenRANwilleventuallybemoreenergyefficientthankstointelligence,withreal-timemonitoring,automatedswitch-on/off,adaptationtotraffic,andnativeAI/ML(artificialintelligence/machinelearning).

Message1

ProgressisbeingmadeintheindustrytoincreasetheenergyefficiencyofallOpenRANbuildingblocks,withparticularfocusonradiotransmittersandcloudinfrastructure.

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Rationale/explanation

Forradiotransmitters:

•O-RUscontributethegreatestpartofthetotalpowerconsumptionoftheRadioAccessNetwork(around80%),soitisessentialthatOpenRANO-RUsareatleastasenergyefficientasintraditionalRAN.

•ItisworthmentioningthattraditionalO-RUsshowawiderangeofenergy-efficiencyperformancebetweensuppliers(upto25-30%).

•Currently,OpenRANO-RUs’energyefficiencyalreadyfallswithinthetypicalrangeseenwithtraditionalRAN,andtheyshouldfurtherimproveandreachbest-in-classperformance.

•Furthermore,enhancementsarebeingconsideredintheO-RANALLIANCEtoreplicatethesleepmodefeaturesavailablewithtraditionalvendors,allowingcontroloftheO-RUshutdownmodesbytheO-DUthroughtheOpenFronthaulinterface.SeveralfeaturesarebeingconsideredforspecificationintheO-RANALLIANCE(e.g.,shutdownwithdifferentgranularity:symbol,channel,andcarrier).

•OpenRANMoUOperatorshavedefinedenergy-efficiencytargetsforO-RUinbothloadedandunloadedconditions,aspartoftheirtechnicalprioritiescontributiontoTIP’songoingReleaseFramework,theoutputofwhichmaybeusedforbenchmarkingwithtraditionalRAN.

OpenRANMoUprogressupdateonmaturity,securityandenergyefficiency

3.Energyefficiency

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Forcloudinfrastructure:

•Thebaselineenergyefficiencyofcloudinfrastructureisimprovingintheindustry,thankstoprogressintheefficiencyofCPU(centralprocessingunit)andacceleratortechnologies,butalsocoolingsystemsfor

servers.

•Recentprogresshasbeenmadethankstothelatestevolutionofchipsetandacceleratortechnologies,withtheintroductionofin-lineacceleratorsandmoreintegratedchipsetsnativelyoptimisedforlowerpowerconsumption.

•Progressisalsobeingmad