高级口译Unit Eleven Catering Culture 饮食文化

PAGE58UnitElevenCateringCulture饮食文化(1)我国悠久的历史.广褒的国土.与世界各国和海外文化的广泛接触，孕育中餐烹饪的独特艺术。中国有一句古话至今还广为流传，叫做“民以食为天”。几千年的推陈出新和不断累积，使中餐受到越来越多的海外人士的青睐，成了我国对外文化交流的一个友好使者。(2)现代中国已享有“烹饪王国”之美誉，精致的烹调艺术盛行全球，中餐烹饪已名列世界顶尖菜系之林。中餐烹调所用的天然配料，品种繁多，几无穷尽；烹调方法，亦层出不穷，不可悉数。这些无与伦比的中餐烹饪特点，足说明中餐馆及中餐烹调之所以名扬海外的缘由。(1)China’slonghistory,vastterritoryandextensivecontactwithothernationsandcultureshavegivenbirthtotdistinctiveartofChineseCulinary(中餐烹调).AnancientChinesesaying,stillpoptoday,“Foodistparamountnecessityoftpeople.”Withseveralthousandyearsofcreativeandaccumulativeefforts,tChinesecuisinehasbecomeincreasinglypopularamongM&Moverseasgourmets,servingasanenvoyoffriendshipinChina’sexternalculturalexchanges.(2)ModernChinaenjoysaWWreputationast“kingdomofcuisine”,texquisiteChineseCulinaryArt，hasprevailedallovertworldandregardedindisputablyasoneoftworld’sfinestculinarytraditions,Tnearlyendlessvarietyonaturalingredients&methodsofpreparationemployedinChinesecuisinestandoutunequaledelsewhereintworld,whichmayverywellaccountfortuniversalpopularityofChineserestaurantsandChinesecookingoverseas.(3)评判中餐烹调的优劣可依据中餐的三大要素，即“色香味”。“色”作为“色香味”三要素中的首要标准，充分体现在宴会菜肴的装盘.摆放和图案上。最能显示色彩的是首先上桌的那道煞费苦心而精心制作的冷盘。“香”不仅是指鼻子对食物的直接感受，它还包括所选原料的新鲜程度以及佐料的合理调配。“味”则体现恰到好处的调味艺术，当然它也包括食物的质地，及切菜的刀工。色香味三要素高品质，只有通过选料.调料.适时烹调.把握火候.装盘上桌微妙步骤细心协调才能取得.8人一桌标准晚餐含四道冷盘.四道热炒，外加汤和米饭。外国宾客见之，常常惊叹不已，将其视为一次丰盛晚宴。(3)T3essentialelements,bywhichCCgisjudgedrknownas“color,aroma&taste”.T“color”ofChinesefood,tfirstotheseelementswhichissoevidentinaChinesebanquet,includestlayout&designofdishes.Bestexemplifiedbytlargeelaborately-preparedcolddishservedattbeginningoftdinner.“Aroma”impliesmorethanwhatone’snosecandetectdirectly;italsoincludestfreshnessoftrawmaterialsandtblendingofseasonings.“Taste”istartoproperseasoning,italsoinvolvesttextureofood&fineslicingtechniques.These3essentialelements,color,aroma,taste,areachievedbytcarefulcoordinationofaseriesofdelicatesteps:selectingingredients,mixingflavor,timingthecooking,controllingtheheatandfinally,layingoutthefoodontplateforttable.VisitorstoChinaareoftensurprisedwhenatypicaldinnerforatableof8peopleconsistsof4coursesofcolddishes,4coursesofhotdishes,coupledwithsoup&steamedrice;theyconsiderthisalavishspread.(4)但在中国人眼里，以这种规格的晚餐招待宾客，只是一种起码的标准。准备10道份量适中的菜肴并不为过，即使献上16道菜，亦不足为奇。在中国，一桌标准宴席包括4至8个事先制作好的冷盘，八道现做的热炒。两道观赏性大菜（如全鱼.乳猪.全鸡等），此外还有汤.米饭和点心。晚宴结束前还有一道水果。来华访问的海外宾客应记住，赴宴不可贪吃，每道菜“浅尝辄止”。从此角度，中国宴席犹如西方国家的冷餐招待会。(5)中国宴席餐桌上的酒通常为啤酒.黄酒和烈性白酒三种。人们往往以“干杯”的方式互相敬酒。干杯意思是一口喝干杯中酒。“干”了“杯”中的酒，可以表示心诚和欢乐。当然，外国宾客与中国东道主敬酒时，小啜一口也未尝不可。(4)ButintChinesemind,adinnerpreparedasaboveforguestsistminimumrequirement.10coursesofdishes,notnecessarilypreparedinhugequantities,wouldnotbeconsideredexcessive,andfewpeoplewouldblinkat16.Astandardbanquetwillconsistof4to8preparedcolddishes,8hotdishesservedoneatatime,twowhole-sizeshowpiecedishes(suchasawholefish,asucklingpigorachicken),inadditiontosoups,steamedriceandpastries.Thedinnerfinishesupwithfruit.OverseasvisitorsshouldrememberthatitisoftenunnecessarytoeatmorethanasinglemouthfulofadishataChinesebanquet.Inthisway,aChinesebanquettakesonthecharacterofawesternbuffetreception.(5)Oftenbeer,yellowricewine&strongwhiteliquorareservedataChinesebanquet.Peopleatatablewillusually“GanBei”whentoastingeachother.“GB”meanstoraiseup1’sWG&drinkitalltwaydownsotglassis“drieduptotlastdrop”.Peopledryuptheirglassestocommunicatemessagetoothersthattheyaresincere&joyful.ItisquiteacceptableforaforeignguesttotakeasipinsteadofemptyingtheglasswhentoastingwithhisorherChinesehost.(6)但中国普通家餐却完全不同于宴席。成年人平时在家就餐时，通常只吃两小碗米饭，或一大碗面条，或几只馒头，外加几个荤素炒菜，而非以菜为主，以米饭或面食为辅。对大多数中国人说，一餐饭中所摄取热量有75%来自谷粮。(7)世代相袭传统，中国人就餐围桌而坐，人人手里一碗主食，炒菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。这一古老风俗习惯反映食物在中华文明史上的重要地位：占据餐桌中心位置是炒菜，而不是鲜花，晚餐的主要话题常常是食物。菜肴的各种色彩和材料搭配，给人以美享受，共食一碗菜的习俗有助于家庭成员之间的团结和友谊。当然在一些卫生意识较强地方，人们在共食放在餐桌中央的菜肴时，必须使用“公筷”或“公用”汤匙，以防疾病传染。(6)HE,anaverageChineseHMisquitedifincompositionfromaChinesebanquet.AtaneverydayHM,anadultmayconsume2smallbowlsofsteamedrice,oralargebowelofnoodles,orseveralpiecesofsteamedbread,accompaniedbyseveralmeatorvegetabledishes，butnottotherwayround.FormostChinese,about75%ofanaverageHM’scaloriescomefromgrainsources.(7)Traditionally,attChinesediningtableeveryonehashisorherownbowlofstaplefood,thatis,steamedrice,noodlesorsteamedbread,whiletdishesareplacedintmiddleoftdinningtabletobesharedbyall.Thisage-oldcustomisonemanifestationoftheimportanceoffoodinChinesecivilization:It’stcookeddishes,ratherthanflowers,thatserveascenterpiecesonaChinesetable;foodisfrequentlytmaintopicofdinnertimeconversation.Varietyintcolor&materialoftdishesservesaestheticends,whiletritualofsharingtfoodfromtsamedishesisconducivetofamilytogetherness&friendship.HE,Insomemorehealth-consciousenvironments,only“public”chopsticksandspoonsareusedtoremovefoodfromtheplatesintmiddleoftdiningtable,soastopreventanypossiblespreadofdiseases.(8)以上所介绍的情况对外国客人来说，虽不应是一种离奇的“天方夜谭”，却也说明中国人在饮食方面所持的价值观与西方人有很大的不同。不过中国人民与世界各族人民都有一个相同基本观念，即亲朋好友相聚，美味佳肴相敬，实属人生之最大快乐也。(8)Whilenoneotaboveobservationsshouldbeconsiderasparticularlystrangeorexoticforaforeignvisitor,theydemonstratethattvalueconceptofcateringoftChineseisverydiffromthoseintWest.HE,Thereisonekeyconcept,whichtChinesesharewithtrestoftworld.Thatis,finefood&drink,takenintcompanyofgoodfriends,constituteoneofsupremepleasuresinlife.(1)ManychangesaretakingplaceinAmericans’foodstyles.TheUSistraditionallyfamousforitsverysolidandunchangingdietofmeatandpotatoes.Nowwehavemanydifferentalternativestochoosefrom:variousethnicfoods,nutrition-balancedhealthfood,andconvenientanddeliciousfastfood,inadditiontothetraditionalhome-cookedmeal.EthnicrestaurantsarecommonplaceintheUS.(1)美国人的饮食方式正在发生诸多的变化。美国多年来那种丰盛的.一成不变的肉制品加土豆的传统餐早已为世人所熟知。而今，我们美国人可以有多种不同的选择，除了传统的家常菜以外，我们可享受到各种帮派的民族风味餐，营养合理的保健餐，以及方便可口的快餐。民族餐馆在美国比比皆是。(2)BectUSisacountryofimmigrants,thereisanimmensevarietyinitscateringcultures.AnylargeAmericancityisfilledwithrestaurantsservinginternationalcooking.Manycitiesevenhaveethnicsections:Chinatown,LittleItaly,orGermantown.Withthisvastethnicchoice,wecanenjoyfoodfromallovertheworld.Thisisapleasantthoughtforthosewhocomeheretotravelortowork;theycanusuallyfindtheirnativespecialties.(2)因为美国是由移民组成的国家，因此它有着丰富多彩的饮食文化。在美国任何一个大城市，外国风味餐馆随处可见。许多城市甚至还有一些少数民族聚集区，如中国城.小意大利城.德国城等。有如此多的民族餐馆可供选择，我们可吃遍天下菜。对于那些来美国旅游或工作人说，一想到这点便会深感愉快，他们可在美国找到自己家乡的特色菜。(3)Besidesthosesections,thereareregionswhicharewellknownforcertainfoodbecauseoftpeoplesettlethere.Foreg,southernCaliforniahasmanyMexicanrestaurants,LouisianahasastrongCreoleaccenttoitsfood.CreoleismixtureofFrench,African,&CaribbeanIslandfood.Healthfoodgainedpopularitywhenpeoplebegantotkmoreabouttheirphysicalwell-being.(3)除少数民族聚集区外，还有一些地区也因其在当地定居的外族人开设了民族风味餐馆而闻名。例如，在南加利福尼亚可以看到许多墨西哥餐馆，路易斯安娜州的食物则带有浓重的克里奥尔口味。克里奥尔风味菜一种兼收并蓄法国菜.非洲菜和加勒比海岛菜风味的混合新菜系。保健餐因人们开始重视自身健康备受青睐。(4)Theveryterm“healthfood”isironicbecitimpliesthatthereisalso“unhealthy”food.Healthfoodincludesnaturalfoodwithminimalprocessing,ie,therearenopreservativestohelpitlastlongerorchemicalstomakeittasteorlookbetter.Mosthealthfoodenthusiastsarevegetarians:Theyeatnomeat;theyprefertogettheiressentialproteinsfromothersources,suchasbeams,cheese,eggs.Fast-foodrestaurantscanbeseenallovertcountry.(4)“保健餐”这种说法本身就具有一种讽刺意味，因为其言下之意还有一种“非健康餐”。保健餐的食物包括那些尽量不予以加工的天然食品，也就是说，食品里不含延长食物保鲜期的防腐剂，不含以改善食物味道的香精，不含以美化食物的食用色素。热衷食用保健餐的大多数属素食者。他们不吃肉类食物，喜从豆类.奶酪和鸡蛋等食物中获取人体所需的蛋白质。快餐饮食店在美国随处可见。(5)SpeedisaveryimportantfactorinthelifeofanAmerican.Peopleusuallyhaveashortlunchbreakortheyjustdonotwanttowastetheirtimeeating.Becfast-foodrestaurantsareplaceswhichtakecareofhundredsofpeopleinashorttime,thereisusuallyverylittlewaiting.Andtfoodisalwayscheap.Someexamplesareburger,pizzaandfriedchickenplaces.(5)速度是美国人生活中的非常重要因素。通常人们的午餐休息时间很短，即使午餐时间充裕，美国人也不愿在用餐上花费过多时间。由于快餐饮食店可以在很短时间里向数以百计客人供餐，所以人们通常无需排队。快餐饮食店的价格总是低廉。烹制汉堡包.比萨馅饼和炸鸡餐馆均属这类快餐饮食店。(6)Americans’attitudetowardfoodischanging,too.Thetraditionalbigbreakfastislosingpopularity.Peoplearerediscoveringthesocialimportanceoffood.Dinnerwithfamilyorfriendsisagainbecomingaveryspecialwayofenjoyingandsharing.Likesomanypeopleinothercultures,manyAmericansaretakingtimetorelax&enjoytfinertastesatdinner,eveniftheystillrushthroughlunchatahamburgerstand.(6)美国人对饮食看法也在发生变化。早餐需丰盛的传统饮食习惯已为越来越多的人所抛弃。人们正在重新认识饮食的社会意义。与家人或朋友共同进餐成了即可享受人生乐趣，又可分享信息的一种非常特殊方式。美国人同其他国家的许多人一样，虽然许多美国人仍然会站在汉堡包摊前匆匆打发自己的午餐，但是在晚餐时，会静下心来从容不迫地品尝菜肴的美味。(1)如果某人说“我喜欢中国菜”，这种说法似乎过于简单了。其实并不存在所谓的“中国菜”这一简单的概念。确切的说法应该是喜欢某种菜系，或者喜欢某地区的中国菜。像中国这样幅员辽阔.历史悠久而又复杂的国家，千百年来必然会形成具有鲜明地方烹饪特色的帮菜.(1)Ifuhearsomeonesay“IloveChinesefood”,heorsheistakingtoomuchforgranted.Asamatteroffact,thereisnosuchsimplethingastheso-called“Chinesefood”.Amoreaccuratestatementshouldbesuchthatexpressesone’spreferenceforaparticularChinesecuisineoraparticularregionalwayofcooking.WithaterritoryaslargeandahistoryaslongandcomplexasChina’s,It’sinevitabledistinctregionaldifferencesincuisinehaveevolvedovertcourseofcenturies.(2)这种不可避免的差异是由地理位置.气候条件.交通状况.人口迁移.海外文化影响等因素所决定的。虽然中国究竟有多少种地方菜系并无定论，但是有关人士认为，中国有鲁菜.川菜.粤菜和扬州菜等四大地方菜系。福建-台湾菜通常被列为第五种地方菜系。必须指出，这种区域划分并无严格的地理界线。例如，北京菜虽属鲁菜，却也融入一些川菜的特色，并受到蒙古菜的影响。又如扬州菜系范围，覆盖人口居住密集的整个长江三角洲地区，汇集无锡.苏州.上海和杭州等菜式。(2)Numerousfactorsareinvolvedinthisinevitabledistinction:geography,climate,transportation,migration,externalcultureinfluence,etc.AlthoughthereisnoagreementontheprecisenumberofChineseregionalcuisine,thoseconcernedwithsuchmattersagreethatthe4principalculinaryregionsareSD,SC,GDandYZ,withFJ-TWmostcommonlylistedasafifth.Itmustbepointedoutthesedesignationsarenothard&fastgeographicalboundaries.Beijingfood,forinstance,fallswithintherealmofSDcooking,butincludessomeSCdishesandMongolian-influencedspecialties,whilethecuisineoftheentiredenselypopulatedYangtzeRiverdeltaarea,includingWX,SZ,SHandHZdishes,fallsunderthecategoryofYangzhoucuisine.(3)一般来说，各地的菜系都有讲究鲜嫩.用料精选.做工细腻之特点。而全国各地的地方风味小吃以及少数民族风味餐，则数以千计，甚至难以计数。由于地方菜系间存在着频频交覆现象，以及相互借鉴的情况，人们因而认为区分地方菜系最为简便方法是按菜知名度，而不是按菜的烹调风格或口味进行辨别。(3)Generallyspeaking,tvariouscuisineacrossChinainvariantlyemphasizefreshnessandtendernessofthefood,cookedwithchoicematerialsandfinecraftsmanship.AlloverChina,localdelicaciesandfoodsuniquetovariousethnicgroupsareinnumberofseveralthousands,orsimplynumerous.Tfrequentoverlapping&borrowingamongtregionalcuisineleadsonetotheconclusionthattheyaremostconvenientlydistinguishedbytheirpopularity,atherthanbyanyprevailingstyleortaste.(4)中国四大菜系大致可按以下这些特点区分：鲁菜通常较咸，汁色普遍较浅。鲁菜注重选料，精于刀工，善于炊技。作为我国北方菜系的代表，鲁菜烹饪技术广泛用于明清两代的宫廷菜。川菜选料范围大，调味及炊技变化多样。据统计，川菜品种在五千种以上。川菜最大的特点是口味重，以麻辣著称。(4)TfourmajorcuisinetraditionsinChinacanberoughlydistinguishedbythesegeneralities:SDcuisineisgenerallysalty,withtheprevalenceoflight-coloredsauces.SDcuisinefeaturechoiceofmaterials,fineslicingtechniqueandperfectcookingskills.SDcuisineisrepresentativeofnorthernChina’scookinganditstechniquehasbeenwidelyabsorbedbytheimperialdishesoftheMingandQingdynasties.SCcuisinefeaturesawiderangeofmaterials,variousseasoningsanddifferentcookingtechniques.StatisticsshowthatthenumberofSCdisheshassurpassed5K.Witharichvarietyofstrongflavors,SCcuisineisbestknownforbeingspicy-hot.(5)最难归类粤菜强调轻炒浅煮，选料似乎不受限制。粤茶源于明清，在发展中不仅吸收借鉴中国北方烹调和西餐烹调的精华，同时保持自己传统特色。扬州菜以江苏省境内的扬州.南京.苏州等地的地方菜式为基础之大成。扬州菜注重选料的原汁原味，在菜的装饰上讲究形态的艺术性和颜色的鲜艳性，扬州菜实际上糅合了南北菜系之精华。也有人以八个字来归纳这四大菜系的口味特点，即“南淡北咸，东甜西辣”。(5)Cantonesecuisine,thardesttocategorize,emphasizeslightcookingwithseeminglylimitlessrangeofingredients.CantonesecuisinetookshapeintheMingandQingdynasties.Intheprocessofitsdevelopment,ithasborrowedtheculinaryessenceofnorthernChinaandoftheWestern-stylefood,whilemaintainingitstraditionallocalflavor.Yzcuisinebasesitselflargelyont3localcookingstylesoYz,Nj&Sz,allwithinJsProvince.Whileemphasizingtheoriginalflavorsofwell-chosenmaterials,itfeatrescarefullyselectedingredients.Also,theartisticshapeandbrightcolorsofthedishesandmoreornamentalvalue.Yzcuisineisessentiallyacombinationoftbestelementsofnorthernandsoutherncooking.Accordingtosomeothers,tcharacteristicflavorsofChina’sfourmajorcuisinescanbesummedupinthefollowingexpression:“Thelightsouthern(Canton)cuisine,andthesaltynorthern(SD)cuisine;tsweeteastern(YZ)cuisine,&tspicywestern(SC)cuisine.”(1)YouwillfindrestaurantsforeverysituationintheUS.Ifurinahurry,umayjustwanttograbsome“junkfood”atagrocerystore,orucangetabitetoeatatoneoftmanyFastFoodchains,likeMcDonald’s,BurgerKing,KentuckyFriedChicken,PizzaHut,orTacoBell.Orucangetaheroorsubmarinesandwich“tostay”or“go”fromasandwichshopordeli.Someoftheseplaceshavetables,butmanydon’t.(1)在美国你可以找到任何一种餐馆。你若来去匆匆，可以去食品杂货店随手买些“方便食品”，也可从麦当劳.汉堡王.肯德基炸鸡店.“必胜客”比萨饼屋，或玉米卷这些快餐连锁店中挑上一家，买些食物权且充饥。你可上三明治店或者熟食店买一块“英雄”型或“潜水艇”型的大三明治，你可“堂吃”，也可“外卖”。这类快餐店有的甚至连餐桌都没有。(2)Peopleeatintheircarsortaketheirfoodhome,totheirofficesortoparks.Ifyouprefersittingdownbutstilldon’twanttospendmuch,youcantryacafeteria.Atalloftheseplaces,youpickandchooseyourownfoodandthenpayatacashregister,butyouusuallyhavetoclearthetablewhenyoufinish!Coffeeshopsareusuallylessexpensiveandlessdressythanfinerestaurants.Soarepizzaplaces,pancakehouse,sandwichshopsandfamilyrestaurants.Buttnameofarestaurantwon’ttellumuchabouttkindofplaceitisortfooditserves.(2)人们买份快餐后，有的拿到自己车里吃，有的拿回家吃，也有的拿到办公室或公园里吃。如果您既想坐在餐桌边上吃，同时又不愿多破费，那么你可以去自助餐厅。在那里，你可以先挑选自己喜欢的食物，然后到柜台付钱。不过通常用完餐后，你得自己清理餐桌。咖啡馆通常比高级餐馆便宜，装潢也没有高级餐馆那么讲究。比萨馅饼店.薄煎饼店.三明治店和家庭餐馆等，都属于价格便宜.装潢朴素的餐饮场所。当然一家餐馆的名称不一定能告诉你这家餐馆的情况及那里食物的品质。(3)LikemostFFrestaurants&cafeterias,manyrestaurantsdon’tservealcoholicbeverages.Thisisoftenbecausetheywantpeopletofeelcomfortablebringingtheirchildren.Minorscaneatatrestaurantsthatservebeerandwine,buttheyarenotallowedtoenterpubs,taverns,cocktailloungesorbars.YoumaybeaskedtoshowsomeIDthatprovesyouragebeforeyougointoabar.IntheUS,thelawforbidspeopleundertheageof21fromdrinkingalcoholicbeverages.(3)同大多数快餐饮食店和自助餐厅一样，许多餐馆不供应烈性酒。这样做的目的常常是为使带孩子上餐馆的客人可以无所顾忌。未成年人可进供应啤酒和果子酒餐馆就餐，但他们不可进小酒店.酒菜馆.鸡尾酒室或酒吧这些场所。你可能会被要求出示某张可以表明自己年龄的身份证，然后方可进入这些场所。在美国，法律规定21岁下者不得饮酒。UnitTwelveChinaandItsReform中国改革(1)女先们：这次到贵国访问，我深感朋友们对中国的改革与发展情况十分关心。借此机会，我作一个简要的介绍。中国的改革开放已经走过了26个年头。26年来，中国发生了翻来覆去的变化。中国经济持续快速增长，国内生产总值从不到1500亿美元增长到1.65万亿美元。进出口总额从206亿美元增长到1.15万亿美元。中国经济在世界经济总量中的比重从1%左右提高到近4%。对外贸易在全球贸易的的排名上升到第三位。(1)Ls&Gs,Duringthisvisit,I’vebeendeeplyimpressedbytkeeninterestofourfriendsinChina'sR&D.Soletmetakethisopportunitytogiveyouabriefaccountonthetopic.China’sReform&OpeningupPolicyhasundergonefor26years.Earthshakingchangeshavetakenplacehere.Thankstothesustained,rapideconomicgrowth,China'sGDPhasgoneupfromlessthan$150bto$1.65t,itsforeigntradehasincreasedfrom$20.6bto$1.15t,itsshareoftheworldeconomyhasrisenfromsome1%tonearly4%,andithasclimbedtothethirdplaceinglobaltrade.(2)中国社会面貌焕然一新，人民生活水平不断提高。中国人均国内生产总值从190美元增长到1200美元。中国政府帮助2亿多农村人口摆脱贫困，为城市2000多万低收入者提供最低生活保障。(3)中国已成为世界第一大手机用户.第三大汽车消费国，拥有世界最大的固定电话网.移动通信网和第二大公用互联网。现在中国网民已超过1亿人，短短8年内增长了150多倍。中国社会进步开放.去年出境旅游达2885万人次.入境旅游超过1亿人次，成世界第四大旅游国。(2)China’ssocietyhastakenonaBNlook,astlivingstandardsofthepeoplekeepimproving.Overtheseyears,China’sPCGDPgrewfrom$190toover$1,200.TheChineseGovernmenthashelpedover200mruralpooroutofpovertyandprovidedsubsistenceallowancetoover20mlow-incomeurbandwellers.Boastingtworld'slargestMPconsumergroup&tthirdlargestautomobilemarket,(3)Chinahastworld'slargestfixedlinetelephonenetwork&MPnetwork,&t2ndlargestpublicinternetwithtnumberofusersrisingover150foldswithin8yearstoover100m.TheChinesesocietyisalotmoreopen.With28.85moutboundvisitorsandmorethan100minboundvisitorslastyear,Chinahasbecomethefourthlargesttouristmarketintheworld.(4)中国民主和法治建设不断发展，人民当家作主的各项权利依法得到保障。全国所有村委会和城市居委会已实现直接选举。中国已加入21国际人权公约，在平等和相互尊重的基础与包括美国在内的许多国家开展人权对话。(5)事实证明，中国的发展不仅在造福于13亿中国人民，而且促进了亚洲经济和世界经济增长。去年中国对世界经济增长的贡献率约为20%。中国的发展也促进人类文明发展和世界多样性，促进了地区和世界的和平与稳定。中国解决了世界1/5人口的温饱问题，这本身就是对世界稳定与发展的重大贡献.(4)DevelopmentofdemocracyandruleoflawinChinacontinueswithpeople'srightsasmastersoftheirowncountrybeingguaranteedaccordingtolaw.Directelectionsareheldforvillagecommittees&urbanneighborhoodcommitteesthroughoutthecountry.Chinahasaccededto21internationalHRsinstrumentsandconductedhumanrightsdialoguewithmanycountriesincludingtUSontbasisofequality&mutualrespect.(5)FactshaveproventhatChina'sdevelopmentnotonlybenefitsthe1.3bCP,butalsocontributestoeconomicgrowthinAsiaandtheworldasawhole.About20%oflastyear'sglobalgrowthwasowedtoChina'scontribution.China'sdevelopmentalsospursprogressofhumancivilizations,enrichesdiversityoftheworldandpromotespeaceandstabilityinregionsandaroundtheworld.Bysuccessfullyfeeding,clothingandshelteringonefifthoftheworld'spopulation,Chinahasmadeanimportantcontributiontothestabilityanddevelopmentintheworld.(6)同时也要看到，中国人口多，底子薄，地区发展不平衡，人均国内生产总值在世界上排在100位以后，在发展的道路上面临着不少矛盾.困难和挑战。中国要实现现代化，使人民都过上殷实富裕的生活，还有很长的路要走，需要坚持长期不懈的艰苦努力。(7)我们坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展，努力实现在本世纪头20年全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。为此，我们正在积极落实科学发展观，以人为本，执政为民，推动经济建设.政治建设.文化建设与和谐社会建设全面发展。(6)AttST，wealsofacetfactChinaenjoyshugepopulation，weekeconomicbasis，unevendevelopmentofitsdifferentregions,&tPC-GDPlevelthatrankswellbehind100thplaceintworldwouldmeannumerousproblems,difficulties&challengesinourroadtoprogress.Chinastillhasalongwaytogobeforeitrealizesmodernizationanddeliversaprosperouslifetoitspeople.Weexpectnothingbutalongperiodofpersistenthardwork.(7)That’swhyweguideourselveswithDXPTheory&timportantthoughtoft"3Represents",stayfocusedoneconomicdevelopmentandconcentrateourenergyonfulfillingourgrandobjectiveofbuildingaMPSinanall-roundwayduringtfirst2decadesofthiscentury.Thatiswhywearenowfollowingascientificapproachofdevelopment,putpeoplefirstinadministration,andpromotesimultaneouslyoureconomicdevelopment,politicaldevelopment,culturaldevelopmentandthedevelopmentofaharmonioussociety.(8)为全面完成当前中国经济社会与发展的各项任务，我们将突出抓好三方面工作：一是着力搞好宏观调控，进一步消除经济运行中不稳定不健康因素，推进经济结构调整和增长方式转变，正确处理改革发展稳定的关系，保持经济平稳较快发展。二是着力推进改革开放，坚持以改革推动各项工作，用改革的办法解决影响发展的体制问题。三是着力建设民主法治.公平正义.诚信友爱.充满活力.安定有序.人与自然和谐相处社会主义和谐社会，充分调动一切积极因素，激发全社会的创造能力；妥善处理各方面利益关系，让全体人民共享改革和建设的成果。(8)ToensurethecompletionofallttasksforChina'seconomic&socialreform&development,wewillworkextraharderin3areas.First,wewillconcentrateondoingourmacro-regulatoryworkwell,continuetoeliminatedestabilizingandunsoundfactorsinoureconomicactivities,promoteeconomicrestructuringandtransformationoftheeconomicgrowthmode,appropriatelybalancetherelationamongreform,developmentandstability,andmaintainsteadyandrapideconomicgrowth.Second,wewillpressaheadwithreformandopeningup,makereformthedrivingforcebehindallaspectsofourwork,andusereformtosolveinstitutionalproblemsinourdevelopment.Third,we’llbuildasocialistharmonioussocietythatisdemocraticandlaw-based,fairandjust,trustworthyandfriendly,fullofvigorandvitality,secureandorderly,inwhichhumansandnatureareinharmony.Wewillbringallpositivefactorsintofullplay&stimulatetcreativityoftentiresociety,andproperlybalancetheinterestsofallaspectsandensurethateveryonesharesthefruitsofreformanddevelopment.(9)具体来说，我们要坚持加强和改善宏观调控，实施稳健的财政政策和货币政策，控制固定资产投资规模，积极扩大消费需求，保持价格总水平基本稳定。(0)我们要进一步加强“三农”工作，这是全部工作的重中之重。我们要稳定.完善和强化对农业的扶持政策，继续推进农业和农村经济结构调整.加强农田水利和农村基础设施建设，加快农业科技创新和技术推广，多渠道转移农业富余劳动力。(9)Specifically,wewillcontinuetostrengthen&improvemacro-regulation,followprudentfiscalandmonetarypolicies,reininthescaleoffixedassetsinvestment,vigorouslyexpandconsumerdemand,andkeeptheoverallpricelevelbasicallystable.(0)We’llimproveourworkrelatingtoA,RAandFs,whichremainsatoppriorityofallourwork.Wewillmaintain,improveandstrengthenpoliciestosupportagriculture,continuetomakestructuraladjustmentsinagriculture&theruraleconomy,intensifydevelopmentofirrigation&waterconservancyprojectsandtruralinfrastructure,accelerateinnovationinagriculturalSTandspreadoftuseofagriculturaltechnology,transfersurplusrurallabortononagriculturaljobsinavarietyofways.(1)我们要加快推进经济结构调整和增长方式转变，推进产业结构的优化和升级，促进企业技术改造和重组，注重能源资源的节约和合理利用，加强环境保护和生态建设。我要积极推动区域协调发展，实施西部大开发，振兴东北地区等老工业基地，促进中部崛起，鼓励东部地区加快发展。(1)Wewillaccelerateeconomicrestructuringandtransformationofeconomicgrowthmode,optimizeandupgradetheindustrialstructure,promotethetechnologicalupgrading&reorganizationofenterprises,paycloseattentiontotheconservationandrationaluseofenergyandresources,strengthenenvironmentalprotection&ecologicalimprovement.Wewillpromotebalanceddevelopmentamongdifferentregions,developthewesternregiononalargescale,reinvigoratenortheastChinaandotheroldindustrialbases,energizethecentralregion&encouragefasterdevelopmentoftheeasternregion.(2)我们要用更大力量推进经济体制改革，在一些重点领域和关键环节取得新突破。鼓励.支持和引导非公有制经济发展，加快金融体制改革，推进财税体制和投资体制改革，加强市场体系建设。我们要大力发展科技.教育.文化.卫生.体育事业，加强精神文明建设，进一步做好就业和社会保障工作，提高人民生活水平，加强民主法制建设，切实维护社会稳定。(2)We’llworkevenhardertoadvanceeconomicrestructuring&strivetomakefurtherbreakthroughsinsomemajorareasandkeylinks.Wewillencourage,supportandguidethedevelopmentofnon-publicsectoroftheeconomy,acceleratethereformofthefinancialsystem,promotereformoffiscalandtaxsystemsandtheinvestmentsystem,strengthenthemarketsystem.We’llvigorouslyworktodevelopST,education,culture,healthandsports,promotesocialistculturalandethicalprogress,createmorejobs,improvesocialsecurityworkandraisepeople'slivingstandards,strengthendemocracyandthelegalsystemandsafeguardsocialstability.(3)我们要加强行政能力建设和政风建设，深化政府机构改革，加快转变政府职能，改进经济管理方式方法，努力建设服务型政府。(4)中国各族人民正意气风发地在中国特色社会主义道路上阔步前进。我们同心同德，再接再厉，奋发图强，不断夺取改革开放和现代化建设事业的新胜利。我们能伟大祖国的美好前景充满信心。(3)Wewillimprovethegovernment'sadministrativecapacityandstyleofwork,intensifytherestructuringofgovernmentbodies,speedupthetransformationofgovernmentfunctions,improvethemethodsandmeansofeconomicmanagement,workhardtobuildaservice-orientedgovernment.(4)ThepeopleofallChina'sethnicgroupsaremarchingforwardinhighspiritsontheroadofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.TheChinesepeople,unitedwith1heartand1mind,continueourconcertedandunyieldingefforts,andachievefurthersuccessesinreform,openingupandthemodernizationdrive.Wehavefullconfidenceinthebrightfutureofourgreatmotherland.(1)"LetChinasleep,forwhensheawakesshe’llshaketworld,"runsNapoleon'sfamoussaying.Hewasaheadofhistime,butnowthedragoniscertainlystirring.Since1978,whenDengXiaopingfirstsethiscountryonapathofeconomicreform,itsGDPhasgrownbyanaverageof9.5%ayear,threetimestherateintheUS,andfasterthaninanyothereconomy.Theofficialfiguresmayslightlyoverstatethegrowthrate,btChinaisstilllikely1daytoovertakeAmerica&becometworld'sNo.1economy.(1)拿破仑有句名言说，“让中国沉睡吧!当她觉醒时，全球将为之震撼。”拿破仑走在他所处时代的前面，而如今中国这条巨龙的确正在蠕动。自1978年邓小平将中国推上经济改革之路来，国内生产总值以年均9.5％的速度增长，是美国同期增长速度的三倍，增长速度超过其他任何一个经济体。中国官方提供数据可能略微夸大增长率，但中国仍可能有朝一日赶超美国而成世界头号经济强国。(2)Infact,Chinawasthelargesteconomyformuchoftrecordedhistory.Untilt15thC,Chinahadthehighestincomeperheadandwasthetechnologicalleader.Butthenitsuddenlyturneditsbackontheworld.Itsrulersimposedstrictlimitsoninternationaltrade&tightenedtheircontrolonnewT.MeasuredbyGDPperpersonitwasovertakenbyEuropeby1500,butitremainedtheworld'sbiggesteconomyforlongthereafter.In1820itstillaccountedfor30%ofworldGDP.HE,by1950,afteracenturyofanarchy,warlordism,foreignsuppression,civilwarandtwaragainstJPinvasion,itsshareofworldoutputhadfallentolessthan5%.(2)实际上，中国在大部分时间一直是世界最大经济体。15世纪前，中国的人均收入最高，且执世界技术之牛耳。突然间中国闭关锁国，统治者对国际贸易实行严格限制，对新技术的引进也严加控制。到1500年中国人均国内生产总值已被欧洲赶超，但此后很长时间里还保持着世界头号经济体地位。1820年的世界国内生产总值，中国仍占其中的30％。然后地位一路下滑，中国经历了一个世纪的政治混乱.军阀割据.外来压迫.内战纷乱.抗日战争，到1950年，中国所占世界产出比例已锐减至5％以下。(3)NowChinaismakinguplostground.Evenifitseconomyslowssharplyoverthenextcoupleofyears,itslong-termprospectsremainbright.Ifricheconomieswantrapideconomicgrowththeyhavetogetitthehardwaybyinventingnewtechnologyoradoptingbettermanagementmethod.Butpoorcountries,atleastintheoryshouldfinditeasiertogrowfastbecausetheystartwithlowlevelsofincomeandcapitalperworker.Withrightpolicy,they’vehugescopetogrowrapidlyimportingcapital,ideas&techniquesfromdevelopedeconomies&usingrichcountries'marketsasspringboardforgrowth.Asalatecomer,Chinadoesnotneedtoreinventthewheel,butmerelytoopenitseconomytoideasfromtherichworld-whichithasdonewithgusto.(3)如今中国正在重整旗鼓.收复失地.迎头赶上。即使它的经济发展在未来若干年内显著放慢，但是它的长远前景仍是一片光明。如果经济富国想要继续取得经济快速增长，那么它们就必须创造新技术，或者采用更好管理方式。但对经济穷国说，情况不一样，至少从理论上说，经济快速增长会容易些，因它们具有人均工资低.资本低的优势。只要政策对头，它们就有广阔的快速增长的天地，因为它们可以从发达国家引进资本.理念和技术，可利用富国的市场作为实现增长的跳板。作为后