二、托福阅读指代题

托福阅读教程Section2–ReferenceQuestionsSection2指代篇一、指代题提问方式ThewordItinthepassagereferstoThewordseveralinthepassagereferstoThewordactorsinthepassagereferstoTheword…in…refersto二、代词分类DELTAP125常规考查类：SubjectPronouns:hesheittheySection2指代篇二、代词分类常规考查类：ObjectPronouns:

himheritthemSection2指代篇二、代词分类常规考查类：Demonstratives:

thisthatthesethoseSection2指代篇搭配考查类：Others

oneanothertheothersomeothersthefirstthelasttheformerthelatterSection2指代篇OtherPronouns:

eachanybotheitherneitherafewseveralmanymost

Section2指代篇低频考察类：PossessiveAdjectiveshisheritstheirRelativePronounswhowhomwhichwhoseSection2指代篇三、做题步骤Step1:辨代词语法成分Step2:向前找相似结构Step3:带入看主谓逻辑Section2指代篇OGP83-9ThewordItinthepassagereferstotheadventofprojectiontheviewer’srelationshipwiththeimageasimilarmachinecelluloidSection2指代篇Step1:辨代词语法成分Itsuddenlybecamepublic—anexperiencethattheviewersharedwithdozens,scores,andevenhundredsofothers.It作了全句主语，后跟系表Section2指代篇Step2:向前找相似结构Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer’srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate，asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofstripsofcelluloid.Section2指代篇Step2:向前找相似结构(Withtheadventofprojection),theviewer’srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate，(asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,)(whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofstripsofcelluloid.)Section2指代篇Step2:向前找相似结构(Withtheadventofprojection),theviewer’srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate，(asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,)(whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofstripsofcelluloid.)Section2指代篇Step3:带入看主谓逻辑theviewer’srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate，Theviewer’srelationshipwiththeimagesuddenlybecamepublic—anexperiencethattheviewersharedwithdozens,scores,andevenhundredsofothers.Section2指代篇OGP83-9ThewordItinthepassagereferstotheadventofprojection出现theviewer’srelationshipwiththeimageasimilarmachinecelluloid胶片Section2指代篇四、题目规律

1、考后瞻前得分要点：

相邻两句话，后句中代词指代前句中对应位置的名词主句对主句，从句对从句（主从、宾从、表从）

Section2指代篇1、考后瞻前ThewordSomeinparagraph2referstoeffectschemicalsenzymescellsSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Someareabsorbedfromanorganism’senvironmentandactasmetabolicpoisons.

考后瞻前：

Certainchemicalsselectivelyinhibittheactionofspecificenzymesinplantandanimalcells.Section2指代篇

对应原句：

Someareabsorbedfromanorganism’senvironmentandactasmetabolicpoisons.

考后瞻前：

Certainchemicalsselectivelyinhibittheactionofspecificenzymesinplantandanimalcells.Section2指代篇ThewordSomeinparagraph2referstoeffectschemicalsenzymescellsSection2指代篇ThewordSomeinparagraph2referstoeffects

chemicals化学元素enzymes酶cellsSection2指代篇

Chemicals

areabsorbedfromanorganism’senvironmentandactasmetabolicpoisons.metabolic:新陈代谢的

Certainchemicalsselectivelyinhibittheactionofspecificenzymesinplantandanimalcells.Section2指代篇1、考后瞻前ThewordTheseinthepassagereferstofinaldecadesguidingprinciplesappliedartsindigenousdesignsSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Thesewerepromotedinbooks,magazines,newspapersandartschoolsoftheperiod.

考后瞻前：

Inthefinaldecadesofthenineteenthcentury,theguidingprinciplesfortheappliedartsweresensitivehandcrafting,simplicity,andrespectforindigenousdesigns.Section2指代篇

对应原句：

Thesewerepromotedinbooks,magazines,newspapersandartschoolsoftheperiod.

考后瞻前：

Inthefinaldecadesofthenineteenthcentury,theguidingprinciplesfortheappliedartsweresensitivehandcrafting,simplicity,andrespectforindigenousdesigns.Section2指代篇ThewordTheseinthepassagereferstofinaldecadesguidingprinciplesappliedartsindigenousdesignsSection2指代篇ThewordTheseinthepassagereferstofinaldecades

guidingprinciplesappliedartsindigenousdesigns本土的设计Section2指代篇

Theguidingprinciples

werepromotedinbooks,magazines,newspapersandartschoolsoftheperiod.Inthefinaldecadesofthenineteenthcentury,theguidingprinciplesfortheappliedartsweresensitivehandcrafting,simplicity,andrespectforindigenousdesigns.

sensitivehandcrafting:精细的手工制造simplicity:质朴性indigenousdesigns:本土设计

Section2指代篇1、考后瞻前得分要点：

相邻两句话，后句中代词指代前句中对应位置的名词；

一个句子分成前后两个分句（主句+定从/状从），后句中代词指代前句中对应位置的名词

Section2指代篇1、考后瞻前Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstostratifiedsocietiesindividualslargenumberoffamilieseducation,income,andvaluesSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Ifalargenumberoffamiliesaresimilartoeachotherineducation,income,andvalues,theyconstituteasocialclass.

考后瞻前Section2指代篇

对应原句：

Ifalargenumberoffamiliesaresimilartoeachotherineducation,income,andvalues,theyconstituteasocialclass.

考后瞻前Section2指代篇Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstostratifiedsocietiesindividualslargenumberoffamilieseducation,income,andvaluesSection2指代篇Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstostratifiedsocietiesindividuals

largenumberoffamilieseducation,income,andvaluesSection2指代篇1、考后瞻前Theworditinparagraph2referstocalciumvitaminDbonematrixgravitySection2指代篇

对应原句：

Consequently,whengravitypushesontheskeleton,itcausesthetypicalbowingofthelegsseeninachildwiththediseasecalledrickets.

考后瞻前Section2指代篇

对应原句：

Consequently,whengravitypushesontheskeleton,itcausesthetypicalbowingofthelegsseeninachildwiththediseasecalledrickets.

考后瞻前Section2指代篇Theworditinparagraph2referstocalciumvitaminDbonematrixgravitySection2指代篇Theworditinparagraph2referstocalcium钙vitaminDbonematrix骨基质

gravitySection2指代篇陷阱题1ThewordThisinparagraph1referstophloeminnerbarkvascularcambiumnakedeyeSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Thisisthetree’smajorgrowthorgan,responsiblefortheoutwardwideningofthetrunk,branches,twigs,androots.

考后瞻前:

Betweenthesetwopipelinesisthevascularcambium,asingle-celllayertoothintobeseenbythenakedeye.Section2指代篇

对应原句：

Thisisthetree’smajorgrowthorgan,responsiblefortheoutwardwideningofthetrunk,branches,twigs,androots.

考后瞻前:倒装+同位语

Betweenthesetwopipelinesisthevascularcambium,asingle-celllayertoothintobeseenbythenakedeye.Section2指代篇陷阱题1ThewordThisinparagraph1referstophloeminnerbarkvascularcambiumnakedeyeSection2指代篇陷阱题1ThewordThisinparagraph1referstophloem韧皮innerbark树皮

vascularcambium维管形成层nakedeyeSection2指代篇陷阱题2ThewordtheminthepassagereferstoyoungergenerationsdataAmericansunmarriedcouplesSection2指代篇

对应原句：

2.8millionofthenation’shouseholdsareunmarriedcouples,andone-thirdofthemarecaringforchildren,accordingtotheCensusBureau.

考后瞻前Section2指代篇

对应原句：

2.8millionofthenation’shouseholdsareunmarriedcouples,andone-thirdofthemarecaringforchildren,accordingtotheCensusBureau.

考后瞻前:主系表结构，主语表语均为名词Section2指代篇陷阱题2ThewordtheminthepassagereferstoyoungergenerationsdataAmericansunmarriedcouplesSection2指代篇陷阱题2ThewordtheminthepassagereferstoyoungergenerationsdataAmericans

unmarriedcouplesSection2指代篇陷阱题3OGP2444.Theword“them”inthepassagereferstoemotionspeoplephotographsculturesSection2指代篇

对应原句：Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.

考后瞻前

名词性从句中的代词（非定从、非状从）

宾语从句对应前一句同等成分：宾语Section2指代篇

向前一句：InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.

Section2指代篇

向前一句：(Inclassicresearch)PaulEkmantookphotographs(ofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness).

Section2指代篇陷阱题3OGP2444.Theword“them”inthepassagereferstoemotionspeoplephotographsculturesSection2指代篇陷阱题3OGP2444.Theword“them”inthepassagereferstoemotionspeople

photographsculturesSection2指代篇

InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinphotographs.

depict:描绘

Section2指代篇四、题目规律

2、平行结构得分要点：

并列的两个及物动词，第二个动词后的宾语代词指代第一个动词后的宾语名词；Section2指代篇2、平行结构Thewordtheminparagraph3referstomodernmethodsandmaterialsherprojectsbuildingandsitetexture,pattern,andcolorSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Shetreatedbuildingandsiteasintegralhalvesofasinglecompositionandmergedthemseamlessly.

Section2指代篇平行结构

Shetreatedbuildingandsiteasintegralhalvesofasinglecompositionand

mergedthem

seamlessly.

merged+them

平行于

treated+buildingandsite

Section2指代篇Thewordtheminparagraph3referstomodernmethodsandmaterialsherprojectsbuildingandsitetexture,pattern,andcolorSection2指代篇Thewordtheminparagraph3referstomodernmethodsandmaterialsherprojects

buildingandsitetexture,pattern,andcolor质地、形状和颜色Section2指代篇四、题目规律

3、固定搭配得分要点：

有搭配关系的词汇成为解题的最直接线索，短平快得分题。Section2指代篇3、固定搭配ThewordanotherinthepassagereferstocurrencyenergymatterformSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Wealsouseittomovepeopleandotherobjectsaswellastochangematterfromonephysicalorchemicalformtoanother.

Section2指代篇

固定搭配

Wealsouseittomovepeopleandotherobjectsaswellastochangematterfromonephysicalorchemicalformtoanother.

one

physicalorchemicalform搭配

another(physicalorchemicalform)

Section2指代篇ThewordanotherinthepassagereferstocurrencyenergymatterformSection2指代篇Thewordanotherinthepassagereferstocurrency行情energymatterformSection2指代篇3、固定搭配Thewordoneinparagraph1referstoploytulipflowercolorSection2指代篇

对应原句：

Inthatonebrilliantmarketingploy,Krelagechangedthetulipfromaflowerthatwascarefullyandindividuallydisplayedtoonethatwasplantedinmassbeddingsofbeautifulcolor.

Section2指代篇

固定搭配

Inthatonebrilliantmarketingploy,Krelagechangedthetulipfromaflowerthatwascarefullyandindividuallydisplayedtoone

thatwasplantedinmassbeddingsofbeautifulcolor.

from…to…

Section2指代篇Thewordoneinparagraph1referstoploytulipflowercolorSection2指代篇Thewordoneinparagraph1referstoploy策略tulip郁金香

flowercolorSection2指代篇四、题目规律

4、代词传递得分要点：

向前、向前、向前！Section2指代篇4、代词传递Thewordseveralinparagraph2referstosculpturesvariationsdollsformsSection2指代篇

对应原句：Theyarenotlargeirondolls,althoughseveralhave“heads”or“legs”.

考后瞻前

Theyarenotlargeirondolls,althoughseveralhave“heads”or“legs”.

代词传递：继续向前Section2指代篇代词传递：继续向前

ManyofSmith’ssculpturesare“totems”thatsuggestvariationsonthehumanfigure.Section2指代篇Thewordseveralinparagraph2referstosculpturesvariationsdollsformsSection2指代篇Thewordseveralinparagraph2refersto

sculptures雕塑variations多样性dollsformsSection2指代篇1.Theword“they”inthepassagereferstofutureexplosionspent-upaggressionimpulsesoutletsindirectways真题巩固Pent-upaggressionimpulsesdemandoutlets.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslat